Senior Associate Scientist, AKADEMIYA2063 The Call for Nutrition-Smart Food Systems Presented by: Lea Vicky MAGNE DOMGHO

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Outline • Objective • Methodology • Findings • Conclusions

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Objective • Provide evidence on nutrient adequacy gaps to guide policies to address nutrient deficiencies by identifying priority avenues and interventions. • Identify three types of micronutrient adequacy: ØNutrient Production Adequacy (NPA) ØNutrient Market Adequacy (NMA) ØNutrient Household Adequacy (NHA). • Identify the major sources of nutrients consumed and produced in the country. • Analyze nutrient demand elasticities to explore potential impacts of price and income changes. • Map nutrient adequacy to identify areas of the country with the highest gaps. • Discuss policy implications and potential strategies to fill nutrient gaps.

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Methodology • Use the country's food consumption table (if it does not exist, we use for the region or a neighboring country) to obtain the nutrient content of all foods consumed by households or produced in the country. • Assess nutrient adequacy Ø The Adult Male Equivalent (AME) factor is used to estimate per capita nutrients. Ø Compare nutrients produced or consumed with population or household nutrient requirements. • Estimate elasticities of demand with regard to prices and income using the QUAIDS model (Banks et al. 1997). • Energy, protein, and 10 micronutrients were considered (calcium, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, thiamine).

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Findings

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Energy and nutrient adequacy levels • In Senegal, the availability of nutrients on the market is more than sufficient for proteins, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and niacin. • NMA is far lower than NPA for most nutrients in both countries, suggesting high levels of nutrient loss between production and consumption. • Households consume less than half of the required levels of all nutrients in Rwanda except protein, folate, and Vitamin C for which there are production surpluses. Senegal Rwanda NPA (%) NMA (%) NHA (%) NPA (%) NMA (%) NHA (%) Energy (Kcal) 140.2 97.3 86.5 59.0 47.0 47.1 Calcium (mg.) 44.9 43.9 47.0 66.8 36.3 36.6 Iron (mg.) 195.8 74.5 65.0 73.9 45.4 45.8 Protein (g.) 257.1 145.2 94.3 133.3 53.7 51.4 Zinc (mg.) 156.8 62.0 60.9 77.1 29.9 30.9 Vitamin A (mcg.) 180.8 167.9 89.1 48.5 40.1 37.5 Vitamin B6 (mg.) 152.7 66.7 66.4 Vitamin B12 (mcg.) 153.6 165.2 80.0 110.9 47.1 38.1 Folate (mcg.) 224.4 79.0 68.3 147.7 61.1 58.6 Vitamin C (mg.) 152.4 96.0 75.6 201.6 130.6 83.8 Niacin (mg.) 274.6 129.4 91.5 94.0 25.9 27.1 Thiamin (mg.) 241.1 73.3 68.8 86.5 30.6 31.9 Riboflavin (mg.) 77.7 58.3 60.6 101.7 25.8 25.8

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Main sources of nutrient intake, and production • Increased production of green vegetables, cassava leaves, and carrots could help to improve Vitamin A production adequacy in Rwanda. • Irish potatoes are top contributors to consumption of iron and several other nutrients in Rwanda. • In Senegal, palm oil and vegetable oils are top contributors to consumption of vitamin A. • Millet and peanuts account for the largest share of Senegal’s production of iron. Top sources, production Top sources, consumption Senegal Iron (mg.) Millet Millet (grains) Peanut Millet (processed) Rice Rice (whole) Sorghum Cowpea Maize Maize (grains) Vitamin A (mcg.) Oil palm fruit Palm oil Mango Vegetable oils Watermelon Peanut oil Cassava Carrot Carrot Other vegetable oils Rwanda Iron (mg.) Bean Irish potato Cattle meat Dried beans Maize Amaranth Sorghum Cassava flour Potato Sweet potato Vitamin A (mcg.) Milk Amaranth Green vegetables: inyabutongo Palm oil Cassava leaves Carrot Carrots Cassava leaves Sweet potatoes Tomato

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Mapping of Vitamin A adequacy at the department level, Senegal km 0 100 (190,4000] (170,190] (150,170] (130,150] (110,130] (90,110] (70,90] (50,70] (30,50] [0,30] Missing km 0 100 (190,600] (170,190] (150,170] (130,150] (110,130] (90,110] (70,90] (50,70] (30,50] [0,30] km 0 100 (90,100] (80,90] (70,80] (60,70] (50,60] (40,50] (30,40] (20,30] (10,20] [0,10] NMA NPA NHA • National production of vitamin A is adequate, yet there are departmental inadequacies. • Production surpluses are observed in southern Senegal. • Demand constraints are also apply in the eastern part of the country.

