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Swift Optimizing at Compiler World NSSpain 2020: Remote Edition, November 20th 2020 Yuki Aki from LINE Fukuoka

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About Me Yuki Aki (freddi) iOS Engineer at LINE Fukuoka

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Activity & Community Developing LINE Creators Studio at LINE Fukuoka

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Activity & Community Writing Swift for 2 years Swift Compiler, XcodeGen etc … Contributed to OSS Projects As a Speaker at many conferences

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About Me Yuki Aki (freddi) iOS Engineer at LINE Fukuoka

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Swift Optimizing at Compiler World

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language (SIL) SIL Optimizer

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language (SIL) SIL Optimizer

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language (SIL) SIL Optimizer

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language (SIL) SIL Optimizer

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language (SIL) SIL Optimizer

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Swift Compiler

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Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)?

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Why learn about Swift Compiler? Increase ways to solve difficult problems in Swift Coding Compiling Time, Compiler Bugs, Effective Code … Start Contributing to Swift Language So Fun

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Why learn about Optimizer? Easy to learn! Helpful to know what happened on Compiling for Product And how to try to solve problems related to Optimizer

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language SIL Optimizer

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Basis of Swift Compiler

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Basis of Swift Compiler Looks Difficult? Don’t be afraid! I’ll describe Complier easily!

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Flow of Compiling Swift Code App

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App Flow of Compiling Swift Code

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App Flow of Compiling Swift Code

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AST Flow of Compiling Swift Code Convert to Abstract Syntax Tree by grammar rule of Swift Syntax Tree is a format for compiler to understand Code easy Parser

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AST AST (Typed) Flow of Compiling Swift Code AST to Typed AST Checking Type of the Code by generated AST or Type-Error Sema

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AST (Typed) SIL Flow of Compiling Swift Code SILGen Typed AST to Swift Intermediate Language(SIL) IR (Intermediate Representation)

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SIL IR (LLVM) Flow of Compiling Swift Code IRGen Swift Intermediate Language Code to LLVM IR LLVM is a backend of Swift

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IR (LLVM) App Flow of Compiling Swift Code Convert to executable, like iOS App, Command Line Tools … Other compiler phases like Linker are here (not touch today)

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App Flow of Compiling Swift Code

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App Flow of Compiling Swift Code

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SIL SIL is one of topic of talk topic! Let’s focus on SIL!

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language SIL Optimizer

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Swift Intermediate Language

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App Swift Intermediate Language

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SIL Swift Intermediate Language Intermediate Representation(IR) of Swift Used for specialized optimization for Swift

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SIL Swift Intermediate Language LLVM IR is also optimized later IR (LLVM) Some effective optimization cannot be run on LLVM IR

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Swift Intermediate Language Let’s convert this code to SIL! print("Hello, World") hello.swift

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SIL Two kinds of SIL

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Two kinds of SIL

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Two kinds of SIL raw SIL canonical SIL

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raw SIL canonical SIL Two kinds of SIL raw SIL is generated by SILGen (from AST) canonical SIL is optimized raw SIL by SIL Optimizer

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Swift Intermediate Language raw SIL print("Hello, World") hello.swift

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> ()

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> ()

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Module Generated from Swift Source File

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Module Meta information (Imported libraries, Function signature, Witness Table …)

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Module SIL Function SIL Function SIL Function Meta information (Imported libraries, Function signature, Witness Table …)

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims sil_stage raw

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () sil_stage raw raw or canonical

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims $Builtin.Int

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims $Builtin.Int

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims $Builtin.Int My Builtin Literal talk is avalible on YouTube

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 {

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> ()

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> ()

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Module SIL Function SIL Function SIL Function Meta information (imported libraries, vtable, function signature,witness table …)

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Structure of SIL Code Converted from Swift Function SIL Function

