Effective mobile engineering to make product successful

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fail fast

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Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new. -Albert Einstein

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IT BIZ ↔ Me

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Fail fast, Fail often, Fail better, Succeed

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Ship fast, Iterate often, Don’t crash, Succeed Fail fast, Fail often, Fail better

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# KPIs

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Crash-free users >99.5% Release once a week

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New app once a week???

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Release Once a month x1 x2 x5 x6 x3 x4 x7 x8 team’s capacity

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x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 build 1 checking Dev QA/Business build1 build2 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 “W hat’s wrong, W hat’s ok?” “W hat’s wrong, W hat’s ok?” build 2 checking

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x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 build 1 testing x1’ x2’ x4’ build 2 testing Dev QA/Business build1 build2 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 “we don’t like x5, x8” “we don’t like x1, x2, x4” x5’ x8’ Week 4

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x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 build 1 testing x1’ x2’ x4’ build 2 testing Dev QA/Business build1 build2 build3 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 ﬁxes x5’ x8’ x1’ x2’ x4' Week 4 more ﬁxes “checking them now..” x5’ x8’ RELEASE!!!

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x1 x2 y2 z1 x3 y1 z2 z3 team’s capacity (same as previous) Release Once a week

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Week 1 x1 x2 x1’ x2’ x1 x2 x1’ Dev QA/Business

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x1’ x2’ x1’ build 1 build 2 Week 1 x1 x2 x1 x2 Dev QA/Business

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x1’ feedback 1 feedback 2 Week 1 x1 x2 x1’ x2’ x1 x2 Dev QA/Business

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Week 1 x1 x2 x1’ x2’ Week 2 x3 x1 x2 x1’ Dev QA/Business x2’ x3 build 4 build 5 release candidate v1 RELEASE!

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Week 1 x1 x2 x1’ x2’ Week 2 x3 y1 y2 x1 x2 x1’ Dev QA/Business x2’ y1 x3 feedback 1 build Week 3

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Week 1 x1 x2 x1’ x2’ Week 2 x3 y1 y2 x1 x2 x1’ Dev QA/Business y1’ z1 z2 Week 3 x2’ y1 y1’ z1 y2 x3 v2 RELEASE!

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Week 1 x1 x2 x1’ x2’ Week 2 x3 y1 y2 x1 x2 x1’ Dev QA/Business y1’ z1 z2 Week 3 x2’ y1 y1’ z1 y2 x3 z3 v3 RELEASE! Week 4 z1’ z2’ z3 z1’ z2’ z2

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x1 x2 y2 z1 x3 y1 z2 z3 x1 x2 x5 x6 x3 x4 x7 x8 vs

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x1 x2 y2 z1 x3 y1 z2 z3 x1 x2 x5 x6 x3 x4 x7 x8 • Same context, reasonable overhead • Different context, a lot to keep in mind How many things to have in mind by engineers Software   engineer focus QA   engineer focus QA and software  engineer focus

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How many things can go wrong x1 x2 y2 z1 x3 y1 z2 z3 x1 x2 x5 x6 x3 x4 x7 x8 • Same context, reasonable overhead • less things can break • Different context, a lot to keep in mind • more things can break

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Business starts learning from here x1 x2 y2 z1 x3 y1 z2 z3 x1 x2 x5 x6 x3 x4 x7 x8 • Same context, reasonable overhead • less things can break • business can iterate fast • Different context, a lot to keep in mind • more things can break • business can’t iterate fast “We’ve learned that you don’t have to build this” “We’ve learned that you didn’t have to build this”

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SHIP FAST

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? x2 x3 x1

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Coding Testing and review x2 x3 x1 Release candidate

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⌚ ??? Coding Testing and review x2 x3 x1 Release candidate

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Manual tests Others What’s new Build apk Internal distrib Internal build Coding Testing and review x2 x3 x1 Release candidate

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Sign  apk Release  notes Internal  distrib Update assets Store  upload RC distribution Coding Testing and review x2 x3 x1 Release candidate

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+2h x number of loops +2h Coding Testing and review x2 x3 x1 Release candidate Internal build RC distrib x Rollout +1-2 days

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+2h Coding Testing and review x2 x3 x1 Release candidate Internal build RC distrib x Rollout +1-2 days +2h x number of loops

