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Kevin Newton Prism Ruby World 2023

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What is prism?

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Overview

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Overview Prism is a new Ruby parser built from scratch with the following goals:

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Overview Prism is a new Ruby parser built from scratch with the following goals: • Compatibility - must match CRuby semantics exactly in order to merge

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Overview Prism is a new Ruby parser built from scratch with the following goals: • Compatibility - must match CRuby semantics exactly in order to merge • Maintainability - must be as maintainable as possible

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Overview Prism is a new Ruby parser built from scratch with the following goals: • Compatibility - must match CRuby semantics exactly in order to merge • Maintainability - must be as maintainable as possible • Error tolerance - must be able to recover from errors and continue parsing

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Overview Prism is a new Ruby parser built from scratch with the following goals: • Compatibility - must match CRuby semantics exactly in order to merge • Maintainability - must be as maintainable as possible • Error tolerance - must be able to recover from errors and continue parsing • Portability - must be able to be run from any ruby platform

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Overview Prism is a new Ruby parser built from scratch with the following goals: • Compatibility - must match CRuby semantics exactly in order to merge • Maintainability - must be as maintainable as possible • Error tolerance - must be able to recover from errors and continue parsing • Portability - must be able to be run from any ruby platform • Performance - must be as fast and memory e ffi cient as possible

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit 👶

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit Tru ff l eRuby fi rst commit 👶

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit Tru ff l eRuby fi rst commit JRuby fi rst commit 👶

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit Tru ff l eRuby fi rst commit JRuby fi rst commit CRuby fi rst commit 👶

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit Tru ff l eRuby fi rst commit JRuby fi rst commit CRuby fi rst commit Syntax Tree fi rst commit 👶

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit Tru ff l eRuby fi rst commit JRuby fi rst commit CRuby fi rst commit Syntax Tree fi rst commit Parser fi rst commit 👶

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Timeline 2022/01/01 2023/01/01 2024/01/01 2022/07/01 2023/07/01 Prototype fi rst commit First call with CRuby team YARP fi rst commit Tru ff l eRuby fi rst commit JRuby fi rst commit CRuby fi rst commit Syntax Tree fi rst commit Parser fi rst commit Rename to prism 👶

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How was it built?

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Design

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Design Approach

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• Comparative analysis with existing trees Approach Design

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• Comparative analysis with existing trees • "Semantic" versus "syntactic" trees Approach Design

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• Comparative analysis with existing trees • "Semantic" versus "syntactic" trees • Provide for all consumers Approach Design

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Implementations Design

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• Make compilation as simple as possible Implementations Design

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• Make compilation as simple as possible • Never have to check child to compile current node Implementations Design

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• Make compilation as simple as possible • Never have to check child to compile current node • Cover as much common functionality as possible Implementations Design

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Tooling Design

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• Named fi elds and known types Tooling Design

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• Named fi elds and known types • Nodes with enough information to round-trip Tooling Design

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• Named fi elds and known types • Nodes with enough information to round-trip • Location information for as much as possible Tooling Design

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Maintenance Design

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• Template as much as possible Maintenance Design

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• Template as much as possible • Provide as much documentation as possible Maintenance Design

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• Template as much as possible • Provide as much documentation as possible • Build up as big of a test suite as possible Maintenance Design

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Challenges

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Challenges • Escaping - required to properly fi nd string-like terminators

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Challenges • Escaping - required to properly fi nd string-like terminators • Regular expressions - required because of named capture groups

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Challenges • Escaping - required to properly fi nd string-like terminators • Regular expressions - required because of named capture groups • Encoding support - required to properly fi nd string-like terminators

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Challenges • Escaping - required to properly fi nd string-like terminators • Regular expressions - required because of named capture groups • Encoding support - required to properly fi nd string-like terminators • Heredocs - very complicated semantics, can be almost anywhere in source

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Testing

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Testing • Lexer testing - testing against ripper lex

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Testing • Lexer testing - testing against ripper lex • Snapshot testing - protect from regressions, check parser structure