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Mapping of Vitamin A adequacy at the department level, Rwanda NMA NPA NHA km 0 100 (190,1650] (170,190] (150,170] (130,150] (110,130] (90,110] (70,90] (50,70] (30,50] [0,30] km 0 100 (190,250] (170,190] (150,170] (130,150] (110,130] (90,110] (70,90] (50,70] (30,50] [0,30] km 0 100 (90,100] (80,90] (70,80] (60,70] (50,60] (40,50] (30,40] (20,30] (10,20] [0,10] Production adequacies are low in most districts and correspondingly low levels of consumption adequacy are observed at the household level.

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Income elasticity of calories and nutrients 0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 Calories Protein Calcium Iron Zinc Folate Vitam in B12 Vitam in A Vitam in C Niacin Thiam in Riboflavin Elasticity Rural Urban 0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 Calories Protein Calcium Iron Zinc Folate Vitam in B12 Vitam in A Vitam in B6 Vitam in C Niacin Thiam in Riboflavin Rural Urban Senegal Rwanda • Of all nutrients examined, the lowest income elasticity is that for Vitamin A in the rural areas of Rwanda. • Income elasticities are close to 1.0 for several nutrients. • There are substantial differences between nutrient groups. • Income elasticity is highest in both areas for vitamins B12.

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Price elasticity of calories and nutrients -1,8 -1,4 -1,0 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1,0 Calories Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Rwanda-Rural Cereals & prod. Starches & tubers Pulses & nuts Vegetables Meat & fish Fruits Milk & prod. Sugar & sweet Oils & fats Beverages -1,8 -1,4 -1,0 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1,0 Calories Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Rwanda-Urban Cereals & prod. Starches & tubers Pulses & nuts Vegetables Meat & fish Fruits Milk & prod. Sugar & sweet Oils & fats Beverages -1,8 -1,4 -1,0 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1,0 Energy Calcium Iron Zinc Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Senegal-Rural Cereals & products Pulses Vegetables & tubers Fruit Meat & fish Milk & products Oil & fats Sugar -1,8 -1,4 -1,0 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1,0 Energy Calcium Iron Zinc Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Senegal-Urban Cereals & products Pulses Vegetables & tubers Fruit Meat & fish Milk & products Oil & fats Sugar

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR The case for country-specific nutrition-smart food systems Increasing nutrient adequacy Production Market Household • Adjusting the crop mix • Incentives to encourage the production of nutrient-rich crops • Biofortification • Reducing postharvest losses and food waste • Decreasing nutrient loss during storage and processing • Increasing the supply of nutrients from sources other than national production: trade and industrial fortification. • Social protection programs: income transfers; price interventions • Price subsidies for key foods • Nutrition education programs (maternal education, community outreach) • Commercial marketing of healthy foods

#2023ReSAKSS #2023ATOR Conclusion • In Rwanda, with the exception of protein, folate, and Vitamin C, all other micronutrients have nutrient market and household adequacy levels below 50%. • Calcium is the most problematic nutrient in Senegal, follow by riboflavin and zinc. • The demand for vitamin B12 is more sensitive to income variations in both countries. • The demand for vitamin A is relatively elastic to the price of oil in both areas in Senegal and only in rural areas in Rwanda. • Despite sufficient production of most nutrients, overall availability of nutrients in the markets as well as consumption at the household level remains below requirements.

THANK YOU Authors: John Ulimwengu, IFPRI Lea Vicky Magne Domgho, Akademiya2063 Julia Collins, Akademiya2063