これでわかるB-treeアルゴリズム / B-tree algorithm

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͜ΕͰΘ͔Δ(?)  B-tree ΞϧΰϦζϜ 2018/12/06 ࣾ಺ษڧձ ϋτωίΤ

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ϋτωίΤ @nekonenene ࢲ͸ॳԻϛΫͰ͢ ͝ଘ஌͋ͷํ

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• B໦ͱ΋ݺ͹ΕΔ • σʔλߏ଄ͷҰछͰ͋Δ໦ߏ଄ͷҰछ • ϧʔτ͔Βͷߴ͕͞Ұఆͷฏߧ໦ʢ΁͍͜͏͗ʣͷҰछ • Mongo DBͳͲͷσʔλϕʔεͷ΄͔ɺ  WindowsͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜNTFS ΍  MacͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜAPFS ͳͲͰ࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔ B-tree

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• MySQLͷσʔλϕʔεΤϯδϯ InnoDB Ͱ͸ɺ  ॱʑʹΞΫηε͢ΔੑೳΛ্͛ͨ B+ tree ͕࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔ • Oracle Database ΍  MacͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜͩͬͨHFS+ Ͱ͸  B* tree ͕࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔʢࠓճ͸ѻ͍·ͤΜʣ B-tree ѥछ

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Χϯλϯͳ΋ͷ͔Β  ࢝Ί͍ͯ͜͏

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• ΋ͬͱ΋୯७ͳ໦ߏ଄ • খ͍͞஋ΛࠨԼʹɺେ͖͍஋ΛӈԼʹ͚͍ͭͯ͘ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ɿྫ 10 5

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ɿྫ 10 5 ਌ϊʔυ ࢠϊʔυ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8 4

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 1 8 4

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 1 8 4 6

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• ໦ͷόϥϯε͕ۉ౳ʹ੔͍ͬͯΕ͹ɺ  ཁૉ਺ n ʹରͯ͠୳ࡧʹ͔͔Δ࠷ѱܭࢉྔ͸ O (log n) ʹͰ͖Δ • ͭ·Γɺσʔλ͕૿͑ͯ΋ݕࡧͷ͕࣌ؒ૿͑ͳ͍ ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ͷར఺ 10 5 2 8 16 12 20 ཁૉ਺ n ܭࢉྔ

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• ࠨԼͷਤͷΑ͏ͳภͬͨ໦ߏ଄ͷ࠷ѱͷ৔߹Λߟ͑Δ • ཁૉ਺͕ଟ͍΄ͲൺֱΛ͓͜ͳ͏ͷͰ࠷ѱܭࢉྔ͸ O (n) ೋ෼୳ࡧ໦ͷܽ఺ ཁૉ਺ n ܭࢉྔ 10 5 3 2

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ͦΕͳΒ੔ͬͨ  ໦ߏ଄ʹ͠Α͏ʂ

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• ߟҊऀͷ2ਓͷ໊લ͕༝དྷʢAdelson-Velskii and Landis' treeʣ • ࠨ෦෼໦ͷߴ͞ͱӈ෦෼໦ͷߴ͕͞1ΑΓେ͖͘ͳͬͨΒ  ʮ໦ͷճసʯʹΑΓ࠶ߏ੒͠ɺฏߧΛอͭ AVL໦

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 ʮ10ʯ͔Βݟͯ  ࠨ͸ߴ͞ 2  ӈ͸ߴ͞ 0  ʹͳͬͯ͠·͏ ͦ͜Ͱɺ໦ͷճసʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 த৺ʹ͍ͨ  ʮ5ʯΛ਌ʹͯ͠  ଞΛࢠʹ͢Δ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8 4

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8 4 1

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8 4 1 ͭͳ͛ΒΕΔՕॴͷߴ͞ͷ͕ࠩ2  ͜Ε͸໦ͷճస͕ى͜Δʁ ? ?

