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Noah Kantrowitz Behind Closed Doors Managing Passwords in a Dangerous World

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Me • Chef-y dude • @kantrn / coderanger • Bloomberg FOSS

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Secrets

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Definition • Small • Radioactive • Required

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Secrets • Passwords • Tokens
 • Keys • Other

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Passwords • Computer to computer • 1 to ~1024 bytes • "Internal" or human-y

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Tokens • "External" or API • Like passwords

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Keys • Whole files • Bigger, chunkier

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Other • Kerberos tickets • PCI log files • HIPAA records

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Temperature

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Hot / Online • Autonomous access • Used a lot • Humans need not apply

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Cold / Offline • Used rarely • Humans required

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Spectrum

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Speed

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Slow • "Static" • Change is "big" • Less safe

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Fast • Changes constantly • Automatic rotation • More safe

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Properties of a Secrets Management System

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– Jerome Saltzer, Communications of the ACM “Every program and every privileged user of the system should operate using the least amount of privilege necessary to complete the job.”

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Properties • Least privilege • Audit trail

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Let's do it!

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$ echo "P@s5wd" > secret.txt $ git commit -a -m "yolo!" $ git push origin master To git@github.com:me/myapp.git f35a8c0..c2f0adf master -> master

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Attack Surfaces

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Surfaces • Brute force • Code leak • Backup leak • Traversal
 • Code exec • Root exec • Laptop theft • Higher power

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Brute Force • Always be wary • Rate-limit, restrict, rotate • Make it impossible

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Code Leak • Read-only access • No data • "GitHub oops"

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Backup Leak • Still read-only • With database, et al

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Traversal • /show?n=about • /show?n=../../passwd • /search?q=;select…

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An Aside • Environment variables • Logged, inherited, etc • Unsafe at any speed

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Code Exec • Beyond app security • Infrastructure hygiene • Service users

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Root Exec Lasciate ogne speranza,
 voi ch'intrate

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Laptop Theft • Use disk encryption • Rotate everything

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Higher Power • Government • Advanced threat • Natural disaster

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Cryptography

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Symmetry • Symmetric vs asymmetric • Shared key vs pairs • Public key not secret

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Secret Symmetric Admin Server

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Secret Symmetric Admin Server Key

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Secret Encrypted Blob Symmetric Admin Server Key

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Secret Encrypted Blob Symmetric Admin Server Key Key

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Encrypted Blob Secret Encrypted Blob Symmetric Admin Server Key Key

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Encrypted Blob Secret Encrypted Blob Secret Symmetric Admin Server Key Key

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Secret Asymmetric Admin Server

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Secret Asymmetric Admin Server Key Pair

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Secret Asymmetric Admin Server Public Key Key Pair

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Secret Encrypted Blob Asymmetric Admin Server Public Key Key Pair

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Encrypted Blob Secret Encrypted Blob Asymmetric Admin Server Public Key Key Pair

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Encrypted Blob Secret Secret Encrypted Blob Asymmetric Admin Server Public Key Key Pair

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Mode • Pre-encryption • Symmetric key distribution • Asymmetric key identity • Trusted third party

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Symmetric Pre Admin Servers Store

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Symmetric Pre Admin Servers Store

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Symmetric Pre Admin Servers Store

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Symmetric Pre Admin Servers Store

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Symmetric Pre Admin Servers Store

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Symmetric Pre Admin Servers Store

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Asymmetric Pre Admin Servers Store A B C

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A B Asymmetric Pre Admin Servers Store A B C

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A B Asymmetric Pre Admin Servers Store A B A B C

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A B Asymmetric Pre Admin Servers Store A B A B A B C

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A B A B Asymmetric Pre Admin Servers Store A B A B A B C

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A B A B B A Asymmetric Pre Admin Servers Store A B A B A B C

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A B A B B A Asymmetric Pre Admin Servers Store A B A B A B C

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Trusted Third Party Admin TTP Servers A B C D

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Trusted Third Party B C Admin TTP Servers A B C D

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Trusted Third Party B C Admin TTP Servers A B C D

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Tools

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Text Files • git add … • scp … • Interns

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git-crypt • Git file filter • Symmetric or asymmetric • Footgun

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Cluster Managers • ZooKeeper, Consul, Etcd • ACLs or bust • Here be dragons

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Chef Encrypted Bags • Symmetric, AES-256-GCM • Server vs git • Turtles all the way down

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Ansible Vault • AES-256-CTR + SHA-256 • Still turtles

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Hiera Eyaml • PKCS7 (or GPG) • Trusted Third Party

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Chef Vault • RSA(encrypted bags) • Asymmetric pre-encrypt • Kind of still turtle-y

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Hashicorp Vault • TTP service • New bar for fast secrets • Modular design

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Keywhiz • TTP • TLS keys, files • Battle tested

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Private S3 • IAM roles • Complex policy • Easy to get started

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Amazon KMS • Kool-aid-tastic • Key escrow • Hosted encrypt/decrypt

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Sneaker • KMS + S3 • Still kool

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Confidant • KMS + DynamoDB • Web-based • Versioned w/ history

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Trousseau • Asymmetric pre-encrypt • GPG + modular storage • S3, GPG, GitHub

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Sops • KMS or GPG • Manual storage

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Red October • Cold secrets • N of M storage

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Barbican Pining for the fjords

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Conjur • And other closed source • Trust but verify

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HSMs • TPMs otherwise $ $ $ • Dedicated hardware • Bugs not unheard of

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The Hard Problem

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Identity • Who are you? • Who am I? • Why are we in this
 hand basket?

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Pure Identity • TLS client certificates • MySQL, Postgres • Internal APIs

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Integration

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API Clients • Vault: HVAC, vault-rails • KMS: botocore, aws-sdk

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HVAC # local_settings.py import hvac c = hvac.Client( url='https://vaultserver:8200') DATABASES = { 'default': { # Other settings ... 'PASSWORD': c.read('secret/dbpass') } }

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Config Management • Templates/commands • hiera-vault • Ruby/Python APIs

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Chef # recipes/myapp.rb execute 'sneaker unpack ...' template 'local_settings.py' do # Other properties ... variables pw: citadel['pw'] end

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KeywhizFS • FUSE filesystem • Direct key usage • In-memory

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Consul Templates • Standalone daemon • Sync Vault data to files • CM → Templates → files

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envconsul • Vault data in $ENV • Beware of logging

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Summon • Secrets in $ENV • Modular providers • S3, Keyring, Conjur

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In Summary • Check your privilege and audit trail • Pick types and temperatures • Think about attack surfaces • Have a disaster plan

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Thank You

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Questions? @kantrn coderanger.net