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Lightning fast
Using Varnish to accelerate
your web applications
By Thijs Feryn
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Slow websites suck
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Web performance is
an essential part of the
user experience
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Down
Slowdown ~ downtime
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Hi, I’m Thijs
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I’m
@ThijsFeryn
on Twitter
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I’m an
Evangelist
At
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No content
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Mo money
Mo servers
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Write better code
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Cache
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Don’t
recompute
if the data
hasn’t
changed
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No content
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How does
Varnish
work?
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Normally
User Server
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With Varnish
User Varnish Server
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No content
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Why is it so good?
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Smart
kernel
tricks
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Stores
HTTP output
in memory*
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Respects
HTTP
best
practices
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Varnish
Configuration
Language
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What about TLS/SSL?
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Quick
install
&
configure
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apt-get install apt-transport-https
curl https://repo.varnish-cache.org/GPG-key.txt | apt-key add -
echo "deb https://repo.varnish-cache.org/debian/ jessie varnish-4.1"\
>> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/varnish-cache.list
apt-get update
apt-get install varnish
Install on Linux
(Debian)
There's stuff
for Ubuntu, RHEL
& CentOS too
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-a :80 \
-a :81,PROXY \
-T localhost:6082 \
-f /etc/varnish/default.vcl \
-S /etc/varnish/secret \
-s malloc,3g \
-j unix,user=myUser
Simple config
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Varnish speaks HTTP
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✓Idempotence
✓State
✓Expiration
✓Conditional requests
✓Cache variations
Varnish speaks HTTP
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✓GET
✓HEAD
-POST
-PUT
-PATCH
-DELETE
-TRACE
-OPTIONS
Idempotency
Only cache
GET & HEAD
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✓Doesn't cache when cookies are
present
✓Doesn't cache when cookies are set
✓Doesn't cache when Autorization
headers are present
State
Avoids
caching user-
specific content
Affects hit
rate
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Expiration
Expires: Sat, 09 Sep 2017 14:30:00 GMT
Cache-control: public, max-age=3600,
s-maxage=86400
Cache-control: private, no-cache, no-store
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Expiration precedence
1. beresp.ttl (VCL)
2. s-maxage
3. max-age
4. expires
5. 120 seconds by default
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Conditional requests
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Host: localhost
Etag: 7c9d70604c6061da9bb9377d3f00eb27
Content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Hello world output
GET /if_none_match.php HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
User-Agent: curl/7.48.0
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Conditional requests
HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified
Host: localhost
Etag: 7c9d70604c6061da9bb9377d3f00eb27
GET /if_none_match.php HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
User-Agent: curl/7.48.0
If-None-Match:
7c9d70604c6061da9bb9377d3f00eb27
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Conditional requests
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Host: localhost
Last-Modified: Fri, 22 Jul 2016 10:11:16 GMT
Content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Hello world output
GET /if_none_match.php HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
User-Agent: curl/7.48.0
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Conditional requests
HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified
Host: localhost
Last-Modified: Fri, 22 Jul 2016 10:11:16 GMT
GET /if_none_match.php HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
User-Agent: curl/7.48.0
If-Last-Modified: Fri, 22 Jul 2016 10:11:16
GMT
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✓Hostname (or IP)
✓URL
Cache variations
Identify
object in
cache
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Cache variations
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
Accept-Language: nl
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Host: localhost
Vary: Accept-Language
Hallo, deze pagina is in
het Nederlands geschreven.
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Built-in VCL
cheat sheet
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✓Only GET & HEAD
✓No Cookie
✓No Authorization
Built-in VCL (frontend)
Lookup in
cache
Otherwise
pass and don't
cache
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✓No Set-Cookie
✓TTL > 0
✓No "no-cache", "private",
"no-store"
Built-in VCL (backend)
Store in cache
Otherwise
blacklist for 120s
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The actual
VCL code
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sub vcl_recv {
if (req.method == "PