Fine Print: Intellectual Property for Engineers

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Fine Print Intellectual Property for Engineers Noah Kantrowitz – DevOpsDays 2017

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Noah Kantrowitz @kantrn – coderanger coderanger.net

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Disclaimer One I am not an attorney and this is not legal advice. This is for entertainment purposes only. Consult a patent attorney for specific advice. No really don't do anything in a court of law based on the advice of a guy on a stage. No joke.

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Disclaimer Two This is mostly US-centric. Intellectual property laws and customs vary around the world. Again, consult an attorney.

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What is IP?

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What is IP?

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What is IP?

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History Time

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Statute of Monopolies “… shall not extend to any letters patents (b) and grants of privilege for the term of fourteen years or under, hereafter to be made, of the sole working or making of any manner of new manufactures within this realm (c) to the true and first inventor (d) and inventors of such manufactures, which others at the time of making such letters patents and grants shall not use …”

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Statute of Anne “Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing, Reprinting, and Publishing, or causing to be Printed, Reprinted, and Published Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors or Proprietors of such Books and Writings, to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families: For Preventing therefore such Practices for the future, and for the Encouragement of Learned Men to Compose and Write useful Books; May it please Your Majesty, that it may be Enacted …”

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US Law Image © Tony Webster Constitution Statutes Regulations

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Moral Rights?

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Image © GitHub

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Talk To A Lawyer

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The Four Branches

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Copyrights

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Yoink

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Exclusive Rights ‣ “… reproduce the copyrighted work in copies …” ‣ “… prepare derivative works …” ‣ “… distribute copies to the public …”

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Subject Matter “… original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression …”

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Not Allowed ‣ Facts and names ‣ Ideas ‣ Government works ‣ Un-creative works ‣ "Useful articles"?

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Term ‣ Before 1923 – None ‣ 1923 to 1978 – 95 years ‣ After 1978 – Lifetime plus 70 years ‣ Work for hire – 95 or 120 years 17 USC § 302-303

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Term Image © The Walt Disney Company

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Work For Hire 17 USC § 201

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Licenses Fair Use

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Oracle v Google

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Claims Jury Judge Appeal Jury Images © Marta Pucciarelli and Oracle America Inc.

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Claims Jury Judge Appeal Jury Images © Marta Pucciarelli and Oracle America Inc.

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Claims Jury Judge Appeal Jury Images © Marta Pucciarelli and Oracle America Inc.

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Claims Jury Judge Appeal Jury Images © Marta Pucciarelli and Oracle America Inc.

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Claims Jury Judge Appeal Jury Images © Marta Pucciarelli and Oracle America Inc. Finish Him

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Claims Jury Judge Appeal Jury Images © Marta Pucciarelli and Oracle America Inc. ¯\_ (ツ )_ /¯

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Hard

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Patents

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Inventions

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Inventions ~Ideas~

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Right to Exclude “… whoever without authority makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells any patented invention, within the United States or imports into the United States any patented invention during the term of the patent therefor, infringes the patent.” 35 USC § 271

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Useful Novel Non-Obvious 35 USC § 101

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✓ Useful Novel Non-Obvious 35 USC § 102

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✓ Useful ✓ Novel Non-Obvious 35 USC § 103

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✓ Useful ✓ Novel ✓ Non-Obvious

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Inventions Patentable ‣ Process ‣ Machine ‣ Manufacture ‣ Composition of matter 35 USC § 101

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Not Patentable ‣ Ideas ‣ Laws of Nature ‣ Math ‣ Naturally occurring things

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Enabling Disclosure “… enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains … to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated …” 35 USC § 112

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PHOSITA

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Term 20 years 35 USC § 154

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Alice v CLS Bank

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5,970,479 6,912,510 7,149,720 7,725,375

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“Thus, if a patent’s recitation of a computer amounts to a mere instruction to ‘implemen[t]’ an abstract idea ‘on . . . a computer,’ that addition cannot impart patent eligibility.” “Given the ubiquity of computers, wholly generic computer implementation is not generally the sort of ‘additional featur[e]’ that provides any ‘practical assurance that the process is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the [abstract idea] itself.’”

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0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 Q 2 2014 Q 3 2014 Q 4 2014 Q 1 2015 Q 2 2015 Q 3 2015 Q 4 2015 Q 1 2016 Q 2 2016 Q 3 2016 Q 4 2016 Data by Juristat

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Trademarks

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Brands

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WIKIPEDIA®

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MYWIKIPEDIA

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MYWIKIPEDIA Infringement

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Valid Marks ‣ Words ‣ Phrases ‣ Logos ‣ … ‣ Sounds, shapes, scents 15 USC § 1052

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“A person who has a bona fide intention, under circumstances showing the good faith of such person, to use a trademark in commerce may request registration of its trademark on the principal register …” 15 USC § 1051

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™ v ® 15 USC § 1057, 1111

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Term ∞ 15 USC § 1059

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Polaroid Factors ‣ Strength ‣ Similarity ‣ Proximity ‣ Gap  ‣ Intent ‣ Relatedness ‣ Customers ‣ Actual confusion

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Dilution 15 USC § 1125

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Trade Secrets

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‣ “… all forms and types of financial, business, scientific, technical, economic, or engineering information …” ‣ “… the owner thereof has taken reasonable measures to keep such information secret …” ‣ “… the information derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known …” 18 USC § 1839

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Licenses

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Why?

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Open Source

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Copyright (c) Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

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The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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MIT v BSD

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MIT v BSD Patents

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My Patents Additional Grant of Patent Rights Version 2 "Software" means the React software distributed by Facebook, Inc. Facebook, Inc. ("Facebook") hereby grants to each recipient of the Software ("you") a perpetual, worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, irrevocable (subject to the termination provision below) license under any Necessary Claims, to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Software. For avoidance of doubt, no license is granted under Facebook's rights in any patent claims that are infringed by (i) modifications to the Software made by you or any third party or (ii) the Software in combination with any software or other technology.

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Your Patents Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work …

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Apache 2.0

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Copyleft

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GPL

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LGPL

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“A derivative work must incorporate a protected work in some concrete or permanent ‘form.’ ” Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc., 780 F. Supp. 1283 - Dist. Court, ND California 1991

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Creative Commons ‣ Attribution – CC-BY ‣ Derivative Works – NonDerivatives & ShareAlike ‣ Commercial Use – NonCommercial ‣ CC0

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Choose? Copyleft? Yes No GPLv3 Apache 2.0 That's It

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Choose? Copyleft? Yes No GPLv3 Apache 2.0 That's It

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Contributor License Agreements

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‣ “You represent that each of Your Submissions is entirely Your original work.” ‣ “You grant Microsoft, and those who receive the Submission directly or indirectly from Microsoft, a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty- free, irrevocable license …” ‣ “You represent that You are legally entitled to grant the above licenses.”

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Developer Certificate of Origin

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¯\_(ツ)_/¯

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Bonus Topics

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DMCA

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Safe Harbor “A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief … for infringement of copyright by reason of the storage at the direction of a user of material that resides on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider, if the service provider … does not have actual knowledge that the material or an activity using the material on the system or network is infringing;” 17 USC § 512

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Takedowns

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I'm Still Not An Attorney

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DRM “No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that … is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing protection afforded by a technological measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under this title in a work or a portion thereof;” 17 USC § 1201

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‣DeCSS ‣PS3 Key ‣ElcomSoft ‣NetVCR ‣…

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Ownership

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First Sale Doctrine

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Vernor v Autodesk

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Caveat Emptor

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Fair Use

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“But I'm not making any money from this!”

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Nominative Use

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