Android Lollipop For Enterprise DroidCon Italy Torino 2015

Android Lollipop for Enterprise ● Senior Security Researcher - Mobile Security Lab ● Senior Security Analyst - Consulthink S.p.A. DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 2 Who are we ● [email protected] ● @robpicone ● [email protected] ● @robgas @droidconit #droidconit

Android Lollipop For Enterprise Enterprise Mobile Management 3

Enterprise Mobile Management DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 4 Enterprise Mobile Trends Gartner Market Statistics Forecast: PCs, Ultramobiles and Mobile Phones Worldwide, 2011-2018, 4Q14 Update

Enterprise Mobile Management ● Secure Environment ○ SELinux ● Device Protection ○ Smart Lock ○ "Kill Switch" ● Device Management ○ Device Administration API ○ Device Owner ● Security Container ○ Managed Profile ○ App Restrictions ● Data Encryption DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 5 Lollipop for Enteprise

Android Lollipop For Enterprise SELinux 6

● Introduced in Android 4.3 to enforce the existing Discretionary Access Control (DAC) for application sandboxing (UID,GID) ● Provides Mandatory Access Control (MAC) over all processes at kernel level ● Allows to define fine-grained security policies ● Main security features: ○ Better system service restriction and protection ○ Improved access control to application data and system logs ○ Reduce effects of malicious software ○ User protection from potential flaws in mobile application SELinux DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 7 Security-Enhanced Linux in Android "This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities by reducing exposure of system functionality to applications" Google Report Android Security 2014 Year in Review

SELinux ● Three core elements: ○ Subject: Agent that perform actions on objects (processes or groups of processes referred as domains) ○ Action: The operation to perform ○ Object: OS-level resources managed by the kernel (file, socket) ● Processes, Sockets and Files have a label or security context: ○ username:role:type:mls_level ■ username is always u ■ role is r for domains, object_r for objects ■ type refers to the domain or to the object logic type ■ mls_level is always s0 DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 8 Concepts

SELinux username:role:type:mls_level ○ username is always u ○ role is r for domains, object_r for objects ○ type refers to the domain or to the object logical type ○ mls_level is always s0 DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 9 Concepts SUBJECT OBJECT

Lollipop Enhancements SELinux ● SELinux mode: ○ Permissive: permission denials are logged but not enforced ○ Enforcing: permission denials are both logged and enforced DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 10 Android 4.3 Permissive Android 4.4 Partial Enforcing Android 5.x Full Enforcing ... limited set of crucial domains (installd, netd, vold and zygote)... ...to everything (more than 60 domains)...

Android Lollipop For Enterprise Smart Lock 11

Smart Lock ● Disable device lockscreen in "trusted condition" ● Based on Trust Agent: ○ "A service that notifies the system about whether it believes the environment of the device to be trusted" ○ Requires signatureOrSystem permission ○ Can be disabled by Device Administrator [KEYGUARD_DISABLE_TRUST_AGENTS] DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 12 Trust Agent http://nelenkov. blogspot. it/2014/12/dissecting -lollipops-smart- lock.html lollipop/frameworks/base/core/res/AndroidManifest.xml

Smart Lock ● Trust Agent provided by Google Play Services ● Device Unlocked methods: ○ Trusted bluetooth connected devices ○ Trusted places ○ Trusted face ○ On Body Detection ● Temporary unlock is disabled: ○ After 4 hours of inactivity ○ Device Reboot/Shutdown DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 13 Some Details

Android Lollipop for Enterprise Device Protection 14

Device Protection ● "You can set up your device to prevent other people from using it if it's been reset to factory settings without your permission" ● Introduced in Android 5.1 ● Actually works only on Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 ● Requires: ○ Screen Lock enabled ○ Default Google account ○ "OEM Unlocking" disabled in Settings -> Developer Options ● Needs to wait 72 hours after changing password to reset the device DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 15 "Kill Switch" Factory Reset

Device Protection ● PersistentDataBlockService write on the partition defined by ro.frp.pst: ○ The OEM Unlocking setting (bit) ○ Write Block Checksum (SHA-256) DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 16 OEM Unlocking PersistentDataBlockService

Android Lollipop For Enterprise Device Administration API 17

Device Administration API ● Introduced in Android 2.2 Froyo (API 8) ● Allows to enforce security policy on device ● Enterprise Oriented ● Vendor Customization ○ Samsung KNOX ○ LG Gate ● Used by Device Admin Application DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 18 Intro

