Modularity & Dependency Injection at Scale

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Modularity & Dependency Injection at Scale FOSS Asia 2020

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@mrmans0n Nacho López Software Engineer Android Foundation Architecture @CesarDielo César Puerta Technical Lead Twitter for Android @bidyut Saud Khan Software Engineer Android Performance

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Author: Ben Sandofsky Date: Mon Jun 21 23:24:55 2010 -0700 Initial import.

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Periscope @PeriscopeCo You might have heard some news: It involves a blue bird. #YouCanGuessTheRest #WeJoinedTheFlockInJanuary 13 Mar 2015 629 761

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D D

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DI is important

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DI is important Refactoring for… Correctness Testability Reusability

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regardless of project size DI is important

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Static checks Errors at compile time > Runtime errors

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Description: [Dagger/MissingBinding] com.twitter.ui.util.UiArchLayoutContentViewProvider cannot be provided without an @Inject constructor or an @Provides-annotated method. Description: [Dagger/DuplicateBindings] com.twitter.ui.util.UiArchLayoutContentViewProvider is bound multiple times.

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Code generation Automating the creation of glue code

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val inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context) val renderer = Renderer(inflater) val database = Database() val timeline = Timeline(database, renderer) class Renderer (database: Database, renderer: Renderer) class Timeline class Database() (inflater: LayoutInflater)

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class Renderer (database: Database, renderer: Renderer) class Timeline class Database () (inflater: LayoutInflater) @Inject constructor @Inject constructor @Inject constructor

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Graph Architecture Scoped object graphs mapping to the app lifecycle @Component @Subcomponent

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@ApplicationScope @UserScope @RetainedScope @ViewScope

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@Component(modules = [ApplicationModule::class]) @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph { fun userObjectGraphBuilder(): UserObjectGraph.Builder }

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{ fun featureRetainedBuilder(): FeatureRetainedObjectGraph.Builder } @Subcomponent(modules = [UserModule::class]) @UserScope interface UserObjectGraph @Component(modules = [ApplicationModule::class]) @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph { fun userObjectGraphBuilder(): UserObjectGraph.Builder }

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{ fun featureRetainedBuilder(): FeatureRetainedObjectGraph.Builder } @Subcomponent(modules = [UserModule::class]) @UserScope interface UserObjectGraph @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph { fun userObjectGraphBuilder(): UserObjectGraph.Builder } @Subcomponent(modules = [FeatureRetainedModule::class]) @RetainedScope interface FeatureRetainedObjectGraph { fun featureViewGraphBuilder(): FeatureViewObjectGraph.Builder }

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{ fun featureRetainedBuilder(): FeatureRetainedObjectGraph.Builder } @UserScope interface UserObjectGraph @Subcomponent(modules = [FeatureRetainedModule::class]) @RetainedScope interface FeatureRetainedObjectGraph { fun featureViewGraphBuilder(): FeatureViewObjectGraph.Builder } @Subcomponent(modules = [FeatureViewModule::class]) @ViewScope interface FeatureViewObjectGraph

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{ fun featureRetainedBuilder(): FeatureRetainedObjectGraph.Builder } @UserScope interface UserObjectGraph Components or ? Subcomponents @ApplicationScope @UserScope @RetainedScope @ViewScope

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Components for the root graph for the nested graphs Subcomponents @ApplicationScope @UserScope @RetainedScope @ViewScope

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How to instantiate your graphs?

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component = .application(this) .build() class MyApplication : Application { private lateinit var component: ApplicationObjectGraph override fun onCreate() { } super.onCreate() } DaggerApplicationObjectGraph.builder()

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Dagger.getObjectGraphBuilder() component = .application(this) .build() class MyApplication : Application { private lateinit var component: ApplicationObjectGraph override fun onCreate() { } super.onCreate() }

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fun getObjectGraphBuilder(builderClass: Class): B } } class Dagger { companion object { inline fun getObjectGraphBuilder(): B = getObjectGraphBuilder(B::class.java) } {

