Sustainability and Sustainable Consumption: emes for Designers John Manoochehri BSK | Stockholm | 15.02.07

Part A e World: Sustainability Science and Policy

History of Environmental Awareness • Ancients: Plato, Asoka, Lao Tzu: c.500 BCE • Romantics: Muir, Ruskin, oreau: late 19th C • Scientists: Brandeis, Pinchot, Leopold: 19th-20th • 20th C disasters: Minamata, Torrey Canyon, Chernobyl: 60s-80s • Scientists: Carson, Meadows, Commoner, Ehrlich: 60s, 70s • Green ideologues: Kelly, Bahro, Porritt: 80s

History of International Policy Action • 19th C: National parks, game reserves, scientific conservation • Post-war: Some intl interest (UNSCCUR ‘49) • 50s-70s: Anti-pollution legislation, toxics legislation, government ministries, UNEP founded • 80s: Green parties, consumer action • 90s: Rio (UNCED ‘92) decade, international meetings, IPCC/UNFCC/Kyoto

Climate Science and Policy • IPCC Consensus: Since ‘91 three working groups, science of climate change, impacts from climate change, change policies. • Kyoto Protocol: Signed 1997, Ratified 2005; 5% reductions in 2008-12 on 1990 baseline (global average) • Flex-Mechs: Emissions trading, Joint Implementation (industrialised countries), Clean Development Mech (developing countries). • National/Euro policy: Emissions caps, regulated industries with permits and rights to buy UNFCCC offsets. • Voluntary offsets: Non-UNFCCC offsets for non- regulated industries or private individuals. • Risk profile: (Large) industry/infrastructure has

Structure of sustainability Sustainability Impact Demand Ethics Pollution Stock conservation Preservation Efficient/ Different/ Conscious/ Consumption Attitudes to nature Attitudes to sufficiency

History of International Sustainable Consumption Action • 1949: UNSCCUR • 1972: Limits to Growth • 1992: Agenda 21 Chapter 4 • 1999: UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection updated • 2001: UNEP Consumption Opportunities • 2002: 10-Year Framework of Programmes mandated

Consumption/Demand: UNEP Co-Op Framework

Formalising systemic consumption • Where I = impact, R = resource use, P = production (physical), FS = functional surface (available value), UC = use consumption (use but not utility), U = utility/welfare, we have a systemic resource consumption identity: • I/R. R/P. P/FS. FS/UC. UC/U • Systemic sustainable consumption requires optimisation of each parameter of this identity. • is requires demonstration that economics, conventionally, does not do this directly, or at all.

Optimising systemic consumption • Formalise variables: R/P, FS/UC • Avoid shift to monetary proxy: R/P (distortion, factor substitution, competition dynamics, path dependence, etc), U (non-autonomous consumption, priority (non-preference) consumption) etc) • New optimisation techniques: e.g. functional surface/ organisational efficiency, use consumption parity; spatial, institutional, behavioural.

Part B e Ideas: emes for Built Design

Design Standards • LEED: USGBC Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (US) ‣ http: usgbc.org ‣ Building inventories ‣ Network • BREEM: Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (UK) ‣ http://www.breeam.org ‣ Mainly about materials

Hannover Principles: McDonough 92 • Insist on rights of humanity and nature to co-exist • Recognize interdependence. • Respect relationships between spirit and matter. • Accept responsibility for the consequences of design. • Create safe objects of long-term value. • Eliminate the concept of waste. • Rely on natural energy flows. • Understand the limitations of design. • Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge.

Systematising interventions • Transformation ratios ‣ I/R. R/P . P/FS . FS/UC . UC/U • Management Security • Resource Productivity • Multifunctionality • Use-Efficiency • Welfare Efficiency

emes for Designers: General • Design Goals ‣ Security, Cycling, Intensity, Functionality, Welfare • Design Media ‣ Space, Time, Land, Materials, Energy, People, • Design Means ‣ Material, Technical, Spatial, Institutional,

emes for Designers: Consumption 1 • Efficient ‣ Clustering of plant, factory layout ‣ Superefficient production ‣ Passive, user-powered products • Different ‣ Multi-functional objects and services ‣ Shift-to-services from products

emes for Designers: Consumption 2 • Conscious ‣ Information education ‣ Shopping/using experience • Appropriate ‣ Psychological aspect of design ‣ Leisure design and attitudes ‣ Nature inclusion