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clean the project unit tests tests coverage lint checks assemble apk distribute notify INTERNAL BUILD Coding Testing and review

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INTERNAL BUILD $ ./gradlew clean testDebugUnitTest testDebugUnitTestCoverage lintStaging assembleStaging crashlyticsUploadDistributionStaging clean the project unit tests tests coverage lint checks assemble apk distribute notify pipeline { agent { node { label 'mobile' }} //... stages { stage("Build and distribute debug") { steps { } } } }

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New feature branch On demand Create release branch Build and distribute RC Create Merge Request Notify reviewer New   release candidate Create merge request Bump version code 4 clicks 10 clicks 3 lines of code Push to master Push to Play Store beta Production app quick tests Store release Build, check, distribute apk 30min of clicking Trigger Actions Savings

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Run all tests Create report Send report to slack Nightly tests Setup and run simulators Every 24hrs

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Every 24hrs Update   /res/values Remove unused resources create merge request Update translations Fetch translation sfrom API lint checks

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apply plugin: 'io.fabric' apply plugin: 'jacoco' apply plugin: 'com.getkeepsafe.dexcount' apply plugin: 'com.github.triplet.play' def process_language(language): print('Starting processing of: ' + language) is_default_language = language == ApiConﬁg.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE translations = translations_api.get_translations() if '--android' in sys.argv: parsed_keys = transform_all_translations(translations) android_exporter = ATranslationsExporter(parsed_keys, lang_code) android_exporter.generate_translations() if is_default_language: android_exporter.cleanup_android_new_translations() pipeline { triggers { gitlab(triggerOnPush: true, branchFilterType: 'All') } stage("Build debug") { when { branch 'dev' } steps { sh './gradlew clean assembleDebug --stacktrace' } } }

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Coding Testing and review x2 x3 x1 Release candidate Internal build RC distrib auto x Rollout auto +1-2 days

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* QUALITY ASSURANCE

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Key feature can be tested manually only once.

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RC QA fast feedback QA Development 3 STAGES OF QA Unit tests Lint checks Manual tests Functional tests End-to-end tests Test infra maintenance

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LINT CHECKS

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UNIT TESTING

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Written by devs - Test single units 100% of tests must pass ✅

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@Test  public void testInit_whenConditionsMet_thenShouldShowRatingBox() {  when(rateBoxManager.shouldAskForRate()).thenReturn(true);  activityPresenter.initView(); verify(activityMock, once()).showRateBox(); } >200sec to ﬁnd this screen/popup <1sec to execute test

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@Test  public void testCriteria_whenAllMet_thenShouldShowRateBox() {  when(appDataMock.getAppInstallTime()).thenReturn(DATE_7_DAYS_AGO);  when(rateBoxReminderMock.isDelayed()).thenReturn(false); assertEquals(rateBoxManager.shouldAskForAppRate(), true);  } @Test  public void testCriteria_whenAppFreshlyInstalled_thenShouldntShowRateBox() { when(appDataMock.getAppInstallTime()).thenReturn(DATE_TODAY);  when(rateBoxReminderMock.isDelayed()).thenReturn(true);  assertEquals(rateBoxManager.shouldAskForAppRate(), false);  } CRITERIA UNIT TESTS

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COVERAGE 100% (?)

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@Test  public void testSetGet() {  assertFalse(model.isSet()); model.setItTo(true);  assertTrue(model.isSet()); model.setItTo(false); assertFalse(model.isSet());  } COVERAGE 100% @Test  public void testConstructor() {  model = new Model(true);  assertTrue(model.isSet());  }

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2 unit tests, 0 integration tests

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COVERAGE 50-60% & FAST FORWARD TO QA COVERAGE 100%

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INTEGRATION TESTING

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Built by QA engineers Run on emulator Hermetic env

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Data and settings Use cases, presentation logic

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mocks, init conﬁg System under test Data and settings Use cases, presentation logic

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mocks System under test Use cases, presentation logic

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mocks Screen by screen ﬂow: - Splash - Login - Main Screen - List if items API calls + database operations Screen by screen ﬂow: - Splash - Login - Main Screen - List if items API calls + database operations 5s 5s 5s 0s

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Android instrumentation test template AVD manager System under testing