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if (!builderClass.isAnnotationPresent(Component.Builder::class.java)) { throw IllegalArgumentException("Not a component builder class: $builderClass") } val componentClass = builderClass.enclosingClass ?: throw IllegalStateException("Component builder is not enclosed in a component.") val generatedDaggerClassName = getDaggerComponentImplementationClassName(componentClass) val generatedObjectGraphClass = ReflectionUtils.loadClass(generatedDaggerClassName) ?: throw IllegalStateException("Generated Dagger class can't be found: $generatedDagge val builderMethod = ReflectionUtils.getMethod(generatedObjectGraphClass, "builder") ?: throw IllegalStateException("The Dagger component generated class does not contain return ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(builderMethod, null) ?: throw IllegalStateException("The builder() method returned null.") fun getObjectGraphBuilder(builderClass: Class): B } } class Dagger { companion object { inline fun getObjectGraphBuilder(): B = getObjectGraphBuilder(B::class.java) } TL;DR Use reflection once to find and instantiate the graph’s Component.Builder {

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if (!builderClass.isAnnotationPresent(Component.Builder::class.java)) { throw IllegalArgumentException("Not a component builder class: $builderClass") } val componentClass = builderClass.enclosingClass ?: throw IllegalStateException("Component builder is not enclosed in a component.") val generatedDaggerClassName = getDaggerComponentImplementationClassName(componentClass) val generatedObjectGraphClass = ReflectionUtils.loadClass(generatedDaggerClassName) ?: throw IllegalStateException("Generated Dagger class can't be found: $generatedDagge val builderMethod = ReflectionUtils.getMethod(generatedObjectGraphClass, "builder") ?: throw IllegalStateException("The Dagger component generated class does not contain return ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(builderMethod, null) ?: throw IllegalStateException("The builder() method returned null.") fun getObjectGraphBuilder(builderClass: Class): B } } class Dagger { companion object { inline fun getObjectGraphBuilder(): B = getObjectGraphBuilder(B::class.java) } Follow Us! github.com/twitter {

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Referencing generated code Use reflection once to grab the root object graph builder. Dagger.getObjectGraphBuilder() DaggerApplicationObjectGraph.builder()

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Where do we place our graphs?

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@ApplicationScope @UserScope @RetainedScope @ViewScope

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Let’s compose a Tweet

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:features:composer ComposerActivity ComposerViewModel ComposerViewDelegate @RetainedScope @ViewScope @ApplicationScope @UserScope

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:subsystems:tweets TweetRepository :features:composer @RetainedScope @ViewScope @ApplicationScope @UserScope

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:subsystems:tweets TweetRepository :features:composer @RetainedScope @ViewScope @ApplicationScope @UserScope

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:twitter:media ImageUploader :features:composer :subsystems:tweets @RetainedScope @ViewScope @UserScope @ApplicationScope

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:twitter:media ImageUploader :features:composer :subsystems:tweets @RetainedScope @ViewScope @ApplicationScope @UserScope

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:core:network OkHttpClient :features:composer :subsystems:tweets :twitter:media @RetainedScope @ViewScope @UserScope @ApplicationScope

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:core:network :features:composer :subsystems:tweets :twitter:media @RetainedScope @ViewScope @ApplicationScope @UserScope ComposerNotifHandler

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:core:network :features:composer :subsystems:tweets :twitter:media @RetainedScope @ViewScope @ApplicationScope @UserScope M M M M M M

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:core:network :features:composer :subsystems:tweets :twitter:media @RetainedScope @ViewScope @ApplicationScope @UserScope M M M M M M

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App wide graphs definitions belong in the top gradle module. Ideal Location

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How to access graphs at the top from intermediate layers?

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:twitter:media L ImageUploader LegacyActivity ApplicationObjectGraph

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:twitter:media MediaAppSubgraph L LegacyActivity ApplicationObjectGraph

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object ApplicationObjectGraphProvider { var graphProvider: Any? }

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component = Dagger.getObjectGraphBuilder() .application(this) .build() class MyApplication : Application { private lateinit var component: ApplicationObjectGraph override fun onCreate() { } super.onCreate() }

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super.onCreate() } ApplicationObjectGraphProvider.graphProvider = Dagger.getObjectGraphBuilder() .application(this) .build() class MyApplication : Application { override fun onCreate() { }

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ApplicationObjectGraph ApplicationObjectGraphProvider :twitter:media L ImageUploader LegacyActivity MediaAppSubgraph

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(ApplicationObjectGraphProvider.graphProvider as MediaAppSubgraph).imageUploader()

