JRuby Everywhere! Desktop, Server, and Mobile

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JRuby Everywhere! Bringing Ruby to Desktop, Mobile, and Server with the JVM

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Hello! • Charles Oliver Nutter • @headius(@mastodon.social) • [email protected] • Full-time JRuby dev since 2006 • Founder of Headius Enterprises • "The JRuby Company"

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Thank You! • eazyBI is a JRuby user! • World-class reporting and business intelligence • Integration with the whole Atlassian stack • I'm here because of them! • Sponsor of Baltic Ruby • Sponsor of my trip to Riga

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What is Ruby?

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CRuby/MRI

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Rails

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Ruby != CRuby + Rails

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Programming Language

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Do you want to do more Ruby?

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Do you want to build other things with Ruby?

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Do you want Ruby to run faster, scale larger, and do more?

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You Need JRuby!

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What is JRuby? • Ruby on the Java Virtual Machine • Ruby implementation fi rst, JVM language second • Many bene fi ts from JVM ecosystem • Ruby code should "just work" • JVM-based extensions (no need for C build tools) • Parallel threading (no need to fork) • Thousands of production users, 18 years of real-world use

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Leading the Way! • JRuby has already solved many Ruby challenges! • YJIT/ZJIT: JRuby added JIT in 2008 • Deoptimization, saving JIT code: JVMs already can do this • Class.new optimization: since 2015 • Namespaces for isolation: always! • We move fast and help solve Ruby's problems!

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JRuby = Opportunity

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World of Opportunities • Large enterprises on JVM • Java, Kotlin, Scala, Clojure • Mobile platforms built on Android • TVs, POS, control terminals • Desktop applications • 68% of of fi ce work done on desktops

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Getting Started

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JRuby Install • Install a Java runtime • Java 21+ required for JRuby 10 • Latest Java recommended (Java 24) • Install JRuby • Recommended: Ruby installer, system package, Docker image • Download tarball/zip, Windows installer, build yourself

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$ java -version openjdk version "24" 2025-03-18 OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 24+36-3646) OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 24+36-3646, mixed mode, sharing) $ ruby-install jruby-10.0.0.1 >>> Updating jruby versions ... >>> Installing jruby 10.0.0.1 into /Users/headius/.rubies/jruby-10.0.0.1 ... >>> Downloading https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/jruby/jruby-dist/10.0.0.1/jruby- dist-10.0.0.1-bin.tar.gz into /Users/headius/src ... % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 32.1M 100 32.1M 0 0 7887k 0 0:00:04 0:00:04 --:--:-- 7887k >>> Verifying jruby-dist-10.0.0.1-bin.tar.gz ... >>> Extracting jruby-dist-10.0.0.1-bin.tar.gz to /Users/headius/src/jruby-10.0.0.1 ... >>> Installing jruby 10.0.0.1 ... >>> Symlinking bin/ruby to bin/jruby ... >>> Successfully installed jruby 10.0.0.1 into /Users/headius/.rubies/jruby-10.0.0.1

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[] ~ $ irb >> RUBY_VERSION => "3.4.2" >> JRUBY_VERSION => "10.0.1.0" >> runtime = java.lang.Runtime.runtime => # >> runtime.available_processors => 8 >> runtime.free_memory => 91420584

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Ruby Compatibility • JRuby 10 supports Ruby 3.4 • Language and core specs: 98% passing • Pure-Ruby standard library shared with CRuby • JRuby support for most native stdlib • JRuby 9.4 supports Ruby 3.1 • Maintained until April 2026

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JVM Libraries

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A Whole New World • JVM ecosystem has tens of thousands of libraries • Graphics, GUIs, servers, document formats, AI/LLM • One of the largest collections in the dev world • All available to JRuby users! • Easy integration into Ruby apps and code

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Example: 3D Bar Chart with JFreeChart • Chart-generating library with support for document output • Easily used from JRuby • https://blog.headius.com/ 2025/05/3d-charts-and-more-with- jruby-and-jfreechart.html

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Dependencies • Jar fi le, like Gem fi le • Like Bundler's Gem fi le • Maven "coordinates" • lock_jars command • Like bundle install jar 'org.jfree:jfreechart:1.5.5' jar 'org.jfree:org.jfree.chart3d:2.1.0' $ lock_jars -- jar root dependencies -- org.jfree:jfreechart:1.5.5:compile org.jfree:org.jfree.chart3d:2.1.0:compile org.jfree:org.jfree.svg:5.0.6:compile org.jfree:org.jfree.pdf:2.0:compile Jars.lock updated Jar fi le

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java_import org.jfree.chart3d.data.StandardCategoryDataset3D java_import org.jfree.chart3d.data.DefaultKeyedValues ... require 'json' data = JSON.load(File.read("data/app_monitoring_revenue.json")) dataset = StandardCategoryDataset3D.new data.each do |name, subset| values = DefaultKeyedValues.new subset.each { values.put(_1, _2) } dataset.add_series_as_row name, values end

