DeveloperWeek Austin 2018: A DevOps State of Mind: Continuous Security with Kubernetes

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A DevOps State of Mind: Continuous Security with Kubernetes Chris Van Tuin Chief Technologist, NA West / Silicon Valley cvantuin@redhat.com @chrisvantuin

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“Only the paranoid survive” - Andy Grove, 1996

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ENABLING INNOVATION, WHILE EXECUTING AT SCALE Static &  Planned Dynamic &   Policy Driven Execution Innovation Innovation Execution Old New

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THE WORLD IS AUTOMATING Those who succeed in automation will win

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I.T. MUST EVOLVE FROM A COST CENTER   TO INNOVATION CENTER Development Model Application Architecture Deployment & Packaging Application Infrastructur e Storage Waterfall Agile Monolithic N-tier Bare Metal Virtual Servers Data Center Hosted Scale Up Scale Out DevOps MicroServices Containers Hybrid Cloud Storage as a Service

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Applications & devices outside of IT control Cloud computing Software-defined infrastructure Dissolving security perimeter Menacing threat landscape TRADITIONAL NETWORK-BASED DEFENSES ARE NO LONGER ENOUGH SECURING THE ENTERPRISE IS HARDER THAN EVER The way we develop, deploy and manage IT is changing dramatically led by DevOps, Cloud Native Applications, and Hybrid Cloud

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DEVSECOPS Continuous Security Improvement Process Optimization Security Automation Dev QA Prod Reduce Risks, Lower Costs, Speed Delivery, Speed Reaction

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DEVSECOPS + + End to End Security DEV QA OPS Culture Process Technology Linux + Containers IaaS Orchestration CI/CD Source Control Management Collaboration Build and Artifact Management Testing Frameworks Open Source

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CONTAINERS ENABLE DEVSECOPS

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CONTAINERS Software packaging concept that typically includes an application and all of its runtime dependencies • HIGHER quality software releases • SHORTER test cycles • EASIER application management CONTAINER CONTAINER APP LIBS HOST OS SERVER APP LIBS BENEFITS

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LAPTOP Container Application OS dependencies Guest VM LINUX BARE METAL Container Application OS dependencies LINUX VIRTUALIZATION Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX PRIVATE CLOUD Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX PUBLIC CLOUD Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX CONTAINERS - Build Once, Deploy Anywhere   Reducing Risk and Improving Security with Improved Consistency

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Image Format Distribution Spec Runtime Spec

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Scheduling Monitoring Persistence Discovery Lifecycle & health Scaling Aggregation Security MORE THAN CONTAINERS…

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BARE METAL VIRTUAL PRIVATE CLOUD PUBLIC CLOUD Speed, Resiliency, Scalability, Security  

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AUTOMATION

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Web Application replicas: 1,   role: app image: myapp:1.0 replicas: 2,   role: web image: httpd:1.7.9 ORCHESTRATION Declarative, Deployment Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Web Application ORCHESTRATION Declarative, Deployment Nodes Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd) Physical, VM,   Cloud Instances replicas: 2,   role: web image: httpd:1.7.9 replicas: 1,   role: app image: myapp:1.0

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role: app role: web role: web Pods Nodes Image Registry ORCHESTRATION Schedule + Provision Pods (Compute/Storage/Network) Web Application replicas: 2,   role: web image: httpd:1.7.9 replicas: 1,   role: app image: myapp:1.0

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Web Application role: web role: app role: web replicas: 1,   role: app replicas: 2,   role: web ORCHESTRATION Services (Load Balancer), Service discovery with selectors and pod labels Pods Nodes Services Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Web Application ORCHESTRATION Service (Load Balancer) Pods Nodes Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd) Ingress / Routes role: web role: app role: web replicas: 1,   role: app replicas: 2,   role: web Services

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HEALTH CHECK Monitoring & Logging Pods Nodes Services Web Application role: web role: app role: web Ingress / Routes Health Check replicas: 1,   role: app replicas: 2,   role: web

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Pods Nodes Services Web Application role: web role: app role: web replicas: 1,   role: app replicas: 2,   role: web role: web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd) HEALTH CHECK Readiness Probe e.g. tcp, http, script Ingress / Routes

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Web Application replicas: 1,   role: app replicas: 2,   role: web Pods Nodes Services role: web role: app role: web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd) HEALTH CHECK Ingress / Routes

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Web Application AUTO-SCALE Monitoring & Logging 80% CPU Pods Nodes Services role: web role: app role: web Ingress / Routes replicas: 1,   role: app replicas: 2,   role: web

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Web Application 80% CPU Pods Nodes Services role: web role: app role: web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd) role: app AUTO-SCALE Ingress / Routes replicas: 2   role: app replicas: 2,   role: web

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Pods Nodes Services Web Application 50% CPU role: web role: app role: app role: web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd) AUTO-SCALE Ingress / Routes replicas: 2,   role: web replicas: 2,   role: app

