OpenStack Summit Vancouver: A DevOps State of Mind: Continuous Security with Kubernetes

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A DevOps State of Mind: Continuous Security with Kubernetes Chris Van Tuin Chief Technologist, NA West / Silicon Valley cvantuin@redhat.com

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“Only the paranoid survive” - Andy Grove, 1996

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Retail Finance Media Transportation ? ? SOFTWARE DISRUPTS BUSINESS

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HOW DOES I.T. ACCELERATE   BUSINESS INNOVATION? 6 to 9 months Innovation Hours to Weeks

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DEV QA OPS “THROW IT OVER THE WALL” Challenges 1. Limited resources 2. Security bottlenecks 3. Large change set =   more bugs, more testing 4. Extended feedback loop 5. Environment drift Walled off people, walled off processes, walled off technologies

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DEVOPS Speeding Up Time to Market Leverage tooling & automation Reduce organizational silos Accept failure  as normal Implement gradual change Measure everything

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DEV QA OPS SECURITY IS AN AFTERTHOUGHT | SECURITY | “Patch? The servers are behind the firewall.” - Anonymous (far too many to name), 2005 - …

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http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/worlds-biggest-data-breaches-hacks/ SECURITY BREACH: BILLION DATA RECORDS

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36% - Employees not taking proper security measures 32% - Outside breach 14% - Unpatched or unpatchable 11% - Internal attack by an employee 4% - Shadow IT 3% - Bring your own device/mobile Source: Techvalidate/Red Hat % of Respondants WHAT IS THE GREATEST SECURITY RISK?

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SECURITY MUST EVOLVE & KEEP UP

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ANY COMBINATION, WHETHER TRADITIONAL OR CONTAINERIZED LEGACY APPS (1,000+) BARE METAL PRIVATE CLOUD PUBLIC CLOUD VIRTUAL PRODUCTION DEV/TEST HYBRID CLOUD ENVIRONMENTS

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BARE METAL VIRTUAL PRIVATE CLOUD OFF-PREMISE ON-PREMISE PUBLIC CLOUD DATA DATA DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS

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DEV QA OPS Open organization +   cross-functional teams Software factory automation Linux + Containers IaaS Orchestration CI/CD Source Control Management Collaboration Build and Artifact Management Testing Frameworks Open Source CI/CD pipelines with feedback Culture Process Technology + + BREAKING DOWN THE WALLS WITH DEVOPS

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DEVSECOPS + + End to End Security DEV QA OPS Culture Automated Process Technology Linux + Containers IaaS Orchestration CI/CD Source Control Management Collaboration Build and Artifact Management Testing Frameworks Open Source

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DEVSECOPS Continuous Security Improvement Process Optimization Security Automation Dev QA Prod Reduce Risks, Lower Costs, Speed Delivery, Speed Reaction

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CONTAINERS

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CONTAINERS

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4 ● Are there known vulnerabilities in the application layer? ● Are the runtime and OS layers up to date? ● How frequently will the container be updated and how will I know when it’s updated? CONTENT: EACH LAYER MATTERS CONTAINER OS RUNTIME APPLICATION CONTENT: EACH LAYER MATTERS AYER MATTERS CONTAINER OS RUNTIME APPLICATION JAR CONTAINER

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LAPTOP Container Application OS dependencies Guest VM LINUX BARE METAL Container Application OS dependencies LINUX VIRTUALIZATION Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX PRIVATE CLOUD Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX PUBLIC CLOUD Container Application OS dependencies Virtual Machine LINUX APPLICATION PORTABILITY WITH CONTAINERS

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CONTAINERS AT SCALE

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Scheduling Monitoring Persistence Discovery Lifecycle & health Scaling Aggregation Security MORE THAN CONTAINERS…

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BARE METAL VIRTUAL PRIVATE CLOUD PUBLIC CLOUD

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DEVSECOPS End to End Security + + DEV QA OPS SECURITY

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Web Database replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web ORCHESTRATION Deployment, Declarative Nodes Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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role=web role=web ORCHESTRATION Schedule + Provision Pods (Compute/Storage/Network) Image Registry Pods Nodes Web replicas=2,   role=web ReplicaSet