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Create a 3D Bar Chart chart = Chart3DFactory.create_bar_chart( "Quarterly Revenues", "Application & Performance Monitoring Companies", dataset, nil, "Quarter", "$million Revenues") chart.chart_box_color = Color.new(255, 255, 255, 127) chart.legend_anchor = LegendAnchor::BOTTOM_RIGHT

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Generate PNG width, height = 600, 500 category_chart_image = BufferedImage.new(width, height, BufferedImage::TYPE_INT_RGB) category_chart_graphics = category_chart_image.create_graphics chart.draw(category_chart_graphics, Rectangle.new(width, height)) category_chart_file = File.open("category_chart.png", "w") ImageIO.write(category_chart_image, "PNG", category_chart_file.to_outputstream)

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Render to SVG and PDF svg_graphics = SVGGraphics2D.new(width, height) svg_graphics.defs_key_prefix = "jruby_charts" chart.element_hinting = true chart.draw(svg_graphics, Rectangle.new(width, height)) svg = svg_graphics.get_svg_element chart.id File.write("category_chart.svg", svg) pdf_doc = PDFDocument.new pdf_doc.title = "Application & Performance Monitoring Companies Revenue" pdf_doc.author = "Charles Oliver Nutter"; page = pdf_doc.create_page(Rectangle.new(612, 468)) pdf_graphics = page.graphics2D chart.draw(pdf_graphics, Rectangle.new(0, 0, 612, 468)) File.write("category_chart.pdf", pdf_doc.pdf_bytes)

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GUI Libraries • Swing, built into JDK • Clean, cross-platform, easy to build simple UIs • Scalable Windowing Toolkit (Eclipse SWT) • Native widgets, WebKit browser component, rich ecosystem • JavaFX (via JRubyFX, github/jruby/jrubyfx) • Scene-based, vector drawing, event-driven modern UI library

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Shoes 4

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Glimmer • Glimmer GUI DSL • Multiple backends (SWT, GTK, ...) • JRuby + SWT is the most mature • JRuby makes cross-platform GUI much easier! • Works same everywhere • GUI libraries shipped with gem • https://github.com/AndyObtiva/glimmer

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JavaFX • Scene-based UI toolkit • Cross-platform including mobile • JRubyFX provides a Ruby wrapper • FXML layout or widget scripting • https://github.com/jruby/jrubyfx

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Ruboto: JRuby on Android • ruboto.org, https://github.com/ruboto/ruboto • Actively used for commercial projects today • Build interface with GUI builder, wire it up with Ruby code • Neglected a bit but being updated for JRuby 10 now!

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Ruboto IRB • IRB in JRuby on Android! • Plus an editor and script runner • Not currently in the store, but we will republish soon! • Search for "Ruboto Core" and "Ruboto IRB" APKs

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Purugin for Minecraft event(:player_egg_throw) do |e| e.hatching = true e.num_hatches = 120 e.player.mesg "hatched" end

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JVM Features

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JVM GC • Many options to tune JVM GCs • Heap size: small or large? • Throughput: faster allocations or shorter pause times? • Working set: large in-memory or mostly new objects? • Many options in standard OpenJDK • Serial, Parallel, G1, ZGC, Shenandoah

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JVM JIT • HotSpot JIT is most widely deployed • C1 "client" JIT: fast, simple optimizations • C2 "server" JIT: needs pro fi le data, heavy optimization • Both enabled with various "tiers" of JIT • Graal JIT: newer, more aggressive optimizations • OpenJ9 JIT (IBM JDK): of fl ine AOT, JIT servers, CRIU

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Monitoring and Pro fi ling • VisualVM: GUI console for basic JVM monitoring • JDK Flight Recorder: always-on monitoring with pro fi ling options • Low-overhead 1% to 5%, built into OpenJDK • JDK Mission Control: GUI client for Flight Recorder data • https://adoptium.net/jmc/

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Visual VM

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JDK Mission Control

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Performance and Scaling

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Optimizing Performance • JRuby depends on JVM for most optimization • JVM has world-class JIT compilers, garbage collectors • Similar design to ZJIT, but with 30 years of work in it • JRuby itself has an IR, basic block-based interpreter and JIT • Similar design to ZJIT starting in JRuby 9.0 (2015)

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JRuby Architecture Ruby (.rb) JIT Java Instructions (java bytecode) Ruby Instructions (IR) parse interpret interpreter interpret C1 compile native code better native code java bytecode interpreter execute C2 compile Java Virtual Machine JRuby Internals

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Pure Ruby red/black tree 0 20 40 60 80 red/black bench iters/s 76.8 iters/sec 65.5 iters/sec 15.1 iters/sec CRuby 3.4 CRuby 3.4 YJIT JRuby 10

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Class#new Optimization • CRuby adding opt_new to optimize Class#new • Using C code to allocate + initialize hurts performance • JRuby implemented this in 2016 • If Class#new is default, allocate and call #initialize inline • Allocation and initialize both inline back to caller