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Android instrumentation test template Fake data (e.g. json ﬁle) AVD manager System under testing Mock objects

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Android instrumentation test template Init state Activity System under testing Fake data (e.g. json ﬁle) AVD manager Mock objects

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@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class) public class ForceAppUpdate_MockTests extends AzimoTestContainer { @Rule public DaggerMockRule daggerRule = DaggerMockUtils.defaultDaggerMockRule(); @Mock ApiVersionChecker apiVersionChecker; public void setupLogic() { when(apiVersionChecker.shouldUpdateApplication()).thenReturn(true); } @Test public void testForceAppUpdate_ifAppIsTooOld_shouldShowUpdateAzimoScreen() throws Exception { /* Data mocking (App-State unrelated) */ when(apiVersionChecker.shouldUpdateApplication()).thenReturn(true); /* Conﬁg init */ TestLauncher.init() .setting_setInputToUser(TestUsers.getTestUserNoTransfersNoRecipients()) .setting_useStartingPoint(LauncherStartingCondition.USER) .run(); /* Test Start */ appTooOldNavi().waitForEnteredActivity(AppTooOldActivity.class); appTooOldAsserts().assertThat_correctTitleIsDisplayed(); appTooOldAsserts().assertThat_correctDescriptionIsDisplayed(); appTooOldAsserts().assertThat_correctButtonDescriptionIsDisplayed(); } }

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END-TO-END TESTING

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Simulate end user 5 End-to-end features Up to 2 hours ⏲

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How to get there ?   Be 1% better every release

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early 2015 - no unit tests (product launch) late 2015 - 20% coverage, manual testing 2016 - 40% coverage, started QA engineering 2017 - 60% coverage, core features e2e 2018 - 50-60% coverage, all features e2e someday - “Lint zero” project

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Automation Test Supervisor Automated test emulator run plugin Check on github.com/AzimoLabs

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Testing Fast feedback QA Release candidate Internal build RC distrib auto min x Rollout auto asap RC testing x2 x3 x1 Development Coding Code checks ✔ ✔ ✔

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Testing Fast feedback QA Release candidate Internal build RC distrib auto min x Rollout auto asap RC testing x2 x3 x1 Development Coding Code checks ✔ ✔ ✔

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Write code that matters 8 Separate logic from SDK / Code must be testable

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IF WRITING TESTS IS HARD, THAT MIGHT BE A BUG

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Activity Data Navigation Networking UI View logic ALL-IN-ONE Testing? External QA, only end-to-end.

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Model Presenter View Database Navigation API View logic TESTABLE Data logic Unit testing - moderate (a lot to mock, incl. SDK) Integration testing - moderate End-to-end testing - easy Stores

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View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers 5-STARS Database

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UNIT TESTING View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers Database

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View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers Database UNIT TESTING

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View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers Database UNIT TESTING

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System under test Mocks INTEGRATION TESTING View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers Database

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System under test View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers Database END-TO-END TESTING

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EASY TO “THREAD” Always UI Ensure background thread Always background View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers Database

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SDK VS LOGIC Android SDK Plain code View Stores Navigator API View logic Use cases Repositories, Managers Database

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THE BEST ARCHITECTURE The one that makes the developers team the most productive.

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ARCHITECTURE PATTERNS • MVP, MVVM • App Architecture Components • Others (see Android Blueprints) github.com/googlesamples/  android-architecture

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WRITE LOGIC THAT MATTERS! GENERATE EVERYTHING ELSE. 8

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@BindView(R.id.tvTitle) TextView tvTitle; @BindColor(R.color.brand) int colorBrand; @BindString(R.string.hello) String strHello; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { // LOGIC THAT MATTERS TO YOU } WITH BUTTERKNIFE

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private TextView tvTitle; private String title; private int colorBrand; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { // A LITTLE BIT OF INIT tvTitle = ﬁndViewById(R.string.project_id); colorBrand = ContextCompat.getColor(this, R.color.brand); strHello = getString(R.string.strHello); // A LITTLE BIT OF LOGIC } WITHOUT BUTTERKNIFE

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@Inject ActivityPresenter presenter; @Inject AnimationUtils animationUtils; @Inject ListAdapter listAdapter; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle state) { // LOGIC THAT MATTERS TO YOU } WITH DAGGER