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Network isolation API & Platform access Federated clusters Storage {} CI/CD Monitoring & Logging Builds Images SECURING YOUR CONTAINER ENVIRONMENT Container host Registry

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CONTAINER IMAGES

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CONTAINER IMAGE JAR CONTAINER IMAGE Application Application Language runtimes OS dependencies 1.2/latest 1.1 CONTAINER IMAGE

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Config Data Kubernetes configmaps secrets Container image Traditional   data services, Kubernetes   persistent volumes TREAT CONTAINERS AS IMMUTABLE To keep containerized apps portable Application Language runtimes OS dependencies

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KUBERNETES CONFIGMAP Decouple configuration from container image Application Language runtimes OS dependencies Environment Variable or Volume/File CONTAINER INSTANCE key:value from directories, files, or values KUBERNETES  CONFIGMAP APPLICATION CONFIG FILE Application Configuration File e.g. XML etcd Pod Source Code Repository EnvVar require pod restart Files refresh in time

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CONTAINER BUILDS

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docker.io Registry Private Registry Build file Physical, Virtual, Cloud Image Instance Build Run Ship FROM registry.redhat.com/rhel7 RUN groupadd -g 999 appuser && \ useradd -r -u 999 -g appuser appuser USER appuser CMD echo “Hello” CONTAINER BUILDS

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• Treat build file as a Blueprint • Version control build file • Don’t login to build/configure • Be explicit with versions, not latest • Always list registry pulling FROM • Specify USER, default is root • Each Run creates a new layer BUILD FILE BEST PRACTICES FROM registry.redhat.com/rhel7 RUN groupadd -g 999 appuser && \ useradd -r -u 999 -g appuser appuser USER appuser CMD echo “Hello” Build file

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A CONVERGED SOFTWARE   SUPPLY CHAIN

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CONTAINER REGISTRY

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64% of official images in Docker Hub   contain high priority security vulnerabilities examples: ShellShock (bash) Heartbleed (OpenSSL) Poodle (OpenSSL) Source: Over 30% of Official Images in Docker Hub Contain High Priority Security Vulnerabilities, Jayanth Gummaraju, Tarun Desikan, and Yoshio Turner, BanyanOps, May 2015 (http://www.banyanops.com/pdf/BanyanOps-AnalyzingDockerHub-WhitePaper.pdf) WHAT’S INSIDE THE CONTAINER MATTERS

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PRIVATE REGISTRY

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•Authenticating authorship •Non-repudiation •Ensuring image integrity CONTAINER IMAGE SIGNING Validate what images and version are running

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CONTAINER HOST SECURITY

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Chris Van Tuin Chief Technologist, NA West / Silicon Valley cvantuin@redhat.co Best Practices • Don’t run as root • If you must,   limit Linux Capabilities • Limit SSH Access • Use namespaces • Define resource quotas • Enable logging • Apply Security Errata • Apply Security Context and seccomp filters • Run production   unprivileged containers   as read-only http://blog.kubernetes.io/2016/08/security-best-practices-kubernetes-deployment.html Kernel Hardware (Intel, AMD) or Virtual Machine Containers Containers Containers Unit File Docker Image Container CLI SYSTEMD Cgroups Namespaces SELinux Drivers seccomp Read Only mounts Capabilities CONTAINER HOST SECURITY CONTAINER HOST SECURITY

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CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION

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WHAT’S INSIDE MATTERS…

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CI/CD PIPELINE Continuous Integration Continuous Build Continuous Deployment Developer -> Source -> Git Git -> RPMS -> Images-> Registry Images from   Registry -> Clusters

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Security CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION WITH SECURITY SCAN

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Java Build Environment Language runtimes OS dependencies Build Image Java Code Application Language runtimes OS dependencies Container Image Image Registry Source Repository Image Registry REPRODUCIBLE BUILDS Source to Image with Build Images Source v3.1 v1.0.1 v3.1

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY WITH CONTAINERS

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CUSTOM SUPPLY CHAIN CUSTOM SUPPLY CHAIN

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY: DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY   DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES • Recreate • Rolling updates • Blue / Green deployment • Canary with A/B testing • Database migrations

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RECREATE

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME

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Version 1.2 Version 1.2 Version 1.2 RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME Use Case • Non-mission critical services Pros • Simple, clean • No Schema incompatibilities • No API versioning Cons • Downtime

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ROLLING UPDATES

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI ROLLING UPDATES with ZERO DOWNTIME Rollingupdate  maxUnavailable=0 maxSurge=1

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Deploy new version and wait until it’s ready… Health Check: readiness probe e.g. tcp, http, script Version 1 Version 1 Version   1.2 Version 1 Rollingupdate  maxUnavailable=0 maxSurge=1

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Each container/pod is updated one by one Version 1.2 50% Version 1 V1 V1.2

