A DevOps State of Mind: Continuous Security with Kubernetes

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A DevOps State of Mind: Continuous Security with Kubernetes Chris Van Tuin Red Hat Chief Technologist, NA West / Silicon Valley linkedin: Chris Van Tuin  email: cvantuin@redhat.com  twitter: @chrisvantuin

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“Only the paranoid survive” - Andy Grove, 1996

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BUSINESSES MUST KEEP PACE The Disrupters are Disrupting the Incumbents Static &  Planned Dynamic &   Policy Driven Execution Innovation Old New Execution Innovation

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THE DISRUPTERS = Empowered organization Speed Up   Innovation Time Change Move Fast, Break Things Culture of experimentation A 20% vs. 25% Shorten the Feedback Loop Real-time data-driven intelligence & personalization AI /  ML Data, Data, Data B

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THE WORLD IS AUTOMATING Those who succeed in automation will win

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I.T. MUST EVOLVE   FROM A COST CENTER TO INNOVATION CENTER Development Model Application Architecture Deployment & Application Infrastructur Storage Waterfall Agile Monolithic N-tier Bare Metal Virtual Servers Data Center Hosted Scale Up Scale Out DevOps MicroServices Containers Hybrid Cloud Storage as a Service

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Applications & devices outside of IT control Cloud computing Software-defined infrastructure Dissolving security perimeter Menacing threat landscape TRADITIONAL NETWORK-BASED DEFENSES ARE NO LONGER ENOUGH SECURING THE ENTERPRISE IS HARDER THAN EVER The way we develop, deploy and manage IT is changing dramatically led by DevOps, Cloud Native Applications, and Hybrid Cloud

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DEVSECOPS Continuous Security Improvement Process Optimization Security Automation Dev QA Prod Reduce Risks, Lower Costs, Speed Delivery, Speed Reaction

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DEVSECOPS + + Security DEV QA OPS Culture Process Technology Linux + Containers IaaS Orchestration CI/CD Source Control Management Collaboration Build and Artifact Management Testing Frameworks Cloud Native Applications Hybrid Cloud Open Source

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docker.io Registry Private Registry FROM fedora:1.0 CMD echo “Hello” Build file Physical, Virtual, Cloud Container Image Container Instance Build Run Ship CONTAINERS ENABLE DEVSECOPS

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Scheduling Monitoring Persistence Discovery Lifecycle & health Scaling Aggregation Security CONTAINERS AT SCALE BARE METAL VIRTUAL PRIVATE CLOUD PUBLIC CLOUD

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BARE METAL VIRTUAL PRIVATE CLOUD PUBLIC CLOUD Automated Software Factory  Speed, Resiliency, Scalability, Security  

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AUTOMATION

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Web Database role=web role=db role=web replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web ORCHESTRATION Deployment, Declarative Pods Nodes Services Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Web Database replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web HEALTH CHECK Pods Nodes Services role=web role=db role=web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Pods Nodes Services Web Database replicas=1,   role=db replicas=3   role=web AUTO-SCALE 50% CPU role=web role=db role=web role=web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Network isolation API & Platform access Federated clusters Storage {} CI/CD Monitoring & Logging Builds Images SECURING YOUR CONTAINER ENVIRONMENT Container host Registry

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CONTAINER IMAGES

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LAPTOP Container Application OS dependencies Guest VM LINUX BARE METAL Container Application OS dependencies LINUX VIRTUALIZATION Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX PRIVATE CLOUD Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX PUBLIC CLOUD Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX CONTAINERS - Build Once, Deploy Anywhere Reducing Risk and Improving Security with Improved Consistency

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CONTAINER IMAGE JAR CONTAINER IMAGE Application Application Language runtimes OS dependencies 1.2/latest 1.1

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Config Data Kubernetes configmaps secrets Container image Traditional   data services, Kubernetes   persistent volumes TREAT CONTAINERS AS IMMUTABLE To keep containerized apps portable Application Language runtimes OS dependencies

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KUBERNETES CONFIGMAP Decouple configuration from container image Application Language runtimes OS dependencies Environment Variable or Volume/File CONTAINER INSTANCE key:value from directories, files, or values KUBERNETES  CONFIGMAP APPLICATION CONFIG FILE Application Configuration File e.g. XML etcd Pod Source Code Repository EnvVar require pod restart Files refresh in time

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•Authenticating authorship •Non-repudiation •Ensuring image integrity CONTAINER IMAGE SIGNING Validate what images and version are running

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CONTAINER BUILDS

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A CONVERGED SOFTWARE   SUPPLY CHAIN