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object ApplicationObjectGraphProvider { } fun getSubgraph(clazz: Class): T var graphProvider: Any? { return clazz.cast(graphProvider) }

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fun imageUploader(): ImageUploader interface MediaAppSubgraph { } companion object { fun get(): MediaAppSubgraph { return ApplicationObjectGraphProvider.graphProvider .getSubgraph(MediaAppSubgraph::class.java) }

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val uploader = MediaAppSubgraph.get().imageUploader() fun imageUploader(): ImageUploader interface MediaAppSubgraph { } companion object { fun get(): MediaAppSubgraph { return ApplicationObjectGraphProvider.graphProvider .getSubgraph(MediaAppSubgraph::class.java) }

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val uploader = MediaAppSubgraph.get().imageUploader()

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Grabbing objects from Dagger w/o visibility Wrap your Application and User graphs in providers that can be statically obtained, and add a way to extract subgraphs from them. ApplicationObjectGraphProvider UserObjectGraphProvider MediaAppSubgraph L LegacyActivity

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Graphs can be large!

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fun okHttpClient(): OkHttpClient fun twitterApiService(): TwitterApiService @Component @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph fun composerLauncher(): ComposerLauncher fun composerNotificationHandler(): ComposerNotifHandler fun tweetsRepository(): TweetsRepository fun tweetsDataSource(): TweetsDataSource fun imageLoader(): ImageLoader { fun loginController(): LoginController fun loginAssistController(): LoginAssistController fun appEventTracker(): AppEventTracker fun installationReferrer(): InstallationReferrer fun jobManager(): JobManager fun playServicesUtil(): PlayServicesUtil fun httpRequestController(): HttpRequestController fun registrableHeadsetPlugReceiver(): RegistrableHeadsetPlugReceiver , TweetRepositoryAppModule::cl (modules = [ComposerAppModule::class

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Subgraphs Slices of an Object Graph

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@Component @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph { } fun okHttpClient(): OkHttpClient fun twitterApiService(): TwitterApiService fun composerLauncher(): ComposerLauncher fun composerNotificationHandler(): ComposerNotifHandler fun tweetsRepository(): TweetsRepository fun tweetsDataSource(): TweetsDataSource fun imageLoader(): ImageLoader :app:twitter

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: @Component @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph { } fun okHttpClient(): OkHttpClient fun twitterApiService(): TwitterApiService fun composerLauncher(): ComposerLauncher fun composerNotificationHandler(): ComposerNotifHandler fun tweetsRepository(): TweetsRepository fun tweetsDataSource(): TweetsDataSource fun imageLoader(): ImageLoader ComposerAppSubgraph interface ComposerAppSubgraph { } :app:twitter :features:composer

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@Component @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph , : { } fun okHttpClient(): OkHttpClient fun twitterApiService(): TwitterApiService fun tweetsRepository(): TweetsRepository fun tweetsDataSource(): TweetsDataSource fun imageLoader(): ImageLoader ComposerAppSubgraph interface TweetRepositoryAppSubgraph { } TweetRepositoryAppSubgraph :app:twitter :subsystems:tweets

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@Component @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph , : { } fun okHttpClient(): OkHttpClient fun twitterApiService(): TwitterApiService fun imageLoader(): ImageLoader ComposerAppSubgraph TweetRepositoryAppSubgraph interface MediaAppSubgraph { } MediaAppSubgraph , :app:twitter :twitter:media

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@Component @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph , : fun okHttpClient(): OkHttpClient fun twitterApiService(): TwitterApiService ComposerAppSubgraph TweetRepositoryAppSubgraph MediaAppSubgraph , interface CoreNetworkAppSubgraph { } CoreNetworkAppSubgraph , :core:network :app:twitter

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:core:network :features:composer :subsystems:tweets :twitter:media TweetRepositoryAppSubgraph MediaAppSubgraph CoreNetworkAppSubgraph ApplicationObjectGraph ComposerAppSubgraph

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:core:network :features:composer :subsystems:tweets :twitter:media TweetRepositoryAppSubgraph MediaAppSubgraph CoreNetworkAppSubgraph ApplicationObjectGraph ComposerAppSubgraph

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Big monolithic graphs Scatter the definitions of the object graphs into subgraphs that can live in the gradle modules where the bindings are actually defined.