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8 4 1 ʮ5ʯ͔Βݟͯ  ࠨͷߴ͞ 3  ӈͷߴ͞ 2 ʮ3ʯ͔Βݟͯ  ࠨͷߴ͞ 2  ӈͷߴ͞ 1 ࠨ෦෼໦ͱӈ෦෼໦ͷߴ͞ͷࠩΛ  ݟΔͷͰɺ·ͩ଱͑·͢

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8 4 1 6 ʮ10ʯ͔Βݟͯ  ࠨͷߴ͞ 2  ӈͷߴ͞ 0 ໦ͷճసνϟϯεʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 10 5 3 2 8 4 1 6 த৺ʹ͍Δ  ʮ8ʯΛ਌ʹ͠ɺ  ଞ2ͭ͸ࢠʹ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ AVL໦ɿྫ 8 5 3 2 6 4 1 10 ׬੒ʂ

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• ࠷ѱܭࢉྔ͕େ͖͘ͳΒͳ͍Α͏ɺ  ໦ͷճసΛ༻͍ɺͰ͖Δ͚ͩภΓͷͳ͍໦Λ࡞͍ͬͯͬͨ • ͜ͷΑ͏ͳฏୱʹۙ෇͚Δ໦ߏ଄Λ  ฏߧ໦ʢ΁͍͜͏͗ʣͱݺͿ AVL໦ ͓͞Β͍

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• ໦ͷߴ͕͞ߴ͘ͳΓ΍͍͢ • ݁Ռɺσʔλྔ͕ͱͯ΋ଟ͍৔߹ɺݕࡧʹ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔ • → ͦ͜Ͱ B-tree ʂ AVL໦ͷܽ఺

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• ֤ϊʔυʹ࣋ͨͤΔ஋Λ1ͭͰͳ͘ෳ਺ʹ͠ɺ໦ͷߴ͞Λ཈͑Δ • ࠓ·Ͱͷϊʔυ͸஋XΑΓখ͍͔ͦ͞ΕҎ্͔ɺͷ  2ຊͷࢬ͔͍࣋ͬͯ͠ͳ͔͕ͬͨɺB-treeͰ͸ΑΓଟ͘ͷࢬΛ࣋ͭ • ྫ͑͹ X ͱ Y ͷ 2 ͭͷ஋Λϊʔυʹ΋ͭͱܾΊͨ৔߹ɺ  ஋Xະຬ / ஋XҎ্ͰYະຬ / ஋YҎ্  ͷ3ຊͷࢬΛϊʔυ͸࠷େͰ࣋ͭʢΦʔμʔ3ʣ ͦ͜Ͱ B-tree

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• ϊʔυ͕࠷େͰ࣋ͭࢬͷ਺ʹԠͯ͡ɺ  ʮΦʔμʔ m ͷB-treeʯͱ͍͏ݴ͍ํΛ͢Δ • Φʔμʔ͸ 3 ʙ 5 ͕Α͋͘ΔΒ͍͠ • ࠓճ͸ɺΦʔμʔ 3 ͷ B-tree ʢͭ·Γϊʔυʹ2ͭͷ஋Λ࣋ͭʣ  ʹ͍ͭͯྫΛݟ͍ͯ͘ɻ  ࢠϊʔυΛ2ʙ3࣋ͭ͜ͱ͔Βɺ2-3 tree ͱ΋ݺ͹ΕΔ Φʔμʔ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 10 ϊʔυʹ2ͭͷ  ஋Λ΋ͭ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 10 ϊʔυʹ  3ͭ໨ͷ஋͕…… 3 த৺ͷ஋͸਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 10 3

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 10 2 3

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 8 2 3 10

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 8 2 3 10 4

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 8 2 3 10 4 த৺ͷ஋͸  ਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 5 8 2 3 10 4 Զ͕਌ϊʔυͩʂ த৺ͷ஋͸  ਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 3 8 2 10 4 5

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 3 8 1 10 4 5 2

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 3 6 1 8 4 5 2 10 த৺ͷ஋͸  ਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 3 6 1 8 4 5 2 10 ͋Ε……͓अຐʁ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 3 6 1 8 4 5 2 10 த৺ͷ஋͸  ਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B-treeɿྫ 3 6 1 8 4 5 2 10 ߴ͞Ξοϓʂ ˍ׬੒ʂ