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ActivityPresenter presenter; AnimationUtils animationUtils; ListAdapter listAdapter; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); // A LITTLE BIT OF INIT presenter = new ActivityPresenter(this, /* x other dependencies */); animationUtils = new AnimationUtils(this); listAdapter = new listAdapter(this, /* y other dependencies*/); // A LITTLE BIT OF LOGIC  // … } WITHOUT DAGGER

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MORE DAGGER (INJECT EVERYTHING) @ActivityScope public class SupportAdapter extends SimplestRecyclerViewAdapter { public static ﬁnal int ITEM_VIEW_TYPE_CATEGORY = 0; //…and 11 other types //Factories for all items types private ﬁnal Map vhFactories; @Inject public SupportAdapter(Map vhFactories) { this.vhFactories = vhFactories; } @Override public SupportViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) { //Take factory for given view type and create ViewHolder return vhFactories.get(viewType).createViewHolder(parent); } }

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@Module abstract class BindingsModule { @Binds @IntoMap @IntKey(ITEM_VIEW_TYPE_LOADING) abstract SupportViewHolderFactory bindLoadingViewHolderFactory(LoadingViewHolderFactory factory); @Binds @IntoMap @IntKey(ITEM_VIEW_TYPE_ARTICLE) abstract SupportViewHolderFactory bindArticleViewHolderFactory(ArticleViewHolderFactory factory); @Binds @IntoMap @IntKey(ITEM_VIEW_TYPE_CTA_CHAT) abstract SupportViewHolderFactory bindCtaChatViewHolderFactory(CtaChatViewHolderFactory factory); // and all other factories… }

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@AutoFactory(implementing = SupportViewHolderFactory.class) public class ArticleViewHolder extends SupportViewHolder { @BindView(R2.id.text) TextView text; @BindView(R2.id.divider) View divider; ArticleViewModel viewModel; private final ArticleListener host; public ArticleViewHolder(@Provided LayoutInflater inflater, @Provided ArticleListener host, ViewGroup parent) { super(inflater, parent, R.layout.as_item_support_article); this.host = host; } @Override public void bind(SupportViewModel item) { viewModel = (ArticleViewModel) item; text.setText(viewModel.title); ViewUtils.visibility(divider, !viewModel.last); } @OnClick(R2.id.contentContainer) void itemClicked() { host.articleSelected(viewModel); } } Logic that matters! Code generated for us

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DAGGER2RECIPES github.com/frogermcs • Async injection • MultiBinding + Autofactory • Demo app with all-in-one • Multimodule demo app

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void handleApiErrorResponse(HttpException e) { GeneralErrorResponse errorResponse = errorResponseParser.valueOf(e.response()); switch (errorResponse.genericErrorCode) { case ErrorCodes.CODE_401_DEVICE_NOT_AUTHENTICATED: ((BaseActivity) activityCompanion).logoutUser(); break; case ErrorCodes.CODE_403_AUTHENTICATE_ACCOUNT_BLOCKED: ((BaseActivity) activityCompanion).showAccountBlockedError(); break; case ErrorCodes.CODE_422_USER_EMAIL_ALREADY_TAKEN: if (activityCompanion instanceof CreateAccountActivity) { ((CreateAccountActivity) activityCompanion).showEmailAlreadyRegistered(); } break; case ErrorCodes.CODE_404_USER_INVALID_INVIATION: if (activityCompanion instanceof CreateAccountActivity) { ((CreateAccountActivity) activityCompanion).showInvalidInvitation(); } break; default: handleGeneralError(errorResponse, e); break; } }

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ERROR HANDLER @AutoHandler public interface SimplerErrorListener { @ErrorCode(CODE_403_AUTHENTICATE_ACCOUNT_BLOCKED) void accountBlocked(); @ErrorCode(CODE_422_USER_EMAIL_ALREADY_TAKEN) void emailTaken(); @ErrorCode(codes = {"501", "503"}) void serverError(); } Check on github.com/AzimoLabs /Api-Error-Handler

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MODULARIZE ⚛

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Objects graph CODE MODULES ApiModule DataModule UtilsModule UserManager CountriesRepo CurrenciesRepo … OKHttpClient ApiRestClient AuthInterceptor LoggingInterceptor CurrencyFormatter ExchangeCalculator … more…

