Modern compute stack for scaling large ML/AI/LLM workloads Jules S. Damji Anyscale (Ray Team)

A quick poll …

$whami ● Lead Developer Advocate, Anyscale & Ray Team ● Sr. Developer Advocate, Databricks, Apache Spark/MLflow Team ● Led Developer Advocacy, Hortonworks ● Held SWE positions: ○ Sun Microsystems ○ Netscape ○ @Home ○ Loudcloud/Opsware ○ Verisign

Who do I work for … Who we are::Original creators of Ray, a unified general-purpose framework for scalable distributed computing What we do: Scalable compute for AI as managed service, with Ray at its core, and the best platform to develop & run AI apps Why we do it: Scaling is a necessity, scaling is hard; make distributed computing easy and simple for everyone

Agenda ● Challenges with existing ML/AI stack ○ Scaling AI/ML large workloads ○ Infrastructure management ● What is Ray & Why Ray AI Libraries? ○ Ray Data & Ray Trainers ● Emerging modern stack for LLMs ○ Challenges of distributed training for LLMs ○ 🤗 + Ray AI Libraries == easy distributed training ● Demo ○ Fine-tuning & scaling an LLM model with 🤗 + Ray AI Libraries

Challenges 🙄 with existing ML/AI stack

Challenge #1 Still not easy to go from dev to prod at scale. preprocess.py train.py eval.py run_workflow.py

Challenge #2 What happens when your ML infra gets out of date? preprocess.py train.py eval.py run_workflow.py

Key problems of existing ML infrastructure Scaling is hard, especially for data scientists Platforms solutions can limit flexibility But custom infrastructure is too hard

How do we fix these problems… We want to address these problems! 1. Increase Developer velocity 2. Manage complex infrastructure 3. Scale end-to-end ML pipelines ● We want simplicity with blessings of scale …!

Analogy of simpler times … Good ole days! Filesystem "single sklearn script"

What we desire …simplicity & scale Storage and Tracking Preprocessing Training Scoring Serving …` ... ... Ray AI libraries can provide that … single application

What is Ray… ? ● A simple/general-purpose library for distributed computing ● Comes w/ unified Python Ray AI Libraries (for scaling ML and more) ● Runs on laptop, public cloud, K8s, on-premise A layered cake of functionality and capability for scaling ML workloads

A layered cake & ecosystem Library + app ecosystem Ray core

A layered cake & ecosystem

Who’s using Ray …. 24,000+ GitHub 5,000+ Depend on Ray 1,000+ Organizations Using Ray 27,000+ GitHub stars 5,000+ Repositories Depend on Ray 870+ Community Contributors

Ray AI Libraries: Ray Data + RayTrain …

What’s the ML/AI/LLM stack? Zero-3 for fine-tuning OSS LLM For orchestration, scaling & accelerators (GPUs, TPUs, Infrantia1-2, Trainium) Ray Data

When to use Ray AI Libraries? Scale a single type of workload Scale end-to-end ML applications Run ecosystem libraries using a unified API Build a custom ML platform

Ray AI Libraries : Ray Data ingest ● Ray Datasets as a common data format ● Easily read from disk/cloud, or from other formats (images, CVS, Parquet, HF etc) ● Fully distributed ● Can handle data too big to fit on one node or even the entire cluster Trainer Worker Worker Worker Worker Dataset Trainer.fit

Ray Data overview High performance distributed IO ds = ray.data.read_parquet("s3://some/bucket") ds = ray.data.read_csv("/tmp/some_file.csv") Leverages Apache Arrow’s high-performance IO Parallelized using Ray’s high-throughput task execution or actor pool execution Scales to PiB-scale jobs in production (Amazon) Read from storage Transform data ds = ds.map_batches(batch_func) ds = ds.map(func) ds.iter_batches() -> Iterator ds.write_parquet("s3://some/bucket") Consume data

Ray Data’s : Preprocessors ● Ray Data provides out-of-box preprocessors for common ML tasks ● Write your own UDFs to map-apply APIs

Simple batch inference example Using user defined functions (UDFs) Logical data flow:

A simple batch inference example

Multi-stage (heterogeneous) pipeline Read Preprocess Inference Save GPU CPU

Heterogeneous pipeline (CPU + GPU)

Ray Train: Distributed ML/DL training Ray Train is a library for developing, orchestrating, and scaling distributed deep learning applications.

