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Modern Compose Architecture with Circuit Kieran Elliott — Zac Sweers

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Compose

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Compose • React-style declarative UI framework • Kotlin- fi rst • Originally developed for Android • Two parts • Compose compiler/runtime • Compose UI @Composable fun Example() { Text("Hello World!") }

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Compose

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Compose Architecture

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example()z{ Text("Hello World!") }z

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example(viewModel:zExampleViewModel) { Text(viewModel.text) }z

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example() { val viewModel by viewModel() Text(viewModel.text) }z

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example() { val viewModel by viewModel() val text by viewModel.textF l ow().collectAsState() Text(text) }z

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example() { val viewModel by viewModel() val text by viewModel.textF l ow().collectAsState() Text(text) }

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example() { val viewModel by viewModel() val text by viewModel.textF l ow().collectAsState() Text(text) }

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example() { val viewModel by viewModel() Text(viewModel.text) }

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Compose Architecture @Composable fun Example(viewModel: ExampleViewModel) { Text(viewModel.text) }

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Compose Architecture viewModel: ExampleViewModel @Composable fun Example(text: String) { Text(text) }

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Compose Architecture viewModel: ExampleViewModel @Composable fun Example(text: String) { Text(text) }

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Compose Architecture viewModel: ExampleViewModel

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Architecture viewModel: ExampleViewModel

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Architecture class ExampleViewModel { / / . . . }

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Architecture class ExampleReducer { / / . . . }

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Architecture class ExampleController { / / . . . }

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Architecture class ExamplePresenter { / / . . . }

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Architecture class ExamplePresenter { fun state() : String }

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Architecture class ExamplePresenter { fun setOnStateChangedListener(listener: Listener) }

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Architecture class ExamplePresenter { fun state() : Observable }

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Architecture class ExamplePresenter { fun state() : F l ow }

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Architecture class ExamplePresenter { fun state() : StateF l ow }

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Architecture class ExamplePresenter { fun state() : StateF l ow } @Composable fun Example(state: State) { Text(state.text) }

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class ExamplePresenter { fun state( events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow } @Composable fun Example( state: State, eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) { Text(state.text) Button(onClick = { eventSink(Click) }) } Architecture

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class ExamplePresenter { fun state( events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow } @Composable fun Example( state: State, eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) Architecture

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class ExamplePresenter { fun state( events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow } @Composable fun Example( state: State, eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) Architecture '22

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Architecture '23 class ExamplePresenter { @Composable fun state() : State } @Composable fun Example(state: State)

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Compose Architecture with Circuit

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Circuit • Compose- fi rst, compose all the way down • Keyed by "Screen"s • UDF- fi rst • Inspired by Cash App's Broadway architecture & others • Multiplatform • DI-oriented https://github.com/slackhq/circuit

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Circuit class ExamplePresenter { fun state( events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { fun state( events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { fun state( events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow } data class State(val count: Int)

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { fun state( events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { fun state( scope: CoroutineScope, events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { private val count = MutableStateF l ow(State(0)) fun state( scope: CoroutineScope, events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { private val count = MutableStateF l ow(State(0)) fun state( scope: CoroutineScope, events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow { return count } }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { private val count = MutableStateF l ow(State(0)) fun state( scope: CoroutineScope, events: F l ow ) : StateF l ow { scope.launch { events.collect { count.emit(State(count.value.count + + )) } } return count } }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { @Composable fun state() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > count + + } } }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { @Composable fun state() : State { var count by rememberRetained { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { count + + } } }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter { @Composable fun state() : State { var count by rememberSaveable { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { count + + } } }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter : Presenter { @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by rememberSaveable { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { count + + } } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } } interface Ui { @Composable fun Content( state: UiState, modif i er: Modif i er ) fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, context: CircuitContext ) : Ui < * > ? } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } } interface Ui { @Composable fun Content( state: UiState, modif i er: Modif i er ) fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, context: CircuitContext ) : Ui < * > ? } }

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Circuit interface Screen

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Circuit interface Screen : Parcelable

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Circuit interface Screen

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Circuit object CounterScreen( : Screen

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Circuit data class CounterScreen(val initialCount: Int) : Screen

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Circuit class CounterPresenter @AssistedInject constructor( @Assisted private val screen: CounterScreen ) : Presenter { @AssistedFactory interface Factory { fun create(screen: CounterScreen) : CounterPresenter } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } }

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Navigation interface Navigator { fun goTo(screen: Screen) fun pop() : Screen? fun resetRoot(newRoot: Screen) : List }

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Navigation interface Navigator { fun goTo(screen: Screen) fun pop() : Screen? fun resetRoot(newRoot: Screen) : List }

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Navigation interface Navigator { fun goTo(screen: Screen) fun pop() : Screen? fun resetRoot(newRoot: Screen) : List }

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Navigation interface Navigator { fun goTo(screen: Screen) fun pop() : Screen? fun resetRoot(newRoot: Screen) : List }