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How would that work in testing?

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object ApplicationObjectGraphProvider { } var graphProvider: Any? private val mapping: Map, Any> = mutableMapOf() fun overrideSubgraph(clazz: Class, subgraph: T) { mapping[clazz] = subgraph } fun getSubgraph(clazz: Class): T { if (mapping.containsKey(clazz)) return clazz.cast(mapping[clazz]) return clazz.cast(graphProvider) }

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How to decouple features? The app navigation case

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ComposerActivity MainActivity DMActivity TweetDetailActivity C D M TD

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ComposerActivity MainActivity DMActivity TweetDetailActivity C D M TD Circular Dependency!

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ComposerActivity MainActivity TweetDetailActivity C D M TD DMActivity :subsystems:navigation Intent factories ActivityArgs TD C D M

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ComposerActivity MainActivity TweetDetailActivity C D M TD DMActivity :subsystems:navigation TD M D C ActivityArgs

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interface ActivityArgs { fun toIntent(context: Context, clazz: Class): Intent }

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override fun toIntent(context: Context, clazz: Class): { .apply { putExtra("user_id", uid) putExtra("text", text) } } interface ActivityArgs { fun toIntent(context: Context, clazz: Class): Intent } data class ComposerArgs(val uid: Long, val text: String): ActivityArgs { } return Intent(context, clazz)

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Service Discovery Multibindings

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C D TD ComposerArgs TweetDetailArgs DMArgs :features:tweetdetail :features:dm :features:composer @Multibinds

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C D TD ComposerArgs TweetDetailArgs DMArgs :features:tweetdetail :features:dm :features:composer @Multibinds

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C D TD ComposerArgs TweetDetailArgs DMArgs :features:tweetdetail :features:dm :features:composer Map, Class> C D TD ComposerActivity DMActivity TweetDetailActivity

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@Module object ComposerModule { @Provides @ApplicationScope fun provideActivityClass: Class { } } :features:composer @ActivityArgsKey(ComposerArgs::class) @IntoMap return ComposerActivity::class.java

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@ApplicationScope class ActivityStarter @Inject constructor( ) private val activityMap: Map, Class>

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{ fun startActivity(context: Context, args: ActivityArgs) { } } @ApplicationScope class ActivityStarter @Inject constructor( ) val intent = args.toIntent(context, activityMap[args.javaClass]) context.startActivity(intent) private val activityMap: Map, Class>

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C D TD C D TD Start an Activity we can’t see at compile time At compile time you might not see everything, but at runtime it is all there. Let’s use Multibindings to aggregate references at compile time and resolve them at runtime.

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Initializers Notification Handlers Deeplink Handlers

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Subgraphs are not atomic units

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S ApplicationObjectGraph M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M

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S ApplicationObjectGraph M S M S M S M S S M S M S M @Component(modules = [ ComposerAppModule::class, TweetDetailAppModule::class, HomeAppModule::class, ExploreAppModule::class, CoreAppModule::class, CoreNetworkAppModule::class, MediaAppModule::class, VideoAppModule::class, NavigationAppModule::class, LoggingAppModule::class, TimelineAppModule::class, … and on and on and on ]) @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph: M

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ApplicationObjectGraph M M M M M M M M TimelineAppModule::class, … and on and on and on ]) @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph: InitializationSubgraph, ComposerAppSubgraph, TweetDetailAppSubgraph, HomeAppSubgraph, ExploreAppSubgraph, CoreAppSubgraph, CoreNetworkAppSubgraph, MediaAppSubgraph, VideoAppSubgraph, NavigationAppSubgraph, … and on and on and on S S S S S S S S

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@Component(modules = [ BroadcastAppModule::class, … and on and on and on ]) @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph: InitializationSubgraph, BroadcastAppSubgraph, TweetDetailAppSubgraph, @Component(modules = [ BroadcastAppModule::class, … and on and on and on ]) @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph: InitializationSubgraph, BroadcastAppSubgraph, MapSubgraph, S M

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{ fun broadcastController(): BroadcastController } @Module { @Binds @ApplicationScope fun bindBcastController(impl: BroadcastControllerImpl): BroadcastController } object BroadcastAppModule interface BroadcastAppSubgraph

