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͜Μʹͪ͸ Hello!

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ࢲ͸೔ຊޠ͕࿩ͤ·ͤΜ I don't speak Japanese

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αʔόʔΤϥʔͷͨΊ຋༁Ͱ͖·ͤΜͰͨ͠ αʔόʔΤϥʔͷͨΊ຋༁Ͱ͖·ͤΜͰͨ͠

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Godfrey Chan @chancancode

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ొஃऀ Speaker

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ొஃऀ The Altar Climber? Magic Ruby JS C Rust

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ͱʹ͔͘ Anyway…

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"

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ຊ෺ͷΞϝϦΧྉཧ Authentic American Cuisine 4 Dec 2015 ≥ Portland Airport

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#

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14ºC

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14ºC

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14ºCanada Χφμ

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14ºCanada Χφμ "It's 14 degrees in Canada."

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57ºF

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57ºF

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57ºFreedom ࣗ༝౓

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57ºFreedom ࣗ༝౓ "57 degrees of Freedom"

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gem install canada

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>> require "canada" => true >> " ".blank_eh? => true >> "hi".blank_eh? => false

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Also available for mruby ! chancancode/mruby-canada

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ͱʹ͔͘ Anyway…

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Ϡϑμ͸Ͳ͜ʁ Where is Yehuda?

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"The Fold"

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Lesson* *Always check the fineprint!

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ͱʹ͔͘ Anyway…

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Ruby

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High-level, predictable, dynamic, OOP, metaprogramming…

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Slow

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C

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Low-level, imperative, dangerous…

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Fast, closer to The Metal™…

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Native Extensions Best of both worlds*

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gem install json

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gem install json JSON::Ext Native Extension JSON::Pure Pure Ruby

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Native Extensions Best of both worlds*

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Native Extensions Best of both worlds* * For the end-user

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"Here’s a general value for Rails development: We will jump through hoops on the implementation to make the user-facing API nicer." David Heinemeier Hansson Creator of Ruby on Rails

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"Here’s a general value for Rails development: We will jump through hoops on the implementation to make the user-facing API nicer." David Heinemeier Hansson Creator of Ruby on Rails developer experience

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@SamSaffron

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String#blank?

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class String # A string is blank if it's empty or contains whitespaces only: # # ''.blank? # => true # ' '.blank? # => true # "\t\n\r".blank? # => true # ' blah '.blank? # => false # # Unicode whitespace is supported: # # "\u00a0".blank? # => true # # @return [true, false] def blank? /\A[[:space:]]*\z/ === self end end

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! SamSaffron/fast_blank

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Up to 20x faster

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Me

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Knows just enough C to be dangerous

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Knows just enough C to be dangerous ptr

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Knows just enough C to be dangerous *ptr

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Knows just enough C to be dangerous ***********ptr

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Knows just enough C to be dangerous &&&&&&&ptr

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SIGSEGV

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Rust?

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Yehuda Katz @wycats

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TC39

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Hack Without Fear!

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Structs struct Circle { radius: f64 } impl Circle { fn new(r: f64) -> Circle { Circle { radius: r } } fn diameter(&self) -> f64 { self.radius * 2 } }

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Structs struct Circle { radius: f64 } impl Circle { fn new(r: f64) -> Circle { Circle { radius: r } } fn diameter(&self) -> f64 { self.radius * 2 } } fn main() { let c = Circle::new(10.0); println!("{}", c.diameter()); }

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Static Dispatch

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Static Dispatch Allows Function Inlining

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Function Inlining (Wikipedia) the primary benefit of inline expansion is to allow further optimizations

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Allocation

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Heap Allocation typedef struct { double side; } square; int main() { square* s = (square*)malloc(sizeof(square)); s->side = 10.0; printf("%f", diagonal(s)); free(square); }

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Stack Allocation typedef struct { double side; } square; int main() { square s; s.side = 10.0; printf("%f", diagonal(s)); } "Stack" square diagonal(s) diagonal(s) main() {side: 10.0} 14.142135623

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Stack Allocation • The stack pointer handles freeing memory (fast) • In Ruby, it is an optimization, never guaranteed

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But! • The exact size for each function must be known at compile time • It's dangerous to give out pointers to the stack

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Rust ownership makes stack allocation safe

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Traits and Generics

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Traits and Generics This is where it gets interesting!

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Traits struct Circle { radius: f64 } struct Square { side: f64 }

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Traits struct Circle { radius: f64 } struct Square { side: f64 } trait Shape { fn area(&self) -> f64; } impl Shape for Circle { fn area(&self) -> f64 { PI * self.radius.powf(2.0) } } impl Shape for Square { fn area(&self) -> f64 { self.side * self.side } }

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Traits struct Circle { ... } struct Square { ... } trait Shape { ... } impl Shape for Circle { fn area(&self) -> f64 { PI * self.radius.powf(2.0) } } impl Shape for Square { fn area(&self) -> f64 { self.side * self.side } } fn main() { let s = Square::new(10.0); let c = Circle::new(10.0); println!("{}", s.area()); println!("{}", c.area()); }

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Traits Are Where The Magic Is fn print_area(shape: &S) { println!("{}", shape.area()); }

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Still Static Dispatch!