Scaling across cluster … Compatibility: Integrates with deep learning frameworks

PyTorch Setup distributed env Setup DDP model Setup distributed sampler Move batches to GPU Compatibility: Integrates with deep learning frameworks

Compatibility: Integrates with deep learning frameworks Hugging Face Transformers

Define a storage_path to persist checkpoints and artifacts to ● Cloud storage: AWS S3, GCS, … ● Shared file systems: Hadoop HDFS, AWS EFS, GCP Filestore, … Compatibility: Integrates with persistent storage

Ray Trainer: Trainer: Parallelization ● PyTorch DDP on a Ray Cluster ○ FSDP, DeepSpeed supported ● Abstracts away infrastructure ● Supports CPUs, GPUs, TPUs etc workers Trainer Worker 1 Worker 2 Worker 3 Worker 4

🤗 + Ray Train: Training, Scaling & Fine-Tuning LLMs

Trends & challenges on deep learning training Large Datasets Large Models Data Parallelism Model Parallelism Distributed Training

Challenges in distributed training Compatibility ⚙ Scalability 🚀 Large Model Training 󰙥 : An OSS production-ready solution part of the stack

Model Data Supported distributed strategies include: ● ZeRO ● Pipeline Parallelism ● Tensor Parallelism LLM Support 󰙥 DeepSpeed and Accelerate

What’s the LLM stack ? Fine-tuning OSS pretrained models Zero-3 For fine-tuning OSS LLM For orchestration, scaling & accelerators (GPUs, TPUs, Infrantia1-2, Trainium) Ray Data

● Distributed Data Parallel/FSDP + DeepSpeed training on a Ray Cluster ○ Takes advantage of PyTorch DDP & Hugging Face support for it ● Runs user-defined Hugging Face code without any changes ● Automatically converts Ray Datasets to format expected by Hugging Face Ray AI + 🤗 Trainer: Implementation

Fine-tuning GPT-J/6B Ray AIR + HF + DeepSpeed Easy way to fine-tune an OSS LLM… EleutherAI-GPT-J/6B Pile dataset 825GB tiny-shakespeare 40K lines ~ 1.2MB Fine-tuned EleutherAI-GPT-J/6B Pile + tiny-shakespeare

🤗 training workflow dataset = load_dataset("yelp_review_full") train_dataset, eval_dataset = dataset["train"], dataset["test"] model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased", num_labels=5) training_args = TrainingArguments(f"{model_checkpoint}-yelp", evaluation_strategy="epoch") trainer = Trainer(model=model, args=training_args, train_dataset=train_dataset, eval_dataset=eval_dataset) trainer.train()

🤗 training workflow, distributed with Ray AI Libraries dataset = load_dataset("yelp_review_full") train_dataset, eval_dataset = dataset["train"], dataset["test"] def trainer_init_per_worker(train_dataset, eval_dataset, **config): model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased", num_labels=5) training_args = TrainingArguments(f"{model_checkpoint}-yelp", evaluation_strategy="epoch") trainer = Trainer(model=model, args=training_args, train_dataset=train_dataset, eval_dataset=eval_dataset) return trainer

🤗 training workflow, distributed with Ray AI Libraries dataset = load_dataset("yelp_review_full") train_dataset, eval_dataset = dataset["train"], dataset["test"] def trainer_init_per_worker(train_dataset, eval_dataset, **config): model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased", num_labels=5) training_args = TrainingArguments(f"{model_checkpoint}-yelp", evaluation_strategy="epoch") trainer = Trainer(model=model, args=training_args, train_dataset=train_dataset, eval_dataset=eval_dataset) return trainer trainer = TorchTrainer( trainer_init_per_worker=trainer_init_per_worker, scaling_config=ScalingConfig(num_workers=3, use_gpu=True), datasets={"train": ray.data.from_huggingface(train_dataset), "evaluation": ray.data.from_huggingface(eval_dataset)}, ) 42

🤗 training workflow, distributed with Ray AI Libraries dataset = load_dataset("yelp_review_full") train_dataset, eval_dataset = dataset["train"], dataset["test"] def trainer_init_per_worker(train_dataset, eval_dataset, **config): model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased", num_labels=5) training_args = TrainingArguments(f"{model_checkpoint}-yelp", evaluation_strategy="epoch") trainer = Trainer(model=model, args=training_args, train_dataset=train_dataset, eval_dataset=eval_dataset) return trainer trainer = TorchTrainer( trainer_init_per_worker=trainer_init_per_worker, scaling_config=ScalingConfig(num_workers=3, use_gpu=True), datasets={"train": ray.data.from_huggingface(train_dataset), "evaluation": ray.data.from_huggingface(eval_dataset)}, ) result = trainer.fit()

🤗 + Ray AI Libraries + LLM Demo

Try it out … https://bit.ly/ray-llm-examples

Demo recording …

Summary ● Outlined & explored existing challenges & trends in scaling workloads ● Offered an opinionated emerging modern stack for ML/AI/LLMs ● Provided insight and intuition into Ray Data + Ray Train ● Demonstrated the modern stack to fine-tune an LLM

Ray + LLM Workshop … Friday

Resources ● How to fine tune and serve LLMs simply, quickly and cost effectively using Ray + DeepSpeed + HuggingFace ● Get started with DeepSpeed and Ray ● Training 175B Parameter Language Models at 1000 GPU scale with Alpa and Ray ● Fast, flexible, and scalable data loading for ML training with Ray Data ● Ray Serve: Tackling the cost and complexity of serving AI in production ● Scaling Model Batch Inference in Ray: Using Actors, ActorPool, and Ray Data ● Fine-Tuning Llama-2: A Comprehensive Case Study for Tailoring Models to Unique Applications (part-1) ● Fine-Tuning LLMs: LoRA or Full-Parameter? An in-depth Analysis with Llama 2 (part-2)

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