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%FTJHOFE
Writing CSS with Accessibility in Mind
*ODMVTJPO
GPS
Manuel Matuzović
@mmatuzo
CSSConf Budapest 10/2017
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Manuel Matuzović
@mmatuzo
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???
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{ }
Look ma, no CSS!
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{ }
Look ma, no CSS!
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{ }
Float? Flexbox? Grid? Pfff!
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{ }
Float? Flexbox? Grid? Pfff!
???
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{ }
Float? Flexbox? Grid? Pfff!
Name:
Manuel Matuzovic
???
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{ }
HTML tags and attributes for global page styles
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{ }
HTML tags and attributes for global page styles
...
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CSS 2.1 ❤
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CSS 2.1
float
position
text-align
overflow
border
visibility
background-repeat
color
font-size
max-height
margin
line-height
clip
display
❤
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CSS 3 ❤
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CSS 3
border-radius
box-shadow
text-shadow
background-size
text-overflow
transform
transition
column
animation calc()
gradients
web fonts
❤
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CSS
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CSS
Flexbox
Grid
Custom properties
(CSS variables)
Feature queries
(@supports)
Filters
Shapes
blend-modes
Scroll Snap Points
sticky
:not()
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With great power comes
great responsibility
Uncle Ben
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.
}
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font-size
{
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.
}
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font-size
{
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Zeit Online 20px
CSS-Tricks 21px
Medium 21px
CSSConf Budapest 20px
Jeffrey Zeldman 24px
Max Böck 22px
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https://blog.marvelapp.com/body-text-small/
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.
}
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line-height
{
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.
}
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line-height
{
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.
}
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text-align
{
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.
}
a11y_4
paragraph
width
{
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DIBSBDUFST
QFSMJOF
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{ }
p {
max-width: 65ch;
}
ch represents the width of the glyph „0“ in the element’s font.
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::
}
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content
{
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{ }
h2::after {
content: "DON'T DO THIS";
}
Don’t add text via CSS.
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{ }
span::before {
content:"\00d7";
}
::before and ::after are great for adding icons and symbols
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{ }
span::before {
content:"\00d7";
}
::before and ::after are great for adding icons and symbols
→
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{ }
Hiding content semantically
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.
}
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color contrast
{
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.
}
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color contrast
{
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Colors & Color Contrast
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Colors & Color Contrast
๏ ~285 million people are visually impaired
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Colors & Color Contrast
๏ ~285 million people are visually impaired
๏ 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision
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Colors & Color Contrast
๏ ~285 million people are visually impaired
๏ 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision
๏ 7 to 12% of men and less than 1% of women have some
form of color-vision deficiency
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Colors & Color Contrast
๏ ~285 million people are visually impaired
๏ 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision
๏ 7 to 12% of men and less than 1% of women have some
form of color-vision deficiency
๏ People dim their screens
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Colors & Color Contrast
๏ ~285 million people are visually impaired
๏ 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision
๏ 7 to 12% of men and less than 1% of women have some
form of color-vision deficiency
๏ People dim their screens
๏ People use their smartphones outside even when the
sun is shining
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[…] enough contrast between text and
its background so that it can be read
by people with moderately low vision
[…]
https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/visual-audio-contrast-contrast.html
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Contrast ratio
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Contrast ratio
๏ 1:1 same color for text and background
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Contrast ratio
๏ 1:1 same color for text and background
๏ 1:21 black text on white background and vice versa
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Contrast ratio
๏ 1:1 same color for text and background
๏ 1:21 black text on white background and vice versa
๏ Minimum ratio for normal text less than 24px 4.5:1
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Contrast ratio
๏ 1:1 same color for text and background
๏ 1:21 black text on white background and vice versa
๏ Minimum ratio for normal text less than 24px 4.5:1
๏ Minimum ratio for bold text less than 19px 3:1
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Contrast ratio
๏ 1:1 same color for text and background
๏ 1:21 black text on white background and vice versa
๏ Minimum ratio for normal text less than 24px 4.5:1
๏ Minimum ratio for bold text less than 19px 3:1
๏ Larger text: 3:1
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Contrast ratio
๏ 1:1 same color for text and background
๏ 1:21 black text on white background and vice versa
๏ Minimum ratio for normal text less than 24px 4.5:1
๏ Minimum ratio for bold text less than 19px 3:1
๏ Larger text: 3:1
๏ Level AAA: At least 7:1 and 4.5:1
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1. Use Chrome Canary
2. Enable experiments: chrome://flags/#enable-devtools-
experiments (copy and paste this internal link into Canary)
3. From devtools, open settings (F1)
4. Open the experiments panel
5. Hit shift seven times (no, I'm not kidding)
6. Check the "Color contrast ratio line in color picker"
https://remysharp.com/2017/08/17/contrast-ratio-in-devtools
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Though age has indeed taken its
toll on my eyesight, it turns out that
I was suffering from a design trend.