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role=web role=db role=web Pods Nodes Image Registry ORCHESTRATION Schedule + Provision Pods (Compute/Storage/Network) Web replicas=2,   role=web ReplicaSet Database replicas=1,   role=db StatefulSet

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Web Database role=web role=db role=web replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web ORCHESTRATION Service (Load Balancer) Pods Nodes Services Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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HEALTH CHECK Monitoring & Logging Pods Nodes Services Web Database role=web role=db role=web replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web

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HEALTH CHECK Pods Nodes Services Web Database role=web role=db role=web replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web role=web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Web Database replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web HEALTH CHECK Pods Nodes Services role=web role=db role=web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Web Database replicas=1,   role=db replicas=2,   role=web AUTO-SCALE Monitoring & Logging 80% CPU Pods Nodes Services role=web role=db role=web

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Web Database replicas=1,   role=db replicas=3   role=web AUTO-SCALE 80% CPU Pods Nodes Services role=web role=db role=web role=web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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Pods Nodes Services Web Database replicas=1,   role=db replicas=3   role=web AUTO-SCALE 50% CPU role=web role=db role=web role=web Controller Manager & Data Store (etcd)

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CONTAINER SECURITY

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Network isolation Storage API & Platform access Monitoring & Logging Federated clusters Registry Container host {} CI/CD Images SECURING CONTAINERS Builds

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CONTAINER BUILDS

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docker.io Registry Private Registry FROM fedora:1.0 CMD echo “Hello” Build file Physical, Virtual, Cloud Image Container Build Run Ship CONTAINER BUILDS

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Best Practices • Treat as a Blueprint • Don’t login to build/configure • Version control build file • Be explicit with versions, not latest • Each Run creates a new layer CONTAINER BUILDS FROM fedora:1.0 CMD echo “Hello” Build file Build

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A CONVERGED SOFTWARE   SUPPLY CHAIN

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CONTAINER IMAGE SECURITY

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64% of official images in Docker Hub   contain high priority security vulnerabilities examples: ShellShock (bash) Heartbleed (OpenSSL) Poodle (OpenSSL) Source: Over 30% of Official Images in Docker Hub Contain High Priority Security Vulnerabilities, Jayanth Gummaraju, Tarun Desikan, and Yoshio Turner, BanyanOps, May 2015 (http://www.banyanops.com/pdf/BanyanOps-AnalyzingDockerHub-WhitePaper.pdf) WHAT’S INSIDE THE CONTAINER MATTERS

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SECURITY IMPLICATIONS What’s inside matters…

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code config data Kubernetes configmaps secrets Container image Traditional   data services, Kubernetes   persistent volumes TREAT CONTAINERS AS IMMUTABLE

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CONTAINER REGISTRY SECURITY

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PRIVATE REGISTRY

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IMAGE SIGNING Validate what images and version are running

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CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION WITH CONTAINERS

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CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION + SECURITY

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Security CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION WITH SECURITY SCAN

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY WITH CONTAINERS

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY WITH CONTAINERS

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY + SECURITY

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY: DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES

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CONTINUOUS DELIVERY DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES • Recreate • Rolling updates • Blue / Green deployment

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Recreate

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME

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Version 1.2 Version 1.2 Version 1.2 RECREATE WITH DOWNTIME Use Case • Non-mission critical services Cons • Downtime Pros • Simple, clean • No Schema incompatibilities • No API versioning

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Rolling Updates

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Version 1 Version 1 Version 1 Version 1.2 ` Tests / CI ROLLING UPDATES with ZERO DOWNTIME

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Deploy new version and wait until it’s ready… Version 1 Version 1 V1.2 Health Check: readiness probe e.g. tcp, http, script V1

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Each container/pod is updated one by one Version 1.2 50% Version 1 V1 V1.2

