[Signal 2016] HTTP/2 and Asynchronous APIs

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H T T P/ 2 A N D A SY N C H R O N O U S A P I S

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D AV E Y S H A F I K • Developer • Author • Open Source Contributor • Release Manager for PHP 7.1 • @dshafik

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h tt p : / /d e v e l o p e r. a ka m a i .co m

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Let’s start a conversation about mental health in tech mhprompt.org

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H T T P/ 2 A KA : H 2

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No content

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W H AT I S H T T P/ 2 ? CC-BY: Marco Bellucci

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R F C 7 5 4 0 H Y P E RT E XT T R A N S F E R P R OTO CO L V E RS I O N 2

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R F C 7 5 4 1 H PA C K - H E A D E R CO M P R E SS I O N FO R H T T P/ 2

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C R E AT E D BY I E T F H T T P W O R K I N G G R O U P C H A I R E D BY A K A M A I ' S M A R K N OT T I N G H A M

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CC-BY: mrbill 1991 HTTP/0.9

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CC-BY: mrbill 1991 1996 HTTP/0.9 HTTP/1.0

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CC-BY: mrbill 1991 1996 1999 HTTP/0.9 HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1

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CC-BY: mrbill 1991 1996 1999 HTTP/0.9 HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 2009 SPDY

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–J O H N N Y A P P L E S E E D CC-BY: mrbill 1991 1996 1999 HTTP/0.9 HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 2015 HTTP/2 2009 SPDY

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B R O W S E R S U P P O RT

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B R O W S E R S U P P O RT • Chrome + Chrome Mobile • Firefox • IE 11 on Windows 10 • MS Edge • Safari (El Capitan/iOS 9) • Opera

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B I N A R Y I N ST E A D O F T E XT CC-BY: brett jordan

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F U L LY M U LT I P L E X E D CC-BY: vadikunc I N S T E A D O F O R D E R E D A N D B L O C K I N G

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C A N US E O N E CO N N E CT I O N   FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS CC-BY: Alosh Bennett

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US E S H E A D E R CO M P R E SS I O N CC-BY-SA: Magnus Hagdorn R E D U C E S O V E R H E A D

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S E R V E R P U S H I S S U P E R CO O L ( N O R E A L LY ) CC-BY-SA: Takeshi

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S E R V E R P U S H • Allows the server to proactively push assets like stylesheets and images to the client without them needing to parse the HTML page and make subsequent requests • Done by pushing the assets into the client cache, avoiding the roundtrip necessary to pull them up once the client makes the request

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W H AT D O E S H T T P/ 2 M E A N F O R M Y A P P L I C AT I O N ?

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T R A N S PA R E N T CC-BY-SA: Patty H A N D L E D B Y N G I N X / A PA C H E

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S O W H AT ’ S T H E P O I N T ?

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H T T P/ 1 . X S U C K S CC-BY: Flóra Soós

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H T T P/ 1 . X S U C K S • Minify + Concat JavaScript and CSS • Inlining small JavaScript and CSS • Using image sprites • Using data: URIs • Domain sharding

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T H E S E T H I N G S A R E A L L " C L E V E R " H AC K S CC-BY: Matt Biddulph

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R E M E M B E R T H I S ? CC-BY: Alosh Bennett C A N US E O N E CO N N E CT I O N   FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS

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U P LO A D I N G M U LT I P L E I M A G E S CC-BY: John Trainor

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ 

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ 

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ  

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ  

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ   

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ   

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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A P I S

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F E TC H I N G A B LO G P O ST + CO M M E N TS CC-BY: John Trainor

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Ȑ GET /post/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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{ "type": "post", "id": "1", "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!", "tags": ["json", "api", "relationships"], "author": "http://example.com/posts/1/author", "comments": "http://example.com/posts/1/comments" }

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Ȑ GET /posts/1/comments

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Ȑ GET /posts/1/comments 200 OK application/json