Site Landform/Microclimate • Topography • Light-colored surfacing • Vegetative cooling • Wind buffering/channeling • Evaporative cooling Site Design • Solar orientation • Pedestrian orientation • Transit orientation • Micro climatic building/siting Infrastructure Efficiency • Water supply and use • Wastewater collection • Storm drainage • Street lighting • Traffic signalization • Recycling facilities

Site Land-Use • Use density • Use mix • Activity concentration Transportation • Integrated, mulimodal street network • Pedestrian • Bicycle • Transit • High-occupancy vehicles • Pavement minimization • Parking minimization/siting On-Site Energy Resources • Geothermal/groundwater • Surface water • Wind • Solar • District heating /cooling • Cogeneration • ermal storage • Fuel cell power

Water Water conservation methods: • Toilets:- • Low flush toilets • Dual flush toilets (3/6 litres) • Vacuum or compressed air toilets • Cistern displacement devices • Waterless toilets • Composting toilets (heated or unheated) • Incinerating toilets • Urinals:- • Urinal controls (infrared, radar, autoflush) • Waterless urinals • Wash hand basins:- • Push taps • Flow control, self closing • Tap flow regulators

Water Water conservation methods: • Shower:- • Shower mixers • Water saving showerheads • Self closing shower system • Outside and garden:- • Water control • Clothes Washers:- • Water saving washers • Control & usage • Water supply:- • Auto shut off and pressure regulators • Rain water and grey water:- • Rain water recycling systems • Grey water recycling systems

Further Principles & Tools • Embodied Energy • Onsite Energy: Solar, Geothermal • Passive heating and cooling • Sourcing and recyclability • Nature integration • Industrial and Social System Integration

Part C Cases

emes for Designers: General • Design Goals ‣ Security, Cycling, Intensity, Functionality, Welfare • Design Media ‣ Space, Time, Land, Materials, Energy, People, • Design Means ‣ Material, Technical, Spatial, Institutional,

emes for Designers: Consumption 1 • Efficient ‣ Clustering of plant, factory layout ‣ Superefficient production ‣ Passive, user-powered products • Different ‣ Multi-functional objects and services ‣ Shift-to-services from products

emes for Designers: Consumption 2 • Conscious ‣ Information education ‣ Shopping/using experience • Appropriate ‣ Psychological aspect of design ‣ Leisure design and attitudes ‣ Nature inclusion

Consumption/Demand: UNEP Co-Op Framework

Efficient Consumption • Kalundborg: System design - eco-industrial park [G: cycling; M: institutional, spatial] • Pratt & Whitney: Process design - machine optimisation [G: intensity, functionality; M: spatial, technical] • RMI Hypercar: Product design - superlightweighting, fuel [G: intensity; M: materials]

Different Consumption • Swiss mobility: Shift to services - car-sharing service [G: functionality; M: institutional, behavioural] • Xerox: Extended producer responsibility - Product remanufacture [G: functionality, cycling; M: institutional] • Abraham Building: Multifunctionality - Greywater system, thermal mass [G: cycling, functionality, welfare; M: materials]

Eden Project: Grimshaw 2001 • Site • Unique construction and materials • Embodied Energy • Rainwater Harvesting • Onsite waste digester • Solar orientation, onsite solar power

Malmö - City of Tomorrow: Various, Ongoing • Wind, solar power and underground aquifers • Developers comply with green space factor and green points • Water features enhance biodiversity and quality of life • Car use reduced by good bus service, pedestrian areas, cycle paths • On-site recycling facilities - rubbish is separated Bo01 * All walls covered with climbing plants * All roofs are green roofs * A bird box for every flat * Facades to have swallow nesting facilities * Bat boxes in the courtyard * A habitat for specified insects * At least 50 species of native herbs * Vegetation selected to be nectar giving * A 1m sq. pond for every 5m sq. of sealed area * Amphibian habitats with space for hibernation * A courtyard of semi-natural biotopes

Dongtan Eco City: Arup, 2010 • Urban design • Planning • Sustainable energy management • Waste management • Renewable energy process implementation • Economic and business planning • Social development • Sustainable building design • Architecture • Infrastructure • Landscape design

BSK Opportunities • Impact management is old-school, and a cost; but necessary • Demand management is innovatory and a saving; a major terrain of opportunity and competition • Budget management: payback, and cost-tunnelling; accounting and communication skills needs • Comparative advantage over established firms • Over-confidence is a risk; negligence is a risk.