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Each container/pod is updated one by one Version 1.2 Version 1.2 Version 1.2 100% Use Case • Horizontally scaled • Backward compatible API/data • Microservices Cons • Require backward compatible APIs/data • Resource overhead Pros • Zero downtime • Reduced risk, gradual rollout w/health checks • Ready for rollback

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Blue / Green Deployment

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Version 1 BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Route BLUE

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Version 1 BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Version 1.2 BLUE GREEN

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Version 1 Tests / CI BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Version 1.2 BLUE GREEN

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Version 1 Version 1.2 BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Route Version 1.2 BLUE GREEN

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Version 1 BLUE / GREEN DEPLOYMENT Rollback Route Version 1.2 BLUE GREEN Use Case • Self-contained micro services (data) Cons • Resource overhead • Data synchronization Pros • Low risk, never change production • No downtime • Production like testing • Rollback

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RAPID INNOVATION & EXPERIMENTATION

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”only about 1/3 of ideas improve the metrics   they were designed to improve.”  Ronny Kohavi, Microsoft (Amazon) MICROSERVICES RAPID INNNOVATION & EXPERIMENTATION

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CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK LOOP

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A/B TESTING USING CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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Version 1.2 Version 1 100% Tests / CI Version 1.2 Route 25% Conversion Rate ?! Conversion Rate CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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50% 50% Version 1.2 Version 1 Route Version 1.2 25% Conversion Rate 30% Conversion Rate CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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25% Conversion Rate 100% Version 1 Version 1.2 Route Version 1.2 30% Conversion Rate CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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Version 1.2 Version 1 100% Route Rollback 25% Conversion Rate 20% Conversion Rate CANARY DEPLOYMENTS

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CONTAINER HOST SECURITY

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Kernel Hardware (Intel, AMD) or Virtual Machine Containers Containers Containers Unit File Docker Image Container CLI SYSTEMD Cgroups Namespaces SELinux Drivers CONTAINERS ARE LINUX seccomp Read Only mounts

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CGROUPS - RESOURCE ISOLATION

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NAMESPACES - PROCESS ISOLATION

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SELINUX - MANDATORY ACCESS CONTROLS Password Files Web Server Attacker Discretionary Access Controls   (file permissions) Mandatory Access Controls   (selinux) Internal Network Firewall Rules Password Files Firewall Rules Internal Network Web Server selinux policy

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SECCOMP - DROPPING PRIVILEGES

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READ ONLY MOUNTS

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Best Practices • Don’t run as root • Limit SSH Access • Use namespaces • Define resource quotas • Enable logging • Apply Security Errata • Apply Security Context and seccomp filters http://blog.kubernetes.io/2016/08/security-best-practices-kubernetes-deployment.html CONTAINER HOST SECURITY Kernel Hardware (Intel, AMD) or Virtual Machine Containers Containers Containers Unit File Docker Image Container SYSTEM Cgroup Namespace SELinu Driver seccom Read Only

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Network isolation Storage API & Platform access Monitoring & Logging Federated clusters Registry Container host {} CI/CD Images Builds SECURING CONTAINERS

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NETWORK ISOLATION

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Network Namespace   provides resource isolation NETWORK ISOLATION Multi-Environment Multi-Tenant

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NETWORK POLICY example:   all pods in namespace ‘project-a’ allow traffic   from any other pods in the same namespace.”

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STORAGE SECURITY

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Local Storage Quota Security Context Constraints STORAGE SECURITY

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API & PLATFORM ACCESS

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Authentication via OAuth tokens and SSL certificate Authorization via Policy Engine checks User/Group Defined Roles API & PLATFORM ACCESS

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MONITORING & LOGGING

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Aggregate platform and application log access via Kibana + Elasticsearch LOGGING

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Historical CPU and Memory usage MONITORING

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FEDERATION

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Amazon East OpenStack FEDERATED CLUSTERS Roles & access management (in-dev)

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Deployment Frequency Lead Time Deployment  Failure Rate Mean Time to Recover 99.999 Service Availability DEVSECOPS METRICS Compliance Score

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THANK YOU linkedin: Chris Van Tuin email: cvantuin@redhat.com twitter: @chrisvantuin