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Testing • Lexer testing - testing against ripper lex • Snapshot testing - protect from regressions, check parser structure • Brute-force testing - all escape sequences in all contexts

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Testing • Lexer testing - testing against ripper lex • Snapshot testing - protect from regressions, check parser structure • Brute-force testing - all escape sequences in all contexts • Fuzzing - random input, check for crashes

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Testing • Lexer testing - testing against ripper lex • Snapshot testing - protect from regressions, check parser structure • Brute-force testing - all escape sequences in all contexts • Fuzzing - random input, check for crashes • Grammar-based fuzzing - random input, check for crashes and parse errors

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Integrations

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Integrations • C - CRuby, Sorbet, Artichoke, Natalie, C/C++/Rust/Zig tooling

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Integrations • C - CRuby, Sorbet, Artichoke, Natalie, C/C++/Rust/Zig tooling • Ruby - Natalie, tooling

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Integrations • C - CRuby, Sorbet, Artichoke, Natalie, C/C++/Rust/Zig tooling • Ruby - Natalie, tooling • Serialization - JRuby, Tru ffl eRuby, JavaScript tooling

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Why build this?

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser • seattlerb/ruby_parser

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser • seattlerb/ruby_parser • jruby/jruby

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser • seattlerb/ruby_parser • jruby/jruby • oracle/tru ff l eruby

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser • seattlerb/ruby_parser • jruby/jruby • oracle/tru ff l eruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter-ruby

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser • seattlerb/ruby_parser • jruby/jruby • oracle/tru ff l eruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter-ruby • sisshiki1969/ruruby

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser • seattlerb/ruby_parser • jruby/jruby • oracle/tru ff l eruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter-ruby • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby parsers • ruby/ruby/parse.y • ruby/ruby/ext/ripper/parse.y • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser • seattlerb/ruby_parser • jruby/jruby • oracle/tru ff l eruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter-ruby • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP}

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • NODE, RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree • Ripper::SexpBuilder{,PP} • ruby-syntax-tree/syntax_tree • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • typedruby/typedruby, sorbet/sorbet • whitequark/parser, rubocop/rubocop-ast • seattlerb/sexp_processor • org.jruby.ast • Tru ff l e • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • natalie-lang/natalie • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • ruby/prism

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Fractured ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • ruby/prism

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ecosystem Ruby syntax trees • lib-ruby-parser/lib-ruby-parser • mruby/mruby • tree-sitter/tree-sitter • sisshiki1969/ruruby • ruby/prism

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Separate understandings

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Separate understandings • Every tool represents Ruby di ff erently

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Separate understandings • Every tool represents Ruby di ff erently • Every tool requires contributors to relearn

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Separate understandings • Every tool represents Ruby di ff erently • Every tool requires contributors to relearn • None of this knowledge translates to contributing to CRuby

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Maintenance burden

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Maintenance burden • Every parser has to update every time new syntax is introduced

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Maintenance burden • Every parser has to update every time new syntax is introduced • Very minor changes have very major consequences

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Maintenance burden • Every parser has to update every time new syntax is introduced • Very minor changes have very major consequences • Helping Ruby can inadvertently hurt Ruby tooling

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What is the future of prism?

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The future of prism

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The future of prism • Improved error tolerance and messaging

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The future of prism • Improved error tolerance and messaging • Performance enhancements (SIMD instructions, arena allocation, etc.)

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The future of prism • Improved error tolerance and messaging • Performance enhancements (SIMD instructions, arena allocation, etc.) • Multi-version support

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The future of prism • Improved error tolerance and messaging • Performance enhancements (SIMD instructions, arena allocation, etc.) • Multi-version support • Further integrations into the ecosystem

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The future of prism • Improved error tolerance and messaging • Performance enhancements (SIMD instructions, arena allocation, etc.) • Multi-version support • Further integrations into the ecosystem • Improved Ruby library for external tools

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The future of prism • Improved error tolerance and messaging • Performance enhancements (SIMD instructions, arena allocation, etc.) • Multi-version support • Further integrations into the ecosystem • Improved Ruby library for external tools • Contributor community around a single tool

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Thank you!