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Navigation val backstack = rememberSaveableBackStack { push(HomeScreen) } val navigator = rememberCircuitNavigator(backstack) / / . . . NavigableCircuitContent(navigator, backstack) gist.github.com/adamp/17b4e5cfafc7d44a0023dc2fbdb972e8

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Circuit class CounterPresenter @AssistedInject constructor( @Assisted private val screen: CounterScreen, @Assisted private val navigator: Navigator, ) : Presenter { @Composable override fun present() : State { } }

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Circuit class CounterPresenter @AssistedInject constructor( @Assisted private val screen: CounterScreen, @Assisted private val navigator: Navigator, ) : Presenter { @Composable override fun present() : State { navigator.goTo(LoginScreen) } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } }

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Circuit interface Presenter { @Composable fun present() : UiState fun interface Factory { fun create( screen: Screen, navigator: Navigator, context: CircuitContext ) : Presenter < * > ? } }

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@Parcelize object CounterScreen : Screen { data class State( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : CircuitUiState object Event : CircuitUiEvent } Circuit

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State and Events @Stable interface CircuitUiState @Immutable interface CircuitUiEvent

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State object NoState : CircuitUiState data class State( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Click) - > Unit ) : CircuitUiState

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State object NoState : CircuitUiState data class State( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Click) - > Unit ) : CircuitUiState

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State object NoState : CircuitUiState data class State( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : CircuitUiState

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State sealed interface State : CircuitUiState { object Loading : State data class Count( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : State }

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State sealed interface State : CircuitUiState { object Loading : State data class Count( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : State }

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State sealed interface State : CircuitUiState { object Loading : State data class Count( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : State }

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State sealed interface State : CircuitUiState { object Loading : State data class Count( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : State }

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Events object Reset : CircuitUiEvent data class Click( val amount: Int = 1 ) : CircuitUiEvent

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Events object Reset : CircuitUiEvent data class Click( val amount: Int = 1 ) : CircuitUiEvent

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Events object Reset : CircuitUiEvent data class Click( val amount: Int = 1 ) : CircuitUiEvent

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Events sealed interface Event : CircuitUiEvent { object Increment : Event object Decrement : Event }

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Events sealed interface Event : CircuitUiEvent { object Increment : Event object Decrement : Event }

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State and Events data class State( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : CircuitUiState sealed interface Event { object Increment : Event object Decrement : Event }

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State and Events data class State( val count: Int, val eventSink: (Event) - > Unit ) : CircuitUiState sealed interface Event { object Increment : Event object Decrement : Event }

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Events in State?

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What’s going on here?

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Events in State class CounterPresenter : Presenter { @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } }

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Events in State class CounterPresenter : Presenter { @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } }

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Events in State @Composable fun CounterUi( state: CounterScreen.State, ) { val sink = state.eventSink / / . . . Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable fun CounterUi( state: CounterScreen.State, ) { val sink = state.eventSink / / . . . Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Events in State @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink Text("Count: ${state.count}") Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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Testing

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Why is testing hard? • It shouldn’t be 😬 • Historic best practices (on Android): • Advocate for patterns that make testing hard • Encourage asserting called methods instead of verifying behaviour • Use of Android components in business logic encourages mocking

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UDF

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UDF + Compose

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UDF + Compose =

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Presenter Tests class CounterPresenter : Presenter { @Composable override fun present() : State { var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } return State(count) { event - > when (event) { is Increment - > count + + is Decrement - > count - - } } } }

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Presenter Tests @Test fun `present - verify state and event`() = runTest { }a

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Presenter Tests @Test fun `present - verify state and event`() = runTest { val presenter = CounterPresenter() }a

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Presenter Tests @Test fun `present - verify state and event`() = runTest { val presenter = CounterPresenter() presenter.test { / / . . . } }a https://github.com/cashapp/turbine

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Presenter Tests @Test fun `present - verify state and event`() = runTest { val presenter = CounterPresenter() presenter.test { val f i rst = awaitItem() assertThat(f i rst.count).isEqualTo(0) } }a

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Presenter Tests @Test fun `present - verify state and event`() = runTest { val presenter = CounterPresenter() presenter.test { val f i rst = awaitItem() assertThat(f i rst.count).isEqualTo(0) f i rst.eventSink(Event.Increment) } }a

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Presenter Tests @Test fun `present - verify state and event`() = runTest { val presenter = CounterPresenter() presenter.test { val f i rst = awaitItem() assertThat(f i rst.count).isEqualTo(0) f i rst.eventSink(Event.Increment) assertThat(awaitItem().count).isEqualTo(1) } }a

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UI Tests @Composable fun CounterUi(state: State) { val sink = state.eventSink / / . . . Button(onClick = { sink(Event.Increment) }) }

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UI Tests @Test fun display_count_message() { composeTestRule.run { setContent { / / . . . } } }a

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UI Tests @Test fun display_count_message() { composeTestRule.run { setContent { CounterUi( CounterScreen.State(5) ) } } }

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UI Tests @Test fun display_count_message() { composeTestRule.run { setContent { CounterUi( CounterScreen.State(5) ) } onNode(hasText("Count: 5")) .assertIsDisplayed() } }

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UI Tests: Snapshots

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UI Tests: Previews

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How do I use Circuit?