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@ApplicationScope interface BroadcastAppSubgraph { fun broadcastController(): BroadcastController } @Subgraph @Subgraph(modules = [BroadcastAppModule::class]) @Module { @Binds @ApplicationScope fun bindBcastController(impl: BroadcastControllerImpl): BroadcastController } object BroadcastAppModule interface BroadcastAppSubgraph

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@ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph : BroadcastAppSubgraph, InitializationSubgraph, ... (modules = [BroadcastAppModule::class, ...]) @Component

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@ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph : BroadcastAppSubgraph, InitializationSubgraph, ... @ObjectGraph

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@UserScope interface UserObjectGraph : UserManagerSubgraph, TweetRepository, ... (modules = [UserManagerModule::class, ...]) @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph : BroadcastAppSubgraph, InitializationSubgraph, ... @ObjectGraph @Subcomponent

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@UserScope interface UserObjectGraph : UserManagerSubgraph, TweetRepository, ... @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph : BroadcastAppSubgraph, InitializationSubgraph, ... @ObjectGraph @ObjectGraph

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Annotation Processor @ObjectGraph @Subgraph @Component @Subcomponent

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@ObjectGraph @Subgraph Annotation Processor @Component @Subcomponent

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Annotation Processor @ObjectGraph @Subgraph @Component @Subcomponent

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Fully Dagger Compatible Annotation Processor

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Subgraphs are not encapsulated

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S S S S S S

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S S S S S S

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S @ApplicationScope interface BroadcastAppSubgraph { fun broadcastController(): BroadcastController } @Subgraph(modules = [BroadcastAppModule::class])

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@Subgraph( subgraphDependencies = [ CoreNetworkSubgraph::class, VideoPlayerSubgraph::class ]) S @ApplicationScope interface BroadcastAppSubgraph { fun broadcastController(): BroadcastController } @Subgraph @Subgraph(modules = [BroadcastAppModule::class],

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S ApplicationObjectGraph S S S S S S S

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S ApplicationObjectGraph S S S S S S S

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S ApplicationObjectGraph S S S S S S S S

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Subgraphs don’t support inversion of dependencies

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interface DatabaseSubgraph { fun migrationManager(): MigrationManager } fun schema(): Schema @Subgraph

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interface DatabaseSubgraph { fun migrationManager(): MigrationManager } fun schema(): Schema @Subgraph @Abstract @Abstract @Subgraph interface TwitterDatabaseSubgraph : DatabaseSubgraph { @Binds fun schema(bound: TwitterSchema): Schema }

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Graphs are hard to maintain

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@ObjectGraph @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph: InitializationSubgraph, BroadcastAppSubgraph, TweetDetailAppSubgraph, HomeAppSubgraph, ExploreAppSubgraph, CoreAppSubgraph, CoreNetworkAppSubgraph, MediaAppSubgraph, VideoPlayerSubgraph, NavigationAppSubgraph, TweetUploadAppSubgraph, PerformanceMetricsAppSubgraph, DMAppSubgraph, JSONModelsAppSubgraph, DynamicModulesAppSubgraph, NotificationsAppSubgraph, This is actually insane

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Annotation Processor @ObjectGraph @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph: InitializationSubgraph, BroadcastAppSubgraph, TweetDetailAppSubgraph, HomeAppSubgraph, ExploreAppSubgraph, CoreAppSubgraph, CoreNetworkAppSubgraph, MediaAppSubgraph, VideoPlayerSubgraph, NavigationAppSubgraph, TweetUploadAppSubgraph, PerformanceMetricsAppSubgraph, DMAppSubgraph, JSONModelsAppSubgraph, DynamicModulesAppSubgraph, NotificationsAppSubgraph,

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@ObjectGraph @ApplicationScope interface ApplicationObjectGraph Annotation Processor Automatic Discovery

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S ApplicationObjectGraph S S S S S S S

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And more!

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Annotation Processor

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Scythe OOP concepts for DI IDE support Better build times Binding overrides Modular scalability Self documentation Reusability Automatic discovery Completeness validation Factory bindings Assisted Injection Compatible with Dagger

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Scythe Open-source launch for everybody in 2020

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@mrmans0n Nacho @CesarDielo César @bidyut Saud Thank you! More questions? Follow ups from this talk? Hit us up on Twitter!