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Objects graph (AppComponent) ApiModule DataModule UtilsModule more… @Singleton @Component( modules = { AppModule.class, DataModule.class, ApiModule.class, UtilsModule.class, } ) public interface AppComponent { }

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Objects graph (AppComponent) ApiModule DataModule UtilsModule more… @Module public class ApiModule { @Provides @Singleton public OkHttpClient provideOkHttpClient() {/**/} @Provides @Singleton public Retroﬁt provideRestAdapter(OkHttpClient okHttpClient) {/**/} @Provides @Singleton public GithubApiService provideGithubApiService(Retroﬁt restAdapter) { return restAdapter.create(GithubApiService.class); } }

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Objects graph (AppComponent) ApiModule DataModule UtilsModule more… Our DataModule >600 lines of code

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Objects graph (AppComponent) FEATURE MODULES CountriesModule PaymentModule CardsModule PaymentManager PaymentConﬁgRepo PaymentApiService CountriesManager CountriesRepository CountriesConﬁg CountriesApi CardsManager CardsRepository CardsEncryption CardsTokeniseApi more…

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CountriesModule PaymentModule CardsModule DataModule vs > ? @ ? > @

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@Singleton @Component( modules = { AzimoAppModule.class, DataModule.class, ApiModule.class, AppConﬁgModule.class, UtilsModule.class, BackendModule.class, GcmModule.class, ApiAuthorisationModule.class, ViewMappersModule.class, AnalyticsModule.class, MatchingModule.class, CardsModule.class, FormattersModule.class, TransactionDownloadModule.class, PeopleDownloadModule.class, AppsTrackingModule.class, DocUploaderModule.class, PricingModule.class, ZendeskModule.class, PayinModule.class, CheckoutModule.class, SharedEverywhereModule.class, PaymentModule.class, RateModule.class, EstimatedDeliveryModule.class, ZendeskModule.class, UserFactsModule.class, UserFactsDownloadModule.class, FirebaseCardsApiModule.class } ) public interface AppComponent { }

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MODULARIZE MORE ⚛ ⚛ ⚛

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MULTI-FEATURE APP SupportFeature App ChatModule FAQModule Support logic PaymentFeature CardsModule Payments logic PaymentModule Base Shared features … CountriesFeature CurrenciesFeature UserFactsFeature … …

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SupportFeature App ChatModule FAQModule Support logic PaymentFeature CardsModule Payments logic PaymentModule Base Shared features … CountriesFeature CurrenciesFeature UserFactsFeature … … • Quick compilation • Quick unit tests • Clean structure MULTI-FEATURE APP

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SupportFeature App ChatModule FAQModule Support logic PaymentFeature CardsModule Payments logic PaymentModule Base Shared features … CountriesFeature CurrenciesFeature UserFactsFeature … … • Conﬁguration   complexity • Low solutions   maturity • High entry level MULTI-FEATURE APP

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THE REALITY SupportFeature App Base Shared features Still App… Countries Feature UserFacts Feature … PaymentFeature … Transactions  Feature Still App…

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PROJECT MODULARIZATION Multi module setup

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PROJECT MODULARIZATION Multi module setup Dagger 2 across modules

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PROJECT MODULARIZATION Multi module setup Dagger 2 across modules Unit testing

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PROJECT MODULARIZATION Multi module setup Dagger 2 across modules Unit testing Tests   coverage

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PROJECT MODULARIZATION Multi module setup Dagger 2 across modules Unit testing Tests   coverage github.com/frogermcs/MultiModuleGithubClient End-to-end testing Proguard conﬁguration more in the future… Done during:

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?A PEOPLE

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Crash-free users >99.5% Release once a week

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!!! Crash-free users >99.5% Release once a week

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✋ STOP THE LINE

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Every employee on the assembly line has a responsibility to push a big red button that stops everything whenever they notice a defect

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Release every week + stop the line 40 releases in last 12 months.

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Release weeks in last 12 months

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Release once a week - achieved in 83% Crash free >99.5% - achieved in 100%

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THEY TELL We don’t have time do it right YOU ASK Do you have time to do it twice?

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@froger_mcs [email protected] medium.com/@froger_mcs Link to this presentation will be there More about how we build the technology Ask me anything you want :)