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Building an Application with TDD, DDD and Hexagonal Architecture Isn’t it a bit too much? TDC 2024 Mufrid Krilic, Domain-Driven Design Coach, CoWork, Norway

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 What to expect today? • When you doubt something, you ask questions • This goal of this talk is to provide a set of questions • Applicable for you in your context

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• Does every business case deserve deep domain understanding? • What justifies the choice of a particular architecture? • What are the limits of the acceptable cognitive load when reading code?

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I don’t have time for Domain-Driven Design! • It’s not about how much time we spend on modeling • It’s about testing your models • «Not every part of the system will be well-designed” - Eric Evans

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How do we validate the choice of architecture? • When can we expect to get the feedback on the choices we take? • Complexity feedback!

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TDD not needed everywhere • It’s about your confidence level in the code you are working with • As a rule of thumb, check your cognitive load when reading code!

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Where I do fit in…. • “Domain-Driven Design enthusiast” • Consultant at CoWork • Tight-Loose-Tight • Domain-Driven Design • Developer, architect, technical coach • Healthcare, Telecom, Insurance • Feel free to reach out! www.linkedin.com/in/mufrid/ https://hachyderm.io/@mufrid mufrid@cowork.no Product Development Coaching

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 This talk is about doubting your principles • Is there a different way to do things? • Why do I value certain principles? • Rediscover the true reason behind

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Because…. “Those are my principles, and if you don't like them…. ... well, I have others” - Groucho Marx

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 We will question three principles today • Domain-Driven Design • Deliberate choice of architecture • Test-Driven Development

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Questioning the first principle Domain-Driven Design ….how much of domain knowledge do we need to get started?

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 The Business Context • In case of an emergency and if all our traditional communication channels are unavailable, • we need a way to distribute information to all employees by SMS.

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 The Business Context • The HR-system is employee data owner • “we need to connect to a SMS-gateway via API”

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Understanding the problem space with Domain-Driven Design • Domain Analysis • Untangling the user and stakeholder needs via the domain language • Domain Modeling • 3 models! • Using the linguistic boundaries to model the application The “Blue Book” by Eric Evans - 2004

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Isn’t it a bit too much? • How much of domain analysis? • How much of domain modeling? • Well…. it depends on the complexity of the problem!

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 The Business Context • In case of an emergency and • if all our traditional communication channels are unavailable, • we need a way to distribute information to all employees by SMS. • The HR-system is employee data owner • we need to connect to a SMS-gateway via API

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Ok, no DDD needed then? • Less complexity revealed than initially assumed • No domain language intricacies • How long will it take to do “modeling”, anyway?

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First perspective Implementing the requirements

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Second perspective Can we solve the problem differently?

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Language nuances! • What are Employee Groups? • It turns out that the customer’s organization is divided into multiple sub-organizations • Employees are contracted within the sub-organizations

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 A bit of “DDD inspiration” is useful! • No “proper” domain modeling, however…. • The second approach revealed the business model more clearly! • Can we get even better with the 3rd model?

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Multiple Models vs. Speed? “the only effective way to find out what customers really need is to give them what they want and do it quickly. That's why we iterate” - Jason Gorman on Mastodon

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Do we have time? • It’s not about how much time we spend on modeling • It’s about testing your models • Delivery • Scenarios

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Questioning the second principle Deliberate Choice of Architecture ….choosing Hexagonal Architecture, but why?

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Choosing Hexagonal Architecture From: https://alistair.cockburn.us/hexagonal-architecture/

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Choosing Hexagonal Architecture “Allow an application to equally be driven by users, programs, automated test or batch scripts, and to be developed and tested in isolation from its eventual run-time devices and databases” • The intent of Hexagonal architecture by Alistair Cockburn

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Entry from the environment (AWS) and kickstarting the use case by application service

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External Services HR System SMS Service

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Adapters: Abstract away the dependencies on external services by defining interfaces from business perspective Business logic: Keep the HR Service Employee Organizations and SMS Service Groups in sync

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Enforcing the architecture choice by managing the dependencies between the namespaces

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 The Impact on Code Structure • We are introducing several abstraction layers • We are introducing more rigid dependency strategy • We are requiring more discipline from the developers

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Isn’t it a bit too much? • Does the intent behind hexagonal architecture suits our project well? • More importantly: Does the insight of more business complexity justify the choice?

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 How do we validate the choice of architecture? • When can we expect to get the feedback on the choices we take? • Revealing domain complexity!