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• جຊͷΞϧΰϦζϜ͸ B-tree • ࠷Լ૚ͷϊʔυΛϙΠϯλͰͭͳ͗߹Θͤͨ͜ͱͰɺ  খ͞ͳ஋͔Βେ͖ͳ஋΁ॱʑʹΞΫηε͍ͯ͘͠  ͱ͍͏ڍಈͷύϑΥʔϚϯεΛ্͛Δ͜ͱʹ੒ޭ • ઌ΄Ͳಉ༷ɺΦʔμʔ 3 ʢϊʔυ͕࠷େͰ࣋ͭࢬ͕3ຊʣͷ  B+ tree ʹ͍ͭͯݟ͍ͯ͘ B+ tree

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 10

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 10 ϊʔυʹ  3ͭ໨ͷ஋͕…… 3 த৺ͷ஋͸਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 3 10 ਌ϊʔυ΁Ҡಈͭͭ͠… ΋ͱͷ஋΋࢒͢ʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 3 10 ࠷Լ૚ಉ࢜Λ  ϙΠϯλͰͭͳ͙ʂ ͜Ε͕ B+ tree ͷ Ұ൪ͷಛ௃ʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 3 10

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 2 10 3

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 2 8 3 10 த৺ͷ஋͸  ਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 2 8 3 10 8 ΋ͱͷ஋΋࢒͢

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 2 8 3 10 8 4 த৺ͷ஋͸  ਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 2 8 3 10 8 4 3 ΋ͱͷ஋΋࢒͢

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 3ͭʹͳͬͯ͠·ͬͨ…… 2

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 2 த৺ͷ஋͸  ਌ϊʔυʹҠಈʂ 3ͭʹͳͬͯ͠·ͬͨ……

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 3 8 5 Θ͔Γ΍͍͢Α͏  ্෦෼͚ͩߟ͑Δ ৽͍͠ύύͩΑ ΋ͱͷ஋΋࢒͢

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 3 8 5 Θ͔Γ΍͍͢Α͏  ্෦෼͚ͩߟ͑Δ 5ະຬ 5Ҏ্

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 2 ͳͷͰಉ༷ʹ……

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 2 5 ͜͏ͳΔʂ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 2 5 ʢ஫ҙʣ ͜͏͸ͳΒͳ͍ Φʔμʔ 3 ͷ  B໦Ͱ͸  ࠷௿ 2 ͭͷ  ࢠϊʔυΛ࣋ͭ

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 2 5 ࿩Λ໭ͯ࣍͠΁…

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 1 5 2

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 1 5 2 6

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 1 5 2 6 ׬੒ʂ

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• ࠷Լ૚ͷϊʔυ͕ϙΠϯλͰͭͳ͕͍ͬͯΔͨΊɺ  খ͞ͳ஋͔Βେ͖ͳ஋΁ॱʑʹΞΫηε͍͖͍ͯͨ͠৔߹ʹɺ  ຖճݕࡧͷखؒΛڬ·ͳͯ͘ࡁΉ • ͳ͓ɺ͜ͷ࠷Լ૚ͷϊʔυΛ  ʮϦʔϑϊʔυʢleaf nodesʣʯͱݴ͍·͢ B+ tree ͓͞Β͍

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• 10 → 5 → 3 → 2 → 8 → 4 → 1 → 6 ͷॱʹೖΕ͍͖ͯ·͢ B+ treeɿྫ 5 5 8 3 10 8 4 3 1 5 2 6 Ϧʔϑϊʔυ

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• ΧϥϜʹΠϯσοΫεΛషΔ͜ͱͰɺ  B+ tree ͷߏ଄͕࡞ΒΕɺॱʑʹͳ͍ͬͯΔͷͰ  ൣғݕࡧ͕εϐʔυग़͠΍͍͢ • ͳ͓ɺInno DB Ͱ͸ϦʔϑϊʔυؒͷϙΠϯλ͕  Ұํ޲Ͱ͸ͳ͘૒ํ޲ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ Inno DB ʹ͓͍ͯ 5 8 10 4 3 1 2 6

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• AVL໦  https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/AVLtree.html • B-tree  https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/BTree.html • B+ tree  https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/BPlusTree.html • ͦͷଞ  https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/Algorithms.html ศརͳγϛϡϨʔλʔ