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Object.new

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0M 3.5M 7M 10.5M 14M Object.new allocations per second 0M 13M 10.3M Ruby 3.4 + YJIT Ruby 3.5 + opt_new JRuby 10

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0M 75M 150M 225M 300M Object.new allocations per second 217.5M 13M 10.3M Ruby 3.4 + YJIT Ruby 3.5 + opt_new JRuby 10 🤯

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1M 10M 100M 1000M 10000M Object.new allocations per second 217.5M 13M 10.3M Ruby 3.4 + YJIT Ruby 3.5 + opt_new JRuby 10

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class Foo def initialize = nil end

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1M 10M 100M Object.new allocations per second Foo.new allocations per second 216M 217.5M 22.1M 13M 10.3M 10.3M Ruby 3.4 + YJIT Ruby 3.5 + opt_new JRuby 10

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Allocation Pro fi le

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Alternative JITs • HotSpot JIT • Standard JIT compiler in OpenJDK • Best balance of performance, reliability • Graal JIT • Part of GraalVM project • Advanced optimizations, sometimes unpredictable perf

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0M 750M 1500M 2250M 3000M Foo.new allocations per second 2,591.1M 216M JRuby 10 JRuby 10 + Graal 🤯

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respond_to? • Commonly used for duck-typing • obj.to_str if respond_to?(:to_str) • Literal symbol form is by far the most common • Currently compiled as a call to respond_to? • respond_to? then does a method lookup every time • Can we do better?

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foo if respond_to?(:foo)

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respond_to? :foo invoke respond_to? :foo respond_to? method cached? look up respond_to? method invoke respond_to? method look up :foo cache respond_to? method return true or false is :foo implemented?

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respond_to? :foo invoke respond_to? :foo respond_to? method cached? look up respond_to? method invoke respond_to? method look up :foo cache respond_to? method return result is :foo implemented? respond_to? :foo result cached? cache respond_to? :foo

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0M 20M 40M 60M 80M foo if respond_to?(:foo) 70.8M 22.3M 16.8M CRuby 3.4 + YJIT JRuby 10 JRuby 10.next

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Scaling Applications • Classic problem on CRuby/MRI • No concurrent threads, so we need worker processes • Processes duplicate runtime state and waste resources • JRuby is a good solution • Multi-threaded single process runs your entire site • Single process with leading-edge GC uses resources better

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Baseline Rails App • Scaffolded "blog" application on PostgreSQL, Puma • IBM VPC instance: 8 vCPU, 32GB • CRuby 3.2, 16 workers • JRuby 9.4: 16 threads • Database, siege benchmark driver on same instance

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Requests per second 0 450 900 1350 1800 60s siege iteration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 JRuby CRuby CRuby + YJIT

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requests per second (higher is better) 0rps 450rps 900rps 1350rps 1800rps 1,705rps 1,550rps 1,280rps CRuby CRuby + YJIT JRuby

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Memory • JRuby tuned with 300MB heap: 955MB RSS • Additional users only require a little more memory • CRuby single-user: 103MB RSS • Additional users eventually need additional processes • Even perfect Copy-On-Write still duplicates live data, JIT, GC

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Memory Required 0MB 2000MB 4000MB 6000MB 8000MB 1 user 16 users 160 users JRuby CRuby

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Optimizing Concurrency

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Threads or Ractors? • Ractors are designed to bring concurrency to Ruby • You must write Ractor-friendly code • High overhead crossing Ractor boundary • Threads in JRuby are already 100% concurrent • You must right Thread-friendly code • But zero overhead due to shared object • Thanks to Maciej Mensfeld for the benchmark

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if THREADS queues = CONCURRENT.times.map { Queue.new } threads = CONCURRENT.times.map do |i| Thread.new do queue = queues[i] data_chunk = queue.pop data_chunk.each { |item| JSON.parse(item) } end end end

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Threads vs Ractors 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 times faster than linear 4.2x 1.2x 1.1x CRuby threads CRuby ractors JRuby threads

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JRuby Future

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JRuby 10.x • Many more optimizations coming! • Now that we are 3.4 compatible, we can work on fun stuff • If you fi nd something that's slow, let us! • More JDK features • JVM features to improve startup, fast native library integration • Upgrade JVM, your JRuby code runs faster!

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JRuby and You • Building an app? Try JRuby! • bundle install, run on Puma • Try out some JVM libraries • Library author? Test on JRuby! • We to support your project! • Let's talk!

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JRuby Development • Funded by Headius Enterprises LLC • JRuby support: updates, bugs, security • JVM, Ruby support: pro fi ling, optimization • Partner with us! • User support • GitHub sponsorships • Try JRuby out, fi le issues, push PRs

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Thank You! • Charles Oliver Nutter • @headius • @mastodon.social • .bsky.social • [email protected] • Stickers on the sticker table! • Help me keep working on JRuby!