ON BEING S U P E R ( ) Austin Bingham Sixty North AS 0 

DO YOU USE SUPER()? 

DO YOU KNOW HOW SUPER() WORKS? 

DO YOU KNOW ABOUT SUPER-PROXIES, METHOD RESOLUTION ORDER, AND C3? 

SUPER() IS INTERESTING AND USEFUL 

MRO: AN ORDERING OF AN INHERITANCE GRAPH I n [ 1 ] : c l a s s A : p a s s I n [ 2 ] : c l a s s B ( A ) : p a s s I n [ 3 ] : c l a s s C ( A ) : p a s s I n [ 4 ] : c l a s s D ( B , C ) : p a s s I n [ 5 ] : D . m r o ( ) O u t [ 5 ] : [ _ _ m a i n _ _ . D , _ _ m a i n _ _ . B , _ _ m a i n _ _ . C , _ _ m a i n _ _ . A , o b j e c t ] 

MRO: THE ORDER PYTHON USES TO FIND METHOD IMPLEMENTATIONS 

C3: THE ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING MRO 1. Derived classes come before base classes 2. Base class definition order is preserved 3. 1 and 2 are preserved at all points in the graph 

C3: SOME INHERITANCE GRAPHS ARE ILLEGAL! I n [ 1 ] : c l a s s A : p a s s I n [ 2 ] : c l a s s B ( A ) : p a s s I n [ 3 ] : c l a s s C ( A ) : p a s s I n [ 4 ] : c l a s s D ( B , A , C ) : p a s s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - T y p e E r r o r T r a c e b a c k ( m o s t r e c e n t c a l l l a s t ) < i p y t h o n - i n p u t - 4 - 4 b f 7 3 2 f a d a a 7 > i n < m o d u l e > ( ) - - - - > 1 c l a s s D ( B , A , C ) : p a s s T y p e E r r o r : C a n n o t c r e a t e a c o n s i s t e n t m e t h o d r e s o l u t i o n o r d e r ( M R O ) f o r b a s e s A , C 

FINALLY, SUPER() Given a method resolution order and a class C in that MRO, super() gives you an object which resolves methods using only the part of the MRO which comes after C. 

SUPER-PROXIES: THE SUPER() WORKHORSES 

SUPER-PROXIES: JUST REGULAR OLD OBJECTS I n [ 2 8 ] : s = s u p e r ( B , D ( ) ) I n [ 2 9 ] : t y p e ( s ) O u t [ 2 9 ] : s u p e r I n [ 3 0 ] : s . _ _ t h i s c l a s s _ _ O u t [ 3 0 ] : _ _ m a i n _ _ . B 

IN SUMMARY… 1. Python calculates an MRO for all classes 2. C3 is the algorithm for determining the MRO 3. super() requires an MRO and a starting point in the MRO 4. super-proxies find the first class in the remaining MRO which supports the requested method 

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