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Each container/pod is updated one by one Version 1.2 Version 1.2 Version 1.2 100% Use Case • Horizontally scaled • Backward compatible API/data • Microservices Pros • Zero downtime • Reduced risk, gradual rollout w/health checks • Ready for rollback Cons • Require backward compatible APIs/data • Resource overhead

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BLUE / GREEN

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BLUE Version 1 Ingress e.g haproxy BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Using Ingress 100%

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BLUE GREEN Version 1 Version 2 Ingress e.g haproxy BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Using Ingress 100% Health Check: readiness probe e.g. tcp, http, script

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BLUE GREEN Version 1 Version 2 Ingress e.g haproxy BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Using Ingress 100%

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BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Rollback BLUE GREEN Version 1 Version 2 Ingress Use Case • Self-contained micro services (data) Pros • Low risk, never change production • No downtime • Production like testing • Rollback Cons • Resource overhead • Data synchronization

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CANARY WITH A/B TESTING

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”only about 1/3 of ideas improve the metrics   they were designed to improve.”  Ronny Kohavi, Microsoft (Amazon) MICROSERVICES RAPID INNNOVATION & EXPERIMENTATION

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A/B TESTING USING CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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25% Conversion Rate ?! Conversion Rate 100% Version B Version A Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS Tests / CI

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25% Conversion Rate 30% Conversion Rate 75% 25% Version B Version A Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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25% Conversion Rate 30% Conversion Rate 100% Version B Version A Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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25% Conversion Rate 20% Conversion Rate 100% Version B Version A Rollback Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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DATABASE MIGRATIONS

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DATABASE MIGRATIONS Version control database updates with Containers CONTAINER IMAGE CONTAINER BUILD FILE SQL MIGRATION SCRIPT Source Code Repository V2__add_table.sql Source Code Repository V2__add_table.sql /var/flyway/data Flyway flyway-mydb:v2.0.0 Registry + Dockerfile

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Application v3 Development Application V2 Test Application v1 Production DB v1 DB v2 DB v3 CI/CD PIPELINE Version control database updates, ex: flyway V3__add_table_scooter.sql V2__add_table_truck.sql V1__add_table_car.sql

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Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresq pvcl DATABASE MIGRATION StatefulSet deployment with headless Service v1

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Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresql Pvc DATABASE MIGRATIONS Create a Job for Flyway Flyway Job Secrets = Database Connection Info v1 flyway-mydb:v2.0.0 Image Registry Flyway

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role=postgressql type=primary Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresql pvc DATABASE MIGRATIONS Apply schema changes to database Flyway Job Secrets = Database Connection Info V2 flyway-mydb:v2.0.0 Flyway

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role=postgresql type=primary Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresql Pvc DATABASE MIGRATIONS Version control for database with Kubernetes V2

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Network isolation API & Platform access Federated clusters Storage {} CI/CD Monitoring & Logging Images Builds Container host Registry SECURING YOUR CONTAINER ENVIRONMENT

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NETWORK ISOLATION

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Network Namespace   provides resource isolation NETWORK ISOLATION Multi-Environment Multi-Tenant

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NETWORK POLICY example:   all pods in namespace ‘project-a’ allow traffic   from any other pods in the same namespace.”

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NETWORK SECURITY MODELS Co-Existence Approaches One Cluster Multiple Zones Kubernete Cluster Physical Compute   isolation based on   Network Zones Kubernete Cluster One Cluster Per Zone Kubernete Cluster B Kubernete Cluster A Kubernetes Cluster B C D https://blog.openshift.com/openshift-and-network-security-zones-coexistence-approaches/

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MONITORING & LOGGING

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CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK LOOP

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KUBERNETES MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS Kubernetes* Container* Host Cluster services, services, pods,   deployments metrics Container native metrics Traditional resource metrics - cpu, memory, network, storage prometheus + grafana kubernetes-state-metrics probes Stack Metrics Tool node-exporter kubelet:cAdvisor Application Distributed applications - traditional app metrics - service discovery - distributed tracing prometheus + grafana jaeger tracing istio

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Aggregate platform and application log access via Kibana + Elasticsearch LOGGING

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STORAGE SECURITY

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Local Storage Quota Security Context   Constraints STORAGE SECURITY Data Encryption   at DataStore layer

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API & PLATFORM ACCESS

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Authentication via OAuth tokens and SSL certificate Authorization via Policy Engine checks User/Group Defined Roles API & PLATFORM ACCESS

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FEDERATION

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Amazon East OpenStack FEDERATED CLUSTERS Roles & access management (in-dev)

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MICROSERVICES

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Traffic Control Service Resiliency Chaos Testing Observ- ability Security ISTIO SERVICE MESH

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Your app... automated like the cloud... but runs on... OPERATORS FOR KUBERNETES

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OPERATOR MATURITY MODEL

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Deployment Frequency Lead Time Deployment  Failure Rate Mean Time to Recover 99.999 Service Availability DEVSECOPS METRICS Compliance Score

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THANK YOU linkedin: Chris Van Tuin email: cvantuin@redhat.com twitter: @chrisvantuin