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Circuit val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build()

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Circuit val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build() val backstack = rememberSaveableBackStack { push(HomeScreen) }

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Circuit val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build() val backstack = rememberSaveableBackStack { push(HomeScreen) } val navigator = rememberCircuitNavigator(backstack)

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Circuit val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build() val backstack = rememberSaveableBackStack { push(HomeScreen) } val navigator = rememberCircuitNavigator(backstack) CircuitCompositionLocals(conf i g) { NavigableCircuitContent(navigator, backstack) }

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Circuit val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build() val backstack = rememberSaveableBackStack { push(HomeScreen) } val navigator = rememberCircuitNavigator(backstack) CircuitCompositionLocals(conf i g) { NavigableCircuitContent(navigator, backstack) }

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Circuit val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build() CircuitCompositionLocals(conf i g) { CircuitContent(HomeScreen) }

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Circuit override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { setContent { val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build() CircuitCompositionLocals(conf i g) { CircuitContent(HomeScreen) } } }

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Circuit fun main() = singleWindowApplication("Circuit") { val conf i g = CircuitConf i g.Builder() / / . . . .build() CircuitCompositionLocals(conf i g) { CircuitContent(HomeScreen) } }

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Other Bells and Whistles

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Overlays

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Overlays

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Overlays CircuitContent(HomeScreen)a

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Overlays ContentWithOverlays { CircuitContent(HomeScreen) }a

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Overlays val overlayHost = LocalOverlayHost.current LaunchedEffect(Unit) { / / ☇ suspending! val result = overlayHost.show( BottomSheetOverlay( model = . . . , onDismiss = { . . . }, ) { model, overlayNavigator - > / / Content } ) / / Do something with the result }

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Overlays val overlayHost = LocalOverlayHost.current LaunchedEffect(Unit) { / / ☇ suspending! val result = overlayHost.show( BottomSheetOverlay( model = . . . , onDismiss = { . . . }, ) { model, overlayNavigator - > / / Content } ) / / Do something with the result }

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Overlays val overlayHost = LocalOverlayHost.current LaunchedEffect(Unit) { val newFilters = overlayHost.show( FiltersOverlay() ) eventSink(UpdateFilters(newFilters)) }

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Overlays interface Overlay { @Composable fun Content(navigator: OverlayNavigator) }

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State Restoration

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State Restoration val compositionState by remember { . . . }

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State Restoration val presenterState by rememberRetained { . . . }

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State Restoration val processDeath by rememberSaveable { . . . }

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Composite Presenters

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Composite Presenters class ListPresenter class DetailPresenter

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Composite Presenters ListPresenter DetailPresenter https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/large-screen-canonical-layouts#list-detail

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Composite Presenters ListPresenter DetailPresenter https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/large-screen-canonical-layouts#list-detail

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Composite Presenters class TabletHomePresenter @Inject constructor( private val listPresenter: ListPresenter, private val detailPresenter: DetailPresenter, ) : Presenter { @Composable override fun present() : CompositeState { val listState = listPresenter.present() val detailState = detailPresenter.present() return CompositeState(listState, detailState) } }

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DI

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DI @Module interface CircuitModule { @Multibinds fun presenterFactories() : Set @Multibinds fun viewFactories() : Set }

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DI @Provides fun provideCircuit( presenterFactories: Set, uiFactories: Set, ) : CircuitConf i g { return CircuitConf i g.Builder() .addPresenterFactories(presenterFactories) .addUiFactories(uiFactories) .build() }

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DI (w/ Anvil) @CircuitInject(CounterScreen : : class, AppScope : : class) class CounterPresenter @Inject constructor( private val repository: CounterRespository ) : Presenter { / / . . . } @CircuitInject(CounterScreen : : class, AppScope : : class) @Composable fun Counter(state: State, modif i er: Modif i er) { / / . . . }

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Interop

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:samples:interop

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Multiplatform

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Multiplatform • Goal is multiplatform presentation logic, not multiplatform UI • Current focus is JVM and Desktop use cases

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Advanced Use Cases

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Advanced Use Cases • Navigate to legacy Activity or Fragment using Interceptors • Tracing using EventListener and CircuitContext tags • Extract value from running Circuit environment using • Taking control of con fi g changes

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Examples! CatchUp STAR Counter Tacos github.com/zacsweers/catchup

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Future • Improved KMP/KMM support • Inter-Screen transitions API • Lint checks • ???

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Thank you,
 and don’t forget
 to vote @ZacSweers @kierse KotlinConf’23 Amsterdam