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sil_stage raw import Builtin import Swift import SwiftShims %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %4 %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // user: %5 (%5, %6) = destructure_tuple %4 : $(Array, Builtin.RawPointer) // users: %24, %21, %7 %7 = pointer_to_address %6 : $Builtin.RawPointer to [strict] $*Any // user: %14 %8 = string_literal utf8 "Hello, World" // user: %13 %9 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 12 // user: %13 %10 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %13 %11 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %13 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %12 = function_ref @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %13 %13 = apply %12(%8, %9, %10, %11) : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // user: %15 %14 = init_existential_addr %7 : $*Any, $String // user: %15 store %13 to [init] %14 : $*String // id: %15 // function_ref default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %16 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %17 %17 = apply %16() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %23, %21 // function_ref default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) %18 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // user: %19 %19 = apply %18() : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // users: %22, %21 // function_ref print(_:separator:terminator:) %20 = function_ref @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // user: %21 %21 = apply %20(%5, %17, %19) : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () destroy_value %19 : $String // id: %22 destroy_value %17 : $String // id: %23 destroy_value %5 : $Array // id: %24 %25 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int32, 0 // user: %26 %26 = struct $Int32 (%25 : $Builtin.Int32) // user: %27 // _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [_semantics "array.uninitialized_intrinsic"] @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned Array<τ_0_0>, Builtin.RawPointer) // String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) sil [serialized] [always_inline] [readonly] [_semantics "string.makeUTF8"] @$sSS21_builtinStringLiteral17utf8CodeUnitCount7isASCIISSBp_BwBi1_tcfC : $@convention(method) (Builtin.RawPointer, Builtin.Word, Builtin.Int1, @thin String.Type) -> @owned String // default argument 1 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA0_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // default argument 2 of print(_:separator:terminator:) sil hidden_external [serialized] @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StFfA1_ : $@convention(thin) () -> @owned String // print(_:separator:terminator:) sil @$ss5print_9separator10terminatoryypd_S2StF : $@convention(thin) (@guaranteed Array, @guaranteed String, @guaranteed String) -> () // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main'

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… // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main'

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“main” Function of Swift print("Hello, World") hello.swift Body code is surrounded by Main function Main function works as entry point like other languages

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Function SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Function SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block SIL Basic Block

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Basic Block Basic Block is kind of Scope in Swift Function Increased as Conditional Branches of program

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… // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main'

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… // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' bb represents Basic Block

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… // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main' Basic Block is increased as Conditional Branches bb1 …: … bb represents Basic Block if, while, switch, … in Swift

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Structure of SIL Code SIL Basic Block SIL Instruction SIL Instruction SIL Instruction SIL Instruction SIL Instruction

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Structure of SIL Code Converted from Swift Code SIL Instruction

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%2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF … %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned …) … // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main'

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%2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 // user: %4 // function_ref _allocateUninitializedArray(_:) %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF … %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned …) … // main sil [ossa] @main : $@convention(c) (Int32, UnsafeMutablePointer>>) -> Int32 { bb0(%0 : $Int32, %1 : $UnsafeMutablePointer>>): return %26 : $Int32 // id: %27 } // end sil function 'main'

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Structure of SIL Code Converted from Swift Code SIL Instruction Conformed to Static Single Assignment format

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Static Single Assignment (SSA) Each variable cannot be assigned value twice %2 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 1 %3 = function_ref @$ss27_allocateUninitializedArrayySayxG_BptBwlF … %4 = apply %3(%2) : $@convention(thin) <τ_0_0> (Builtin.Word) -> (@owned …) A left value starts from % is variable Instruction with assigning is %n = instruction

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B Removing Dead(not used) Code of Function

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B ← return and %7 should be marked as Live (used) Code

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B ← return and %7 should be marked as Live (used) Code

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B ← return and %7 should be marked as Live (used) Code ← %5 and %6 should be marked as Live (used) Code

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B ← return and %7 should be marked as Live (used) Code ← %5 and %6 should be marked as Live (used) Code

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B ← return and %7 should be marked as Live (used) Code ← %5 and %6 should be marked as Live (used) Code ← Marked as Dead Code because referred by return

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Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable /// Body of SIL Function // A: integer variable %2 = integer_literal %3 = function_ref Int.init(:) %4 = apply %3(%2) // B: integer variable %5 = integer_literal %6 = function_ref Int.init(:) %7 = apply %5(%6) return %7 // return B Searching for variable proceeds by Unidirectional flow