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[ "http://example.org/post/1/comment/1", "http://example.org/post/1/comment/2", "http://example.org/post/1/comment/3", "http://example.org/post/1/comment/4" ]

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Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/1

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Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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2 Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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2 3 Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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2 3 4 Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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{ "type": "comment", "id": "1", "title": "FIRST!", "author": "http://example.com/post/1/comment/1/author" }

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6 requests (possibly connections)

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14 requests (possibly connections)

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json

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CO D E

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CO D E

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num_requests = 378

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No content

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N C H R O N O US import pycurl from StringIO import StringIO for i in range(0, num_requests): url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png' % i buffer = StringIO() c = pycurl.Curl() c.setopt(c.URL, url) c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buffer) c.perform() c.close()

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import pycurl from StringIO import StringIO for i in range(0, num_requests): url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png' % i buffer = StringIO() c = pycurl.Curl() c.setopt(c.URL, url) c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buffer) c.perform() c.close() H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N C H R O N O US

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2 0   s e co n d s CC-BY: Hernán Piñera

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H T T P/ 2 : SY N C H R O N O US import pycurl from StringIO import StringIO for i in range(0, num_requests): url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png' % i buffer = StringIO() c = pycurl.Curl() c.setopt(c.HTTP_VERSION, c.CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0) c.setopt(c.URL, url) c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buffer) c.perform() c.close()

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import pycurl from StringIO import StringIO for i in range(0, num_requests): url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png' % i buffer = StringIO() c = pycurl.Curl() c.setopt(c.HTTP_VERSION, c.CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0) c.setopt(c.URL, url) c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buffer) c.perform() c.close() H T T P/ 2 : SY N C H R O N O US

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3 4   s e co n d s CC-BY-NC: Scott Beckner

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import pycurl from StringIO import StringIO m = pycurl.CurlMulti() m.setopt(m.M_PIPELINING, 1) m.handles = [] for i in range(0, num_requests): url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png' % i buffer = StringIO() c = pycurl.Curl() c.setopt(c.URL, url) c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buffer) m.handles.append(c) m.add_handle(c) H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T ( CO N T. ) while True: ret, num_handles = m.perform() if ret != pycurl.E_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM: break while num_handles: ret = m.select(1.0) if ret == -1: continue while True: ret, num_handles = m.perform() if ret != pycurl.E_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM: break

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6   s e co n d s

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import pycurl from StringIO import StringIO m = pycurl.CurlMulti() m.setopt(m.M_PIPELINING, 2) m.handles = [] for i in range(0, num_requests): url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png' % i buffer = StringIO() c = pycurl.Curl() c.setopt(c.URL, url) c.setopt(c.HTTP_VERSION, c.CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0) c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buffer) m.handles.append(c) m.add_handle(c) H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D

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H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D ( CO N T. ) while True: ret, num_handles = m.perform() if ret != pycurl.E_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM: break while num_handles: ret = m.select(1.0) if ret == -1: continue while True: ret, num_handles = m.perform() if ret != pycurl.E_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM: break

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4   s e co n d s CC-BY: motoracereports

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H T T P/ 2 N E G OT I AT I O N CC-BY-ND: dhendrix73

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P R OTO CO L I D E N T I F I E RS • h2 — HTTP/2 over TLS, negotiated via ALPN (Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation) • h2c — HTTP/2 over TCP (plain text), uses an HTTP/1.1 request with a 101 Switching Protocols status response if supported

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– W I K I P E D I A /A P P L I C AT I O N - L AY E R _ P R OTO CO L _ N E G OT I AT I O N Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is a Transport Layer Security (TLS) extension for application layer protocol negotiation. ALPN allows the application layer to negotiate which protocol should be performed over a secure connection in a manner which avoids additional round trips and which is independent of the application layer protocols. It is used by HTTP/2. […] On July 11, 2014, ALPN was published as RFC 7301

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H 2 C U P G R A D E N E G OT I AT I O N > GET / HTTP/1.1 > Host: server.example.com > Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings > Upgrade: h2c > HTTP2-Settings: < HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols < Connection: Upgrade < Upgrade: h2c < < [ HTTP/2 connection ...