Device Administration API ● Must be explicitly enabled in the device security settings ● Cannot be uninstalled if active ● Could be controlled by a remote server (agent) ● Several device admin applications can be enabled on a device (strictest policy among all applications is active) DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 19 Device Admin Application

Device Administration API DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 20 Main Features API 8 API 9 API 11 API 14 API 17 API 21 API 22 Enforce Password Policy Watch User Login Reset Password Lock and Wipe Device Set Max Failed Password For Wipe Set Max Time To Lock Device Wipe SDCard Force Device Encryption Disable Camera Disable Keyguard Managed Profile Global Settings NFC Provisioning Wipe Factory Protection

Device Administration API DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 21 How It Works...

Device Administration API ● Main Admin Application component DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 22 DeviceAdminReceiver Required to ensure that only the system can interact with the receiver Primary ACTION that the receiver must handle Policy Declaration

Device Administration API DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 23 Policy Declaration

Device Administration API ● Callback functions triggered on particular ACTION DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 24 DeviceAdminReceiver Method Action onEnabled(Context context, Intent intent) ACTION_DEVICE_ADMIN_ENABLED onDisabled(Context context, Intent intent) ACTION_DEVICE_ADMIN_DISABLED onDisableRequested(Context context, Intent intent) ACTION_DEVICE_ADMIN_DISABLE_R EQUESTED onPasswordSucceeded(Context context, Intent intent) ACTION_PASSWORD_SUCCEEDED onPasswordFailed(Context context, Intent intent) ACTION_PASSWORD_FAILED onPasswordChanged(Context context, Intent intent) ACTION_PASSWORD_CHANGED

Device Administration API ● Public Interface for managing policies on device ● Requires Device Administration rights enabled ● Main methods: ○ isAdminActive(ComponentName who) ○ setPasswordQuality(ComponentName admin, int quality) ○ resetPassword(String password, int flags) ○ lockNow() ○ wipeData(int flags) ○ setCameraDisabled(ComponentName admin, boolean disabled) ○ setStorageEncryption(ComponentName admin, boolean encrypt) DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 25 DevicePolicyManager

Device Administration API DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 26 Device Admin Activation Implicit Intent for the system Settings

Device Administration API ● "Specialized type of device administrator" with the additional ability to: ○ Add/Remove User ○ Modify Global settings ○ Set Application Restrictions ○ Wipe Factory Protection ● Typically used for company device ● Introduced in Android Lollipop (API 21) ● Only one device owner can be active at a time ● Cannot be disabled or removed ● Requires Device Encryption ● Deployed and activated via NFC DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 27 Device Owner

Device Administration API ● Via NFC NDEF Record with MIME Type MIME_TYPE_PROVISIONING_NFC and with properties: DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 28 Device Owner Deploy REQUIRED CHECKSUM A String extra holding the SHA-1 checksum of the file at download location specified in EXTRA_PROVISIONING_DEVICE_ADMIN_PA CKAGE_DOWNLOAD_LOCATION. If this doesn't match the file at the download location an error will be shown to the user and the user will be asked to factory reset the device. cat app-debug.apk | openssl dgst -binary -sha1 | openssl base64 | tr '+/' '-_' | tr -d '='

Device Administration API ● Device should not be provisioned Settings.Global.DEVICE_PROVISIONED = 0 ● Encrypted phone required ● "If provisioning fails, the device is factory reset" DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 29 Device Owner Activation

Android Lollipop For Enterprise Managed Profile 30

Managed Profile ● New security feature for enterprise “managed profile” ● Available since Android Lollipop (API 21) ● Using managed profile the enterprise could define a controlled domain on the user's device to run controlled application ● The application inside the new managed profile can be configured with policy to interact or not with other apps on device ● Samsung KNOX functionality has been integrated into Android DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 31 Introduction

Managed Profile ● A Technology platform for: ○ Business protection, and ○ Personal Privacy ● Google and Samsung has designed the new Enterprise API around three major concepts: ○ Device and data security ○ Support for IT policies and restrictions ○ Mobile application management ● It has been introduced into Android Lollipop DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 32 KNOX Framework

Managed Profile ● A device administration component ○ A broadcast receiver that extends “DeviceAdminReceiver” ● AndroidManifest with a receiver: ○ The BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN permission ○ Respond, by intent-filetr, to the ACTION_DEVICE_ADMIN_ENABLED intent ○ A declaration of security policies used in metadata ● An intent to start the managed profile provisioning process: ○ ACTION_PROVISION_MANAGED_PROFILE action ○ An extra with the application package ● Override onProfileProvisioningComplete callback method to verify all is OK ● Enable the new managed profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 33 Have to use...