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Dead Code Elimination Constant Propagation Why converting SSA? Very easy to track how code is using each variable

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Structure of SIL Code Converted from Swift Code SIL Instruction The Code Style is conformed to SSA Reference: docs/SIL.rst in apple/swift

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Recap of SIL raw SIL and canonical SIL SIL consists of Module, Function, Basic Block and Instruction SIL is conformed to Single Static Assignment Format

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Agenda Why need to learn Swift Compiler (Optimizer)? Basis of Swift Compiler Swift Intermediate Language (SIL) SIL Optimizer

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SIL Optimizer

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How SIL Optimizer works

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raw to canonical raw SIL canonical SIL

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raw to canonical raw SIL canonical SIL SIL Code Optimization

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raw to canonical raw SIL canonical SIL SIL Optimizer SIL Code Optimization

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Role of SIL Optimizer SIL Optimizer has two important roles on Compiler Phase Optimization SIL Code Diagnostic SIL Code

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Role of SIL Optimizer SIL Optimizer has two important roles on Compiler Phase SIL Code Diagnostic SIL Code Optimization

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by SIL Optimizer Optimization specialized for Swift Language Optimization Generic Specialization Witness and VTable Devirtualization etc

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Role of SIL Optimizer SIL Optimizer has two important roles on Compiler Phase SIL Code SIL Code Diagnostic Optimization

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by Compiler Each phase of Compiler diagnoses your Swift Code Checking Grammar on Parser Phase (to AST) Checking Type on Sema Phase (to typed AST) ??? on SIL Optimizer Phase (to canonical SIL) Compiler will show error if diagnostic fails Diagnostic

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func wrongReturnType() -> String { return 2020 } wrong-type.swift by Compiler Diagnostic

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App Diagnostic of Type Check

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App Diagnostic of Type Check OK NG error: cannot convert return expression of type 'Int' to return type 'String'

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func wrongReturnType() -> String { return 2020 } wrong-type.swift Diagnostic of return

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func wrongReturnType() -> String { } wrong-type.swift Diagnostic of return

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SIL AST AST (Typed) IR (LLVM) App OK OK OK Diagnostic of return

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raw SIL canonical SIL Diagnostic in SIL Optimizer NG error: missing return in a function expected to return 'String' SIL Code Optimization

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Diagnostic of return func wrongReturnType() -> String { } no-return.swift … // some code fatalError()

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AST AST (Typed) SIL IR (LLVM) App OK Diagnostic of return OK OK OK OK No error by fatalError

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Examples Diagnostic of Grammar by Parser Diagnostic of validation no-return by SIL Optimizer Diagnostic Diagnostic of Overflow by SIL Optimizer Diagnostic of Type (of return) by Sema etc

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Role of SIL Optimizer SIL Optimizer has two important role on Compiler Phase Optimizing SIL Code SIL Code Diagnostic Guaranteeing safety as other roles of each phase

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raw SIL raw SIL canonical SIL SIL Optimizer Optimizing

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raw SIL raw SIL canonical SIL Optimizing Many Passes optimize your code in order Pass Pass Pass Pass Each Pass has role for optimization and diagnostic

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Example of Pass in SIL Optimizer Dead Code Elimination Constant Propagation Memory Promotion Other Diagnostic etc

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Pass Pipeline has information that which Pass must be called Pass Pipeline Pass Pass Pass Pass SIL Optimizer calls only registered Pass on Pipeline is Pass Pipeline

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How Pass PipeLine is built Pass Pass Pass Pass Pipeline is built from optimization level of Compiler -Onone : Minimum optimization for debugging situation -O : Optimization for production code -Osize : Optimization for reducing size than performance

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Which Pass is called or not? lib/SILOptimizer/PassManager/PassPipeline.cpp https://github.com/apple/swift

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Which Pass is called or not? lib/SILOptimizer/PassManager/PassPipeline.cpp addMandatoryDiagnosticOptPipeline getOnonePassPipeline etc

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List of Passes include/swift/SILOptimizer/PassManager/Passes.def https://github.com/apple/swift