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H 2 C U P G R A D E N E G OT I AT I O N ( CO N T. ) • May be an OPTIONS request if concurrency of multiple requests is important • May be any request type (e.g. PUT/POST/GET/HEAD/DELETE) but any body must be sent in it's entirety before HTTP/2 can start • A server must ignore an "h2" token in an Upgrade header field. Presence of a token with "h2" implies HTTP/2 over TLS, which is instead negotiated via TLS-ALPN • It must include a settings payload with the initial request

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A L L B R O W S E RS R E Q U I R E T LS FO R H T T P/ 2 CC-BY: Jason Baker

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D I R E CT CO N N E CT W I T H H T T P/ 2

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P R I O R K N O W L E D G E • It is possible to set up a connection with HTTP/1.1 or ALPN negotiation when prior knowledge of HTTP/2 is known • Performance enhancement • Client/Server must send the HTTP/2 connection prefix • Not supported in curl yet

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S E R V E R P US H CC-BY: Steven Depolo

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json

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ST I L L M A K I N G S U B - R E Q U E STS

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{ "type": "post", "id": "1", "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!", "tags": ["json", "api", "relationships"], "author": { "type": "author", "id": 1, "name": "Davey Shafik", "twitter": "@dshafik", "gravatar": "fee39f0c0ffb29d9ac21607ed188be6b" }, "comments": [ { "type": "comment", "id": "1", "content": "FIRST!", "author": { "type": "author", "id": 2, "name": "Jill Random", "gravatar": "706b16b2fb732ab6079a10fea61d078b" } }, { "type": "comment", "id": "2", "content": "second", "author": { "type": "author", "id": 3, "name": "John Person", "gravatar": "8e2279479945ca4778eb3cb8d88cda58" } }, { "type": "comment", "id": "3", "content": "third", "author": { "type": "author", "id": 1, "name": "Davey Shafik", "twitter": "@dshafik", "gravatar": "fee39f0c0ffb29d9ac21607ed188be6b" } }, { "type": "comment", "id": "4", "content": "fourth", "author": { "type": "author", "id": 2, "name": "Jill Random", "gravatar": "706b16b2fb732ab6079a10fea61d078b" } } ] }

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}, "comments": [ { "type": "comment", "id": "1", "content": "FIRST!", "author": { "type": "author", "id": 2, "name": "Jill Random", "gravatar": "706b16b2fb732ab6079a10fea61d078b" } }, { "type": "comment", "id": "2", "content": "second",

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} }, { "type": "comment", "id": "3", "content": "third", "author": { "type": "author", "id": 1, "name": "Davey Shafik", "twitter": "@dshafik", "gravatar": "fee39f0c0ffb29d9ac21607ed188be6b" } }, { "type": "comment", "id": "4",

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} }, { "type": "comment", "id": "4", "content": "fourth", "author": { "type": "author", "id": 2, "name": "Jill Random", "gravatar": "706b16b2fb732ab6079a10fea61d078b" } } ] }

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Ȑ GET /post/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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GET /post/1/comments Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1 Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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Ȑ GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1/comment/2 GET /post/1/comment/3 GET /post/1/comment/4 GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1/comment/2 GET /post/1/comment/3 GET /post/1/comment/4 GET /post/1/comment/1/author GET /post/1/comment/2/author GET /post/1/comment/3/author GET /post/1/comment/4/author GET /post/1/comment/1/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/2/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/3/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/4/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1

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CSS /J S M I N I F I C AT I O N I S U N E C E SS A R Y CC-BY: Patrick Metzdorf G Z I P CO M P R E SS I O N + M U LT I P L E X I N G + S E R V E R P US H

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ST R E A M S CC-BY: Kylir Horton