Managed Profile ● BasicDeviceAdminReceiver component DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 34 Broadcast Receiver BroadcastReceiver of our provisioner application Callback method will be called when the system send ACTION_DEVICE_ADMI N_ENABLED. The new profile is installed but not yet enabled

Managed Profile ● AndroidManifest.xml declaration DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 35 AndroidManifest To avoid abuse by other applications Intercepted when the Managed Profile has successfully installed Policy declaration

Managed Profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 36 Activation Intent to start the setup (Defined in the DevicePolicyManager.java) ● Start the Managed Profile provisioning The Application package name as additional information Verify there is an activity that resolves intent (ManagedProvisonActivity) Start activity by intent

● The new Managed profile has to be enabled Managed Profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 37 Enable the new profile Enable the managed profile Set name for new profile

Managed Profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 38 Managed profile activated ● New Accounts associated to the new managed profile (Settings->Accounts) ● The admin profile (Work) for the new Managed Profile (Settings->Security- >Device administrators) ● The applications into new Managed Profile are badged

Managed Profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 39 WorkFlow of Provisioning

Managed Profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 40 Enable Application ● Add new application into Managed Profile Add the application by package name via DevicePolicyManager Get info about app Get reference at packageManager and DevicePolicyManager

Managed Profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 41 Hide Application ● During the life of Managed Profile the application could be hidden specyfing the app package name ○ Only if the application is already installed we can hide application true to hide and false to un-hide

Managed Profile ● Enable and disable Intent forwarding between private account and managed profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 42 Cross Intent Enable with and disable intent between profiles Share some content

Managed Profile ● Define Chrome restrictions DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 43 App Restriction Define restriction Enable restriction

Managed Profile DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 44 App restrictions Configure some bookmarks Disable anonymous navigation Block www.example. com Configure search engine

Managed Profile ● Application has to define a file restriction and declare it into Manifest file DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 45 Define App Restrictions ● Defines the restriction item into app_restriction.xml file Declare external resource for restrictions restriction element with key and type of value

Managed Profile ● Check current application’s restrictions DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 46 Check app restrictions get current restrictions get reference to RestrictionManager search restriction by key to take the appropriate action

Managed Profile ● Set application restriction via DevicePolicyManager DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 47 Set app restrictions Builds a bundle with value for restriction Apply application restriction with method setApplicationRestrictions

Android Lollipop For Enterprise Data Encryption 48

Data Encryption ● Encryption is the process of encoding user data on an Android device using an encrypted key ● New feature on Android 5.0: ○ Fast encryption (only used blocks are encrypted on data partition) ○ forceencrypt flag to encrypt on first boot (Mandatory encryption at first boot) ○ Support for encryption without password ○ Hardware-backed storage of encryption key using Trusted Execution Environment ● Android introduced Disk encryption in Android version 3.0 and it has been available in all subsequent versions ● New key derivation function scrypt DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 49 Some info

Data Encryption ● Android disk encryption is based on dm-crypt (also used in Linux) ● Use a randomly 128-bit key with AES in CBC mode ○ CBC requires an inizialization vector IV ○ Android uses the encrypted salt-sector initialization vector (ESSIV) method with the SHA-256 hash algorithm (ESSIV: SHA256) ○ SHA256 is used to derive a key s from disk encryption key K called salt ○ Use the salt as encryption key to encrypt sector number SN of each sector to produce a per-sector IV ○ IV(SN)=AES-s(SN) where s=SHA256(K) DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 50 How works

Data Encryption ● The master key is encrypted with 128-bit AES ● In Android 5.0 release, four encryption states: ○ default,PIN,Password,Pattern ● Upon first boot the device creates a randomly generated 128-bit master key and then hashes it with a default password and stored salt (default_password) ● The hash is signed through a TEE, that uses hash to encrypt the master key ● When the user sets the PIN/pass or password on the device, only the 128-bit key is re-encrypted and stored DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 51 How works

Data Encryption DroidCon IT 2015 - Android Lollipop For Enterprise 52 Securing disk encryption key When user set PIN/PASSWORD/P ATTERN another key K1 is choosen to encrypt disk encryption key K

Thanks! DroidCon Italy Torino 2015 www.mseclab.com www.consulthink.it [email protected]