Economy of Efforts 1 Composed By: Hayato Ishida Updated On: 16 July 2024 For Japanese version, click here

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Agenda 1. What Economy of Efforts Is 2. Economy of Efforts in Grammar 3. Economy of Efforts in Pronunciation 4. Products of Economy of Efforts 5. Summary 6. References 7

1. What Economy of Efforts Is 8

1. What Economy of Efforts Is 9 Definition on Dictionary the tendency of an organism to act efficiently and minimize the expenditure of energy, such as by avoiding any unnecessary movements. Reference: Economy of Efforts - APA Dictionary of Psychology

1. What Economy of Efforts Is 10 In short, the Act of Pursuit of the Best Cost Performance → Less Efforts, Better Result

1. What Economy of Efforts Is 11 More experienced programmers are said to be unhappy with redundant processes and try to make them as efficient as possible because of their laziness. Likewise, linguistics execute the same mechanics to omit burdensome and time and energy consuming behaviours for better efficiency. Economy of Efforts is the very good starting point where we will find the answer to most of WHYs in language learning.

2. Economy of Efforts in Grammar 12

2. Economy of Efforts in Grammar 13 English Idioms • spend ~ (in) Ving… → to do something in exchange for time, money and so on • take turns (in) Ving … → to switch the person who does something What enables the proposition in to be omitted in the examples above?

2. Economy of Efforts in Grammar 14 English Idioms • in Ving… = when SV… • Ving = when SV… (usage of TIME in a participial construction) Both of the above mean `when SV…` and the latter is conciser, which makes in gone. As a result, the usage of TIME in a participial construction has become general. e.g., I spent as many as half a day (in) cleaning up my dirty room yesterday. Whether or not the proposition in is present, the adverbial phrase can be interpreted as 'when I cleaned up my dirty room'.

3. Economy of Efforts in Pronunciation 15

3. Economy of Efforts in Pronunciation 16 English Irregular Pronunciation Words and IPA Symbols Phenomena Principles • lamb /lam/ • climb /klʌɪm/ • tomb /tuːm/ • dumb /dʌm/ - Both of /m/ and /b/ are bilabial, the only difference of which is that air comes through the nose in /m/ and the month in /b/. The tiny but redundant repetitive effort is burdensome, which dropped /b/. ※ In Old English, /b/ was pronounced. • cupboard /ˈkʌbəd/ • raspberry /ˈrɑːzb(ə)ri/ assimilation Both of /p/ and /b/ are bilabial plosive, the only difference of which is that /p/ is voiced and /b/ is voiceless. The tiny but redundant repetitive effort is burdensome. Finally, /p/ was assimilated into /b/. women /ˈwɪmɪn/ i-mutation /i/ or /j/ following the stressed vowel or the syllable of double vowel causes the forward vowelisation. In concrete terms, the latter /ɪ/ sound influences /ʊ/ in the former position. As a result, /ˈwʊmɪn'/ has changed to /ˈwɪmɪn/.

4. Products of Economy of Efforts 17

4. Products of Economy of Efforts 18 Slang of Aussie English • G'day > Good day(≒ Hello) • Aussie > Australian • Brissie > Brisbane • Tassie > Tasmanian • fridge > refrigerator • veggies > vegetables • sunnies > sunglasses • Ta > Thank you The tail in words of many syllables tends to become a long vowel.

4. Products of Economy of Efforts 19 Other Examples • Community Terms • e.g., Sporties in a Staff-Only Bar of Hamilton Island • Corporate Terms • e.g., TPM stands for Technical Product Manager • Industrial Terms • OKR: Objectives and Key Results • KPI: Key Performance Indicator These examples play a role not only in abbreviations but in secret codes.

5. Summary 20

5. Summary 21 Economy of Efforts plays the following 3 roles. 1. In grammar, the conciser form survives if the other also has the same meaning. 2. In pronunciation, the tiny but redundant repetitive efforts can cause drop of duplicate sounds, assimilation of similar sounds and i-mutation. 3. Words of long spellings or many syllables can be simplified, which can also coin slang, community terms, corporate terms and industrial terms.

6. References 22

6. References 23 • APA Dictionary of Psychology • Last Accessed On: 18 April 2022 • Kiyoaki Kikuchi・Kazutomo Karasawa・Ryuichi Hotta・Yasuyuki Kaizuka, 英語 史：現代英語の特質を求めて-多文化性と国際性-, Osaka, 関西人文科学出版会, 2009

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