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ST R E A M S • Each request/response is a stream • Streams are comprised of Frames • Streams may have a weight (1-256) • Streams may have a dependency

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ST R E A M D E P E N D E N C I E S Stream A Stream B Depends: A Stream C Depends: B Delivered after A Delivered after B

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W E I G H TS CC-BY 2.0: Tri Vu Dao

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ST R E A M W E I G H TS Stream A Weight: 1 Stream B Weight: 2 Stream C Weight: 3 2X Stream A 1.5X Stream B  3X Stream A

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D E P E N D E N C I E S CC-BY-SA 2.0: David Gamez

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F R A M E S CC-BY: Bart Everson

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F R A M E S • Messages are composed of multiple frames, e.g. headers, data, and settings • Each frame has a common header • 9 byte, length prefixed • Easy & efficient to parse • Frames can be interleaved — this is multiplexing

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F R A M E S POST /search HTTP/1.1 Host: example.org Content-Type: application/json Content-Length: 58 {  "keywords":"example",  "location":"posts"  } HEADERS  frame Data  frame } }

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H E A D E RS : H PAC K CC-BY-SA: intelligente_persona

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H E A D E RS : H PA C K • Uses a table of known values as an index • Can represent a header name and value (e.g. :status: 404), or just a header name (e.g. accept:) • Values are either statically encoded, or use a static Huffman code

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# Name Value 1 :authority 2 :method GET 3 :method POST 4 :path / 5 :path /index.html 6 :scheme http 7 :scheme https 8 :status 200 9 :status 204 10 :status 206 11 :status 304 12 :status 400 13 :status 404 14 :status 500 15 accept-charset

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N E W A R C H I T E CT U R E & T E C H N I Q U E S

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D E L I V E R I N G A PAG E

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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PAG E A SS E TS GET /index.html Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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PAG E A SS E TS GET /index.html 200 OK text/html Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /index.html 200 OK text/html

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /index.html 200 OK text/html critical-path.css critical-path.js logo.svg

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /index.html 200 OK text/html critical-path.css critical-path.js logo.svg font.eot

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /index.html 200 OK text/html critical-path.css critical-path.js logo.svg font.eot main.js

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /index.html 200 OK text/html critical-path.css critical-path.js logo.svg font.eot main.js splash.jpg

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PAG E A SS E TS Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /index.html 200 OK text/html critical-path.css critical-path.js logo.svg font.eot styles.css main.js splash.jpg

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A P I S

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A P I R E Q U E ST Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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A P I R E Q U E ST Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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A P I R E Q U E ST GET /post/1 Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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A P I R E Q U E ST GET /post/1 200 OK application/json Ɇ ɂ Ȑ

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S U B - R E S O U R C E P US H W I T H D E P E N D E N C I E S Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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S U B - R E S O U R C E P US H W I T H D E P E N D E N C I E S Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json /post/1/comments /author/1

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S U B - R E S O U R C E P US H W I T H D E P E N D E N C I E S Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json /post/1/comments /author/1 /comment/1 /comment/…

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S U B - R E S O U R C E P US H W I T H D E P E N D E N C I E S Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json /post/1/comments /author/1 /comment/1 /images/author/1 /comment/…

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S U B - R E S O U R C E P US H W I T H D E P E N D E N C I E S Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json /post/1/comments /author/1 /comment/1 /author/2 /images/author/1 /comment/…

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S U B - R E S O U R C E P US H W I T H D E P E N D E N C I E S Ɇ Ȑ ɂ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json /post/1/comments /author/1 /comment/1 /author/2 /images/author/1 /comment/… /author/…

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I N S U M M A R Y

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N O M O R E H AC K S !

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H U G E P E R FO R M A N C E W I N S

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6 0 % + M A R K E T S H A R E

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H T T P / 2 I S A W E S O M E ! CC-BY-SA: Steven Gerner

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F E E D B A C K & Q U E S T I O N S Twitter: Email: Slides: @dshafik [email protected] http://daveyshafik.com/slides