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CUSTOM SUPPLY CHAIN

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• Treat build file as a Blueprint • Version control build file • Don’t login to build/configure • Be explicit with versions, not latest • Always list registry pulling FROM • Specify USER, default is root • Each Run creates a new layer BUILD FILE BEST PRACTICES FROM registry.redhat.com/rhel7 RUN groupadd -g 999 appuser && \ useradd -r -u 999 -g appuser appuser USER appuser CMD echo “Hello” Build file

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CONTAINER REGISTRY SECURITY

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64% of official images in Docker Hub   contain high priority security vulnerabilities examples: ShellShock (bash) Heartbleed (OpenSSL) Poodle (OpenSSL) Source: Over 30% of Official Images in Docker Hub Contain High Priority Security Vulnerabilities, Jayanth Gummaraju, Tarun Desikan, and Yoshio Turner, BanyanOps, May 2015 (http://www.banyanops.com/pdf/BanyanOps-AnalyzingDockerHub-WhitePaper.pdf) WHAT’S INSIDE THE CONTAINER MATTERS

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PRIVATE REGISTRY

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CONTAINER HOST SECURITY

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Kernel Hardware (Intel, AMD) or Virtual Machine Containers Containers Containers Unit File Docker Image Container CLI SYSTEMD Cgroups Namespaces SELinux Drivers CONTAINERS ARE LINUX seccomp Read Only mounts

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CGROUPS - RESOURCE ISOLATION

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NAMESPACES - PROCESS ISOLATION

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SELINUX - MANDATORY ACCESS CONTROLS Password Files Web Server Attacker Discretionary Access Controls   (file permissions) Mandatory Access Controls   (selinux) Internal Network Firewall Rules Password Files Firewall Rules Internal Network Web Server selinux policy

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SECCOMP AND LINUX CAPABILITIES  FILTERING SYSTEM CALLS and DROPPING PRIVILEGES

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READ ONLY MOUNTS

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Chris Van Tuin Chief Technologist, NA West / Silicon Valley cvantuin@redhat.co Best Practices • Don’t run as root • If you must,   limit Linux Capabilities • Limit SSH Access • Use namespaces • Define resource quotas • Enable logging • Apply Security Errata • Apply Security Context and seccomp filters • Run production   unprivileged containers   as read-only http://blog.kubernetes.io/2016/08/security-best-practices-kubernetes-deployment.html Kernel Hardware (Intel, AMD) or Virtual Machine Containers Containers Containers Unit File Docker Image Container CLI SYSTEMD Cgroups Namespaces SELinux Drivers seccomp Read Only mounts Capabilities CONTAINER HOST SECURITY

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CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION WITH CONTAINERS

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CI/CD PIPELINE Continuous Integration Continuous Build Continuous Deployment Developer -> Source -> Git Git -> RPMS -> Images-> Registry Images from   Registry -> Clusters

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WHAT’S INSIDE MATTERS…

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Security CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION WITH SECURITY SCAN

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Java Build Environment Language runtimes OS dependencies Build Image Java Code Application Language runtimes OS dependencies Container Image Image Registry Source Repository Image Registry REPRODUCIBLE BUILDS Source to Image with Build Images Source v3.1 v1.0.1 v3.1

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DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY WITH CONTAINERS

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES • Recreate • Rolling updates • Blue / Green deployment • Canary with A/B testing • Database migrations

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Recreate

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME

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Version 1.2 Version 1.2 Version 1.2 RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME Use Case • Non-mission critical services Pros • Simple, clean • No Schema incompatibilities • No API versioning Cons • Downtime

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Rolling Updates

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI ROLLING UPDATES with ZERO DOWNTIME Rollingupdate  maxUnavailable=0 maxSurge=1

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Deploy new version and wait until it’s ready… Health Check: readiness probe e.g. tcp, http, script Version 1 Version 1 Version   1.2 Version 1 Rollingupdate  maxUnavailable=0 maxSurge=1

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Each container/pod is updated one by one Version 1.2 50% Version 1 V1 V1.2

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Each container/pod is updated one by one Version 1.2 Version 1.2 Version 1.2 100% Use Case • Horizontally scaled • Backward compatible API/data • Microservices Pros • Zero downtime • Reduced risk, gradual rollout w/health checks • Ready for rollback Cons • Require backward compatible APIs/data • Resource overhead

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Blue / Green Deployment

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BLUE Version 1 Ingress e.g haproxy BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Using Ingress 100%

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BLUE GREEN Version 1 Version 2 Ingress e.g haproxy BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Using Ingress 100% Health Check: readiness probe e.g. tcp, http, script

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BLUE GREEN Version 1 Version 2 Ingress e.g haproxy BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Using Ingress 100%

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BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Rollback BLUE GREEN Version 1 Version 2 Ingress Use Case • Self-contained micro services (data) Pros • Low risk, never change production • No downtime • Production like testing • Rollback Cons • Resource overhead • Data synchronization

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RAPID INNOVATION & EXPERIMENTATION WITH A/B TESTING

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”only about 1/3 of ideas improve the metrics   they were designed to improve.”  Ronny Kohavi, Microsoft (Amazon) MICROSERVICES RAPID INNNOVATION & EXPERIMENTATION

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A/B TESTING USING CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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25% Conversion Rate ?! Conversion Rate 100% Version B Version A Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS Tests / CI

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25% Conversion Rate 30% Conversion Rate 75% 25% Version B Version A Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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25% Conversion Rate 30% Conversion Rate 100% Version B Version A Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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25% Conversion Rate 20% Conversion Rate 100% Version B Version A Rollback Ingress CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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DATABASE MIGRATIONS

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Application v3 Development Application V2 Test Application v1 Production DB v1 DB v2 DB v3 CI/CD PIPELINE Version control database updates, ex: flyway V3__add_table_scooter.sql V2__add_table_truck.sql V1__add_table_car.sql

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DATABASE MIGRATIONS Version control database updates with Containers CONTAINER IMAGE CONTAINER BUILD FILE SQL MIGRATION SCRIPT Source Code Repository V2__add_table.sql Source Code Repository V2__add_table.sql /var/flyway/data Flyway flyway-mydb:v2.0.0 Registry + Dockerfile

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Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresq pvcl DATABASE MIGRATION StatefulSet deployment with headless Service v1

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Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresql Pvc DATABASE MIGRATIONS Create a Job for Flyway Flyway Job Secrets = Database Connection Info v1 flyway-mydb:v2.0.0 Image Registry Flyway

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role=postgressql type=primary Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresql pvc DATABASE MIGRATIONS Apply schema changes to database Flyway Job Secrets = Database Connection Info V2 flyway-mydb:v2.0.0 Flyway

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role=postgresql type=primary Nodes Pods Services postgresql-0 Persistent Volume A B D C PostgreSQL StatefulSet replicas=1 role=postgresql Pvc DATABASE MIGRATIONS Version control for database with Kubernetes V2

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Network isolation API & Platform access Federated clusters Storage {} CI/CD Monitoring & Logging Images Builds Container host Registry SECURING YOUR CONTAINER ENVIRONMENT

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NETWORK SECURITY

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Network Namespace   provides resource isolation NETWORK ISOLATION Multi-Environment Multi-Tenant

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NETWORK POLICY example:   all pods in namespace ‘project-a’ allow traffic   from any other pods in the same namespace.”

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Kubernetes   Logical Network Model NETWORK SECURITY • Kubernetes uses a flat SDN model • All pods get IP from same CIDR • And live on same logical network • Assumes all nodes communicate  Traditional   Physical Network Model • Each layer represents a Zone with  increased trust - DMZ > App > DB,  interzone flow generally one direction • Intrazone traffic generally unrestricted

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NETWORK SECURITY MODELS Co-Existence Approaches One Cluster Multiple Zones Kubernete Cluster Physical Compute   isolation based on   Network Zones Kubernete Cluster One Cluster Per Zone Kubernete Cluster B Kubernete Cluster A Kubernetes Cluster B C D https://blog.openshift.com/openshift-and-network-security-zones-coexistence-approaches/

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MONITORING & LOGGING

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CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK LOOP

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KUBERNETES MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS Kubernetes* Container* Host Cluster services, services, pods,   deployments metrics Container native metrics Traditional resource metrics - cpu, memory, network, storage prometheus + grafana kubernetes-state-metrics probes Stack Metrics Tool node-exporter kubelet:cAdvisor Application Distributed applications - traditional app metrics - service discovery - distributed tracing prometheus + grafana jaeger tracing istio

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Aggregate platform and application log access via Kibana + Elasticsearch LOGGING

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STORAGE SECURITY

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Local Storage Quota Security Context Constraints STORAGE SECURITY Sometimes we can also have storage isolation requirements:   pods in a network zone must use different storage endpoints   than pods in other network zones. We can create one storage class per storage endpoint and   then control which storage class(es) a project can use

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API & PLATFORM ACCESS

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Authentication via OAuth tokens and SSL certificate Authorization via Policy Engine checks User/Group Defined Roles API & PLATFORM ACCESS

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FEDERATION

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Amazon East OpenStack FEDERATED CLUSTERS Roles & access management (in-dev)

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WHAT’S NEXT

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Traffic Control Service Resiliency Chaos Testing Observ- ability Security

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OPERATORS

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Deployment Frequency Lead Time Deployment  Failure Rate Mean Time to Recover 99.999 Service Availability DEVSECOPS METRICS Compliance Score

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THANK YOU linkedin: Chris Van Tuin email: cvantuin@redhat.com twitter: @chrisvantuin