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Recap of SIL Optimizer SIL Optimizer’s roles are Optimization and Diagnostic raw SIL is optimized by Passes in SIL Optimizer Pipeline has information which Pass must be called Pass Pipeline is built by optimization level

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SIL Optimizer

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More Deeper Dive into SIL Optimizer

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Two kinds of Pass For SIL Module For SIL Function Run by each SIL Module Run by each SIL Function

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Two kinds of Pass For SIL Module For SIL Function Dead Function Elimination Global Variable Optimization Dead Code Elimination Alloc Box to Stack etc etc

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How to know what kind of Pass Passes are developed by C++ Class in Compiler Code Each Pass inherits two kinds of Bass Class SILModuleTransform SILFunctionTransform

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How to know what kind of Pass For SIL Module For SIL Function Dead Function Elimination Global Variable Optimization Dead Code Elimination Alloc Box to Stack etc etc

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How to know what kind of Pass Dead Function Elimination class SILDeadFuncElimination : public SILModuleTransform { … } lib/SILOptimizer/IPO/DeadFunctionElimination.cpp

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How to know what kind of Pass Dead Code Elimination class DCE : public SILFunctionTransform { … } lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/DeadCodeElimination.cpp

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Pass’s implementation Making Class from SILModule(Function)Transform Implementing run() as Entry Point

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Reading Pass Code For example, let’s read AssumeSingleThreaded Pass The smallest Pass in Swift Compiler Optimizes program specialized for Single Thread

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { for (auto &I : BB) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } } /// Post treatment } };

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { for (auto &I : BB) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } } /// Post treatment } };

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { for (auto &I : BB) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } } /// Post treatment } };

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Reading Pass Code Easy to understand if we know structure of SIL Code SIL Module SIL Function SIL Basic Block SIL Instruction

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { for (auto &I : BB) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } } /// Post treatment } };

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &I : BB) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } /// Post treatment } }; for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { }

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Reading Pass Code getFunction returns current scanning SILFunction for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { } … SILFunction can be treated as SILBasicBlock Collection

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { for (auto &I : BB) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } } /// Post treatment } }; for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { }

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } /// Post treatment } }; for (auto &I : BB) { }

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Reading Pass Code } … for (auto &I : BB) { SILBasicBlock is SILInstruction Collection Scanning SILInstruction from top

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } /// Post treatment } }; for (auto &I : BB) { }

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { if (. ) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } /// Post treatment } }; for (auto &I : BB) { } auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)

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Reading Pass Code Checking what kind of SILInstruction by casting RefCountingInst is instruction related to ARC auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)

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Reading Pass Code If we want to check instruction is return or not Check type-cast by ReturnInst auto ReturnInst = dyn_cast(&I)

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { if (. ) RCInst->setNonAtomic(); } /// Post treatment } }; for (auto &I : BB) { } auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)

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lib/SILOptimizer/Transforms/AssumeSingleThreaded.cpp class AssumeSingleThreaded : public swift::SILFunctionTransform { /// The entry point to the transformation. void run() override { /// Checking option … for (auto &BB : *getFunction()) { for (auto &I : BB) { if (auto RCInst = dyn_cast(&I)) } } /// Post treatment } }; RCInst->setNonAtomic();

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Reading Pass Code Setting Reference Count instruction as non Atomic RCInst->setNonAtomic();

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What AssumeSingleThreaded? Scanning SIL Instruction related to Reference Count Marking Reference Count Instruction as non Atomic Called by each SIL Function

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Now, you can read Swift Compiler Code!

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Using docs/SIL.rst for reference of SIL Instruction Understanding C++ and LLVM for more deep dive Recap to read SIL Optimizer Code Understanding structure of SIL Code

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For More your learning Compiler

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Build Swift Compiler! You can clone from https://github.com/apple/swift It requires more than 60 GB ⚠ to build

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SIL Optimizer may have bugs which not tracked There is many chance to contribute! Contribute to Swift Compiler!

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Talk/Write about Swift Compiler! Swift Compiler is difficult topic Your talk/article would be helpful for next learner!

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