Kevin Marks
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@
}
print
{
media a11y_7
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{ }
@media print {
}
Add the @media declaration block to your CSS for print specific styles
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{ }
@media print {
}
.header {
position: static;
}
Add the @media declaration block to your CSS for print specific styles
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{ }
nav {
display: none;
}
@media print {
}
.header {
position: static;
}
Add the @media declaration block to your CSS for print specific styles
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{ }
body > *:not(main){
display: none;
}
Hiding all children of except for
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{ }
section {
margin-bottom: 2cm;
font-size: 14pt;
padding: 8mm;
}
Using absolute units for print styles is absolutely fine
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{ }
a[href^="http"]:not([href*="mywebsite.com"])::after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")";
}
Selecting all links with an absolute link except links to your site
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{ }
a[href^="http"]:not([href*="mywebsite.com"])::after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")";
}
a[href^="http"]
Selecting all links with an absolute link except links to your site
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{ }
a[href^="http"]:not([href*="mywebsite.com"])::after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")";
}
:not([href*="mywebsite.com"])
Selecting all links with an absolute link except links to your site
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{ }
a[href^="http"]:not([href*="mywebsite.com"])::after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")";
}
Selecting all links with an absolute link except links to your site
::after
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{ }
a[href^="http"]:not([href*="mywebsite.com"])::after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")";
}
" (" attr(href) ")"
Selecting all links with an absolute link except links to your site
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:
}
a11y_8
focus
{
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{ }
Button
If you need a button, use
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{ }
Button
If you need a button, use
Button
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{ }
Button
If you need a button, use
Button
Button
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{ }
*:focus {
outline: none;
}
Don’t just remove the default outline (dotted outline, blue or orange ring) without providing alternate styles.
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{ }
input:focus {
outline: 2px solid #000000;
}
:focus pseudo class for custom focus styles
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{ }
form:focus-within {
box-shadow: 0 0 4px 6px #000000;
}
:focus-within select an element which has child elements that are currently focused.
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{ }
:focus {
outline: none;
}
Applying focus styles only for appropriate input modalities
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{ }
:focus {
outline: none;
}
:focus-ring {
outline: 2px solid blue;
}
Applying focus styles only for appropriate input modalities
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https://github.com/WICG/focus-ring
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/design/inclusive
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/design/inclusive
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/design/inclusive
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Permanent Temporary Situational
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/design/inclusive
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.
}
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derro
{
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.
}
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order
{
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{ }
-
…
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{ }
ul {
}
A grid with as many 180px wide columns as possible
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{ }
ul {
}
display: grid;
A grid with as many 180px wide columns as possible
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{ }
ul {
}
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr));
A grid with as many 180px wide columns as possible
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{ }
ul {
}
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr));
grid-gap: 20px;
A grid with as many 180px wide columns as possible
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{ }
ul {
}
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr));
grid-gap: 20px;
grid-auto-rows: 180px;
A grid with as many 180px wide columns as possible
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{ }
CSS Grid Layout explicit placement
.long {
grid-row: span 2;
}
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{ }
.large {
grid-row: span 2;
}
CSS Grid Layout explicit placement
.long {
grid-row: span 2;
}
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{ }
.large {
grid-row: span 2;
}
CSS Grid Layout explicit placement
.long {
grid-row: span 2;
}
.large1 {
grid-column: span 2 / -1;
}
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{ }
.large {
grid-row: span 2;
}
CSS Grid Layout explicit placement
.long {
grid-row: span 2;
}
.large1 {
grid-column: span 2 / -1;
}
.large2 {
grid-column: 1 / span 2;
}
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{ }
ul {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr));
grid-gap: 20px;
grid-auto-rows: 180px;
grid-auto-flow: dense;
}
grid-auto-flow tries to fill the gaps in a grid
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Properties that affect order
๏ Flexbox (flex-direction, order,…)
๏ position
๏ float
๏ Negative margins
๏ Grid (order, grid-auto-flow, grid-row, grid-column,…)
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.
}
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progressive
enhancement
{
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.
}
a11y_10
progressive
enhancement
{
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.
}
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progressive
enhancement
{
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You Don’t Have To Overwrite Everything
๏ display: inline-block
๏ display: table-cell
๏ vertical-align
๏ column-* properties
๏ float
…have no effect on grid- or flex-items
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.
}
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flat structures
{
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{ }
A div with two direct child items (h2 and ul)
Heading
- Element 1
- Element 2
- Element 3
- Element 4
- Element 5
- Element 6
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{ }
.wrapper {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 120px repeat(2, 1fr);
grid-gap: 20px;
}
h2 {
grid-column: 2 / -1;
}
A grid with 3 columns
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{ }
Don’t flatten the structure of your document and compromise on semantics!
Heading
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
Element 5
Element 6
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{ }
ul {
display: subgrid;
}
display: subgrid didn’t make it into level 1 of the specification.
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{ }
ul {
display: contents;
}
display: contents causes an element's children to appear as if they were direct children of the element's parent.
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{ }
ul {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 120px repeat(2, 1fr);
grid-gap: 20px;
}
Alternative: Defining a nested grid
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{ }
ul {
grid-column: 1 / -1;
display: inherit;
grid-template-columns: inherit;
grid-gap: inherit;
display: contents;
}
It’s possible to inherit grid properties
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{ }
Don’t flatten the structure of your document and compromise on semantics!
Heading
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
Element 5
Element 6
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{ }
Don’t flatten the structure of your document and compromise on semantics!
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Designing with constraints in mind
is simply designing well.
Aaron Gustafson
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https://medium.com/@matuzo/
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5IBOLZPV
Manuel Matuzović
@mmatuzo
CSSConf Budapest 10/2017