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It adds up... a lot!

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Back to fast_blank

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In C static VALUE rb_string_blank(VALUE str) { rb_encoding *enc; char *s, *e; enc = STR_ENC_GET(str); s = RSTRING_PTR(str); if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return Qtrue; e = RSTRING_END(str); while (s < e) { int n; unsigned int cc = rb_enc_codepoint_len(...); switch (cc) { case 9: case 0xa: case 0xb: case 0xc: case 0xd: case 0x20: case 0x85: case 0xa0: case 0x1680: case 0x2000: case 0x2001: case 0x2002: case 0x2003: case 0x2004: case 0x2005: case 0x2006: case 0x2007: case 0x2008: case 0x2009: case 0x200a: case 0x2028: case 0x2029: case 0x202f: case 0x205f: case 0x3000: break; default: return Qfalse; } s += n; } return Qtrue; }

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In Rust pub extern "C" fn fast_blank(buf: Buf) -> bool { buf.as_slice().chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) }

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=========== Test String Length: 6 =========== Rust 11.043M (± 3.5%) i/s - 54.744M C 10.583M (± 8.5%) i/s - 52.464M Ruby 964.469k (±27.6%) i/s - 4.390M

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pub extern "C" fn fast_blank(buf: Buf) -> bool { buf.as_slice().chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) }

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pub extern "C" fn fast_blank(buf: Buf) -> bool { buf.as_slice().chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) } *

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extern crate libc; use std::{ptr, slice}; use std::marker::PhantomData; #[repr(C)] #[allow(raw_pointer_derive)] #[derive(Copy, Clone)] pub struct Buf<'a> { ptr: *mut u8, len: usize, marker: PhantomData<&'a ()>, } impl<'a> Buf<'a> { pub fn as_slice(self) -> &'a str { unsafe { let s = slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr as *const u8, self.len); std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(s) } } } #[no_mangle] pub extern "C" fn fast_blank(buf: Buf) -> bool { buf.as_slice().unwrap().chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) } #include #include typedef struct { void* data; size_t len; } fast_blank_buf_t; static inline fast_blank_buf_t STR2BUF(VALUE str) { return (fast_blank_buf_t) { .data = RSTRING_PTR(str), .len = RSTRING_LEN(str), }; } int fast_blank(fast_blank_buf_t); static VALUE rb_string_blank_p(VALUE str) { return fast_blank(STR2BUF(str)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse; } void Init_fast_blank() { rb_define_method(rb_cString, "blank?", rb_string_blank_p, 0); } Rust Code C Code

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// Rust Code extern crate libc; use std::{ptr, slice}; use std::marker::PhantomData; #[repr(C)] #[allow(raw_pointer_derive)] #[derive(Copy, Clone)] pub struct Buf<'a> { ptr: *mut u8, len: usize, marker: PhantomData<&'a ()>, } impl<'a> Buf<'a> { pub fn as_slice(self) -> &'a str { unsafe { let s = slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr as *const u8, self.len); std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(s) } } } #[no_mangle] pub extern "C" fn fast_blank(buf: Buf) -> bool { buf.as_slice().unwrap().chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) } // C Code #include #include typedef struct { void* data; size_t len; } fast_blank_buf_t; static inline fast_blank_buf_t STR2BUF(VALUE str) { return (fast_blank_buf_t) { .data = RSTRING_PTR(str), .len = RSTRING_LEN(str), }; } int fast_blank(fast_blank_buf_t); static VALUE rb_string_blank_p(VALUE str) { return fast_blank(STR2BUF(str)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse; } void Init_fast_blank() { rb_define_method(rb_cString, "blank?", rb_string_blank_p, 0); } Rust Extension #include #include #include #include #define STR_ENC_GET(str) rb_enc_from_index(ENCODING_GET(str)) static VALUE rb_string_blank(VALUE str) { rb_encoding *enc; char *s, *e; enc = STR_ENC_GET(str); s = RSTRING_PTR(str); if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return Qtrue; e = RSTRING_END(str); while (s < e) { int n; unsigned int cc = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, e, &n, enc); switch (cc) { case 9: case 0xa: case 0xb: case 0xc: case 0xd: case 0x20: case 0x85: case 0xa0: case 0x1680: case 0x2000: case 0x2001: case 0x2002: case 0x2003: case 0x2004: case 0x2005: case 0x2006: case 0x2007: case 0x2008: case 0x2009: case 0x200a: case 0x2028: case 0x2029: case 0x202f: case 0x205f: case 0x3000: break; default: return Qfalse; } s += n; } return Qtrue; } void Init_fast_blank() { rb_define_method(rb_cString, "blank?", rb_string_blank, 0); } C Extension