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Language nuances! • What are Employee Groups? • It turns out that the customer’s organization is divided into multiple sub-organizations • Employees are contracted within the sub-organizations

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Evolutionary Software Architecture “this idea of isolating and abstracting the parts of the system that you don't yet fully understand is a cornerstone of a more evolutionary approach to software architecture, defer decisions with abstraction!” - Dave Farley

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Business logic: Keep the HR Service Employee Organizations and SMS Service Groups up-to-date

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Abstraction-First Approach

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Abstraction-First Approach Where are Employees contracted today?

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Abstraction-First Approach SMS Groups need to follow organization structure

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Abstraction-First Approach Keeping the two data sources in sync to be able to send SMS to active recipients

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Abstraction-First Approach Since synchronization is not trivial, we decide to summarize results in a report for human intervention

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Embracing the uncertainty and complexity! • Keeping the two systems in sync was not a trivial task at all • Abstracting the business logic in a separate layer seems to be necessary

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 One abstraction at a time…. • Should we have waited to introduce Hexagonal Architecture? • Which leads us to the last principle…

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Where do we get most value from the tests? Questioning the third principle Test-Driven Development

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Reaching the good-enough abstraction level • “abstracting the parts of the system we don’t yet fully understand” • Dave Farley quote • Understanding through rules or examples?

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Language nuances! • What are Employee Groups? • It turns out that the customer’s organization is divided into multiple sub-organizations • Employees are contracted within the sub-organizations

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Build Understanding with Examples! @Test EmployeeExistsTwiceInSameGroupWithDuplicatePhoneNumbers_DoesNotAddDuplicateNumber() SomeEmployeesWithoutPhoneNumberForReceivingSms_ReportMembersWithoutPhoneNumber() DifferentNamesWithSameNumber_ReportMemberNotAddedBecauseOtherUserInSameGroupUsesSameNumber()

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Embracing the uncertainty with TDD! • Explore the domain test-driven • Setting up scenarios that validate your understanding of the domain • Slowly revealing the complexity

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Abstraction-First Approach

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TDD Approach

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 What do we gain by introducing more abstractions? • Will an abstraction allow for less cognitive load? • Creating the abstraction early • Do you get more options? • Do you feel more committed to the abstraction?

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Abstraction over HREmployeeService Reflect organization structure in SMS groups Synchronize employees and organizations with SMS groups Build a report due to all sorts of things can get out-of-sync

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 So, TDD does indeed help…. • Helping us model the “parts we don’t yet fully understand” • Building one abstraction at a time • Where uncertainty is highest

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Evolving Architecture • So far, we have discovered one area of uncertainty • Does that justify the choice of Hexagonal Architecture?

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• Keep the Domain as a separate abstraction layer • Strict dependency management on Domain • Domain does not know about anything else • Relax constraints on everything else • No constraints on dependencies flow outside the Domain • Let developers discipline evolve!

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 TDD everywhere? • Effort vs. value • Uncertainty vs. standard

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 TDD not needed everywhere • Testing code on the “edges” • Code falling into “standard” category • But keep cognitive load to a minimum as long as your confidence level is high

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 One more DDD lesson «Not all parts of the system will be well- designed» • Core domain • Exploring the domain TDD-way for the parts you intend to design well • Consider relaxing the test-first constraint on other parts

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Wrapping up

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Domain-Driven Design Question Set Takeaway! • How complex is the problem space? • Deep domain analysis vs. verifying models by delivery

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Evolving Architecture vs. Deliberate Architecture Choice Question Set Takeaway! • Can we defer the choice of architecture? • Evolving architecture one abstraction at a time

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Test-Driven Development Question Set Takeaway! • Can you explore uncertainty by defining tests as examples?

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Cognitive load while reading the code Question Set Takeaway! • Before introducing new abstraction • What is the cognitive load while reading the code? • Will the abstraction separate logically cohesive pieces?

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Questions at menti.com 1921 0519 Question Set Takeaway! • How complex is the problem space? • Deep domain analysis vs. verifying models by delivery • Can we defer the choice of architecture? • Evolving architecture one abstraction at a time • Can you explore uncertainty by defining tests as examples? • Before introducing new abstraction • What is the cognitive load while reading the code? • Will the abstraction separate logically cohesive pieces?

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Team Mission Possible Follow the team on GitHub!

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Photos • https://unsplash.com/@paul_nic • https://unsplash.com/@cosmicomicfox • https://unsplash.com/@stergro • https://unsplash.com/@theshubhamdhage • https://unsplash.com/@devsnice • www.vecteezy.com