Understanding Perceptions of Problematic Facebook Use

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Understanding Perceptions of Problematic Facebook Use Justin Cheng, Moira Burke, and Elena Davis !1

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Social media connects people !2 Ellison, et al. 2007; Harris & Rae 2009; Obar, et al. 2012

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But sometimes, people feel that their social media use is  problematic !3

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But sometimes, people feel that their social media use is  problematic !4 (i.e., negative life impact + difficulty controlling use)

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But sometimes, people feel that their social media use is  problematic !5 (or addictive?)

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Problematic Facebook use has been linked to... !6

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Problematic Facebook use has been linked to... !7 depression Hunt, et al. 2018; Kim, et al. 2006

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Problematic Facebook use has been linked to... !8 loneliness Hunt, et al. 2018; Ryan & Xenos 2011

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Problematic Facebook use has been linked to... !9 worse grades Junco & Cotten 2012; Kirschner & Karpinski 2010

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A large-scale survey and behavioral analysis to understand problematic Facebook use and how we can reduce it. !10 Today

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Problematic Use on Facebook !11

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Problematic Use on Facebook !12

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Problematic Use on Facebook !13 What is it? Who experiences it? What behaviors are related?

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Problematic Use on Facebook !14 What is it?  Who experiences it? What behaviors are related?

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Defining Problematic Use !15

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Challenge: no formal definition exists !16

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Challenge: no formal definition exists !17 Multiple  proposed symptoms Negative Life Impact  Lack of Control  Salience  Tolerance  Mood Modiﬁcation  ... Billieux, et al. 2015; Cash, et al. 2012; Chakraborty, et al. 2010; Kuss & Griffiths 2011; Ryan, et al. 2014

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Challenge: no formal definition exists !18 Wildly varying  prevalence estimates 0.3% (US)  3.5% (Korea) 8.1% (US) 18% (UK) 38% (China) ... Billieux, et al. 2015; Cash, et al. 2012; Chakraborty, et al. 2010; Kuss & Griffiths 2011; Ryan, et al. 2014

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Problematic Facebook use is... !19 Negative life impact + Difficulty controlling use Our Broad Definition Peng, et al. 2010; Griffiths 2005

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Measuring Problematic Use !20 (and its associated behaviors)

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Method !21 Survey on perceived problematic use  +  De-identiﬁed, aggregated Facebook activity data

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Survey !22 4 questions on  negative life impact 2 questions on  difficulty controlling use Relationships Lack of sleep Work/school performance Life impact Control over  time spent Concern over not  logging in more

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Survey !23 4 questions on  negative life impact 2 questions on  difficulty controlling use Relationships Lack of sleep Work/school performance Life impact Control over  time spent Concern over not  logging in more (and a question on major life events as a control)

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Behavioral Data !24 De-identiﬁed  Facebook activity Time spent Interactions Viewed content (and demographics)

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Population !25 ≈20,000 people in the US on Facebook

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Problematic Use on Facebook !26 What is it?  Who experiences it? What behaviors are related?

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Who experiences problematic use? !27

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How prevalent is problematic use? !28

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3.1% of people report problematic use !29 (US-only, weighted by age, gender, and time spent)

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How does problematic use vary with age? !30 Banyai, et al. 2017; Fernández-Villa, et al. 2015; Hur, 2006; Koc & Gulyagci 2013 Is it highest among teens?

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Reported Problematic Use 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% Age 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 !31 Problematic use decreases with age Steinberg & Monahan 2007; Steinberg 2008

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Is problematic use higher among... !32 Men? Women?

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Is problematic use higher among... !33 Men? Women? Andreassen, et al. 2012 Banyai, et al. 2017 De Cock, et al. 2014 Cam & Isbulan 2012 Durkee, et al. 2012 Yen, et al. 2009

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Is problematic use higher among... !34 Neither? Blachnio, et al. 2016; Rumpf, et al. 2014; Tang, et al. 2016 Men? Women? Andreassen, et al. 2012 Banyai, et al. 2017 De Cock, et al. 2014 Cam & Isbulan 2012 Durkee, et al. 2012 Yen, et al. 2009

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Problematic use is higher among men !35 Reported Problematic Use 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Age 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 Men Women (Insufficient data for non-binary genders)

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Major life events play a role too !36 People who recently experienced a breakup were  2.4x more likely to report problematic use

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Major life events play a role too !37 2.4x 2.0x Breakup or divorce Moved to new city Marriage Lost job Death in family New job Injury or illness Pregnancy 1.8x 1.7x 1.5x 1.4x 1.2x (n.s.) 1.1x (n.s.)

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3% of people report problematic use.  It's more common among younger people and among men. !38 The story so far... ∼

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Problematic Use on Facebook !39 What is it?  Who experiences it? What behaviors are related?

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What behaviors are related to problematic use? !40

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Behaviors and problematic use !41

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Behaviors and problematic use !42 Amount of use 1 Social narratives about addiction 5 Notifications 2 Deactivations 3 Active vs. passive use 4

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How do we quantify differences? !43

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How do we quantify differences? !44 Separate respondents into two groups (problematic use / not)

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How do we quantify differences? !45 Separate respondents into two groups (problematic use / not)

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How do we quantify differences? !46 Match on age, gender,  friend count, account age Ho, et al. 2007; Iacus, et al. 2012

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How do we quantify differences? !47 Estimate difference  using linear regression E(Y|X1 ) Ho, et al. 2007; Iacus, et al. 2012 E(Y|X)

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Amount of use !48 Is more time spent associated with problematic use? Hong, et al. 2014; Koc & Gulyagci, 2013

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Time spent on Facebook !49 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Amount of use

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Time spent on Facebook People who reported problematic use spent 22% more time on Facebook than those who do not report problematic use. !50 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Amount of use All differences were computed using matching, followed by regression.

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Sessions late at night !51 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Amount of use

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!52 0 20% 40% -40% -20% Amount of use 10% 30% -30% -10% Sessions late at night People who reported problematic use spent a greater proportion of sessions late at night (12am-4am).

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Notifications !53 How do notiﬁcations relate to problematic use? Kushlev, et al. 2016

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Likelihood of responding to notifications !54 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Notifications

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Likelihood of responding to notifications People who reported problematic use were 10% more likely  to respond to notiﬁcations. !55 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Notifications

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Deactivations !56 How do deactivations relate to problematic use? Baumer, et al. 2013

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Likelihood of deactivating account !57 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Deactivations

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Likelihood of deactivating account People who reported problematic use were 160% more likely  to have temporarily deactivated their accounts. !58 0 100% 200% -200% -100% Deactivations

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Active vs. passive use !59 How does active or passive use  relate to problematic use? Shaw, et al. 2015, Verduyn, et al. 2015, Nontasil & Payne, 2019

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Active vs. passive use !60 "The pull-to-refresh and inﬁnite scrolling  mechanism on our News Feeds are unnervingly  similar to a slot machine." Tristan Harris, via The Guardian 2018

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Proportion of time spent on News Feed !61 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Active vs. passive use

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Proportion of time spent on News Feed People who reported problematic use spent proportionally  less time browsing their News Feeds. !62 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Active vs. passive use

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Proportion of time spent on Messenger !63 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Active vs. passive use

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Proportion of time spent on Messenger People who reported problematic use were somewhat more likely to spend proportionally more time on Messenger. !64 Active vs. passive use 0 20% 40% -40% -20% 10% 30% -30% -10%

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Messages sent per hour !65 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Active vs. passive use

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Messages sent per hour People who reported problematic use sent 39%  more messages per hour to others. !66 Active vs. passive use 0 20% 40% -40% -20% 10% 30% -30% -10%

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Social narratives !67 Does reading about addiction  relate to problematic use? McCombs 2002; Lanette, et al. 2018

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Reading about technology addiction !68 0 10% 20% -20% -10% Social narratives

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Reading about technology addiction People who reported problematic use were 115% more likely  to have read posts and comments about technology addiction. !69 0 100% 200% -200% -100% Social narratives

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Behaviors associated with problematic use !70 +22% Total time spent Late-night sessions Close friend content Network density Time on News Feed +22% -2% (n.s.) -4% (n.s.) -8% +19% Time in Messenger Messages per hour Notiﬁcation response Deactivation Read about addiction +39% +10% +160% +115%

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People nonetheless perceive value !71 The solution to problematic use isn't as  straightforward as not using social media.

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What should designers do? !72

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Provide more control !73 Encourage breaks

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Provide more control !74 Encourage breaks Allow people to better manage notiﬁcations

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Provide more control !75 Encourage breaks Allow people to better manage notiﬁcations Discourage late-night use

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!76 (To access this, go to "Settings & Privacy" > "Your Time on Facebook") Provide more control

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!77 (To access this, go to "Settings & Privacy" > "Your Time on Facebook") Provide more control

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!78 (To access this, go to "Settings & Privacy" > "Your Time on Facebook") Provide more control

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!79 (To access this, go to "Settings & Privacy" > "Your Time on Facebook") Provide more control

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Support more meaningful interactions !80 Tran, et al. 2019; Facebook 2018

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About 3% of people in the US report problematic Facebook use. !81 Summary

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They spend more time on Facebook (at night), but spend proportionally less time browsing their News Feeds. !82 Summary

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They are more likely to respond to notifications, deactivate their accounts, or have read about technology addiction. !83 Summary

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Understanding their experiences  can inform the design of  more supportive tools. !84 Summary

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Understanding Perceptions of Problematic Facebook Use !85 Justin Cheng, Moira Burke, and Elena Davis http://bit.ly/problematic_use