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libcruby

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extern crate libcruby; use libcruby::consts::*; use libcruby::types::*; extern "C" fn string_is_blank(receiver: String) -> Boolean { if receiver[..].chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) { Qtrue } else { Qfalse } } #[no_mangle] pub extern "C" fn Init_fast_blank() { String.define_method::("blank?", string_is_blank); } Rust Extension #include #include #include #include #define STR_ENC_GET(str) rb_enc_from_index(ENCODING_GET(str)) static VALUE rb_string_blank(VALUE str) { rb_encoding *enc; char *s, *e; enc = STR_ENC_GET(str); s = RSTRING_PTR(str); if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return Qtrue; e = RSTRING_END(str); while (s < e) { int n; unsigned int cc = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, e, &n, enc); switch (cc) { case 9: case 0xa: case 0xb: case 0xc: case 0xd: case 0x20: case 0x85: case 0xa0: case 0x1680: case 0x2000: case 0x2001: case 0x2002: case 0x2003: case 0x2004: case 0x2005: case 0x2006: case 0x2007: case 0x2008: case 0x2009: case 0x200a: case 0x2028: case 0x2029: case 0x202f: case 0x205f: case 0x3000: break; default: return Qfalse; } s += n; } return Qtrue; } void Init_fast_blank() { rb_define_method(rb_cString, "blank?", rb_string_blank, 0); } C Extension

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extern crate libcruby; use libcruby::consts::*; use libcruby::types::*; extern "C" fn string_is_blank(receiver: String) -> Boolean { if receiver[..].chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) { Qtrue } else { Qfalse } } #[no_mangle] pub extern "C" fn Init_fast_blank() { String.define_method::("blank?", string_is_blank); }

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extern use libcruby use libcruby extern if } } } #[no_mangle] pub extern String. } -> Boolean Qtrue Qfalse libcruby::types::Boolean

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extern use libcruby use libcruby extern if } } } #[no_mangle] pub extern String. } String.define_method::("blank?", string_is_blank);

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String.define_method::("blank?", string_is_blank);

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String. String libcruby::consts::String

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String. String extern { #[link_name = "rb_Qfalse"] pub static Qfalse: Boolean<'static>; #[link_name = "rb_Qtrue"] pub static Qtrue: Boolean<'static>; // ... #[link_name = "rb_cString"] pub static String: Class<'static>; #[link_name = "rb_mKernel"] pub static Kernel: Module<'static>; } libcruby::consts::String

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String. String extern } #[link_name = "rb_cString"] pub static String: Class<'static>; libcruby::consts::String

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String. String extern } rb_cString libcruby::consts::String

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String. String extern } Class libcruby::consts::String

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String. String extern } Class libcruby::consts::String libcruby::types::Class

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String. .define_method extern { fn rb_define_method_id(receiver: VALUE, name: ID, func: *const c_void, argc: c_int); } #[repr(C)] pub struct Class { VALUE: VALUE } #[repr(C)] pub struct Module { VALUE: VALUE } trait Namespace { fn define_method(&self, name: &str, func: ...) { unsafe { rb_define_method_id(self.as_ptr(), intern(name), func); } } } impl Namespace for Module {} impl Namespace for Class {}

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String. .define_method extern { fn rb_define_method_id } #[repr(C)] pub struct Class VALUE } #[repr(C)] pub struct Module VALUE } trait Namespace fn define_method } } impl Namespace impl Namespace trait Namespace { fn define_method(&self, name: &str, func: ...) { } } impl Namespace for Class {}

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String. .define_method extern { fn rb_define_method_id } #[repr(C)] pub struct Class VALUE } #[repr(C)] pub struct Module VALUE } trait Namespace fn define_method } } impl Namespace impl Namespace extern { fn rb_define_method_id(receiver: VALUE, name: ID, func: *const c_void, argc: c_int); } rb_define_method_id(self.as_ptr(), intern(name), func);

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String.define_method::("blank?", string_is_blank); rb_define_method_id(rb_cString, rb_intern("blank?"), string_is_blank, 0);

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let str = String::new("zomg"); let quoted = str.send::("inspect"); let obj_id = str.send::("__id__");

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let str = String::new("zomg"); let quoted = str.send::("inspect"); let obj_id = str.send::("__id__"); VALUE str = rb_str_new_cstr("zomg"); VALUE quoted = rb_func_call(str, rb_intern("inspect")); VALUE obj_id = rb_func_call(str, rb_intern("__id__"));

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trb files class String def blank? -> bool <<-RUST self[..].chars().all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) RUST end end

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Usage $ ruby extconf.rb $ make $ ruby -r ./fast_blank -e "p ' '.blank?" true $ ruby -r ./fast_blank -e "p ' nope '.blank?" false

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trb + libcruby

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Turbo Rails with Rust?

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What about Ruby?

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Channels Forbid Aliasing Functional Forbid Mutation Rust Forbid Both at the Same Time Shared or Mutable, Pick One

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͋Γ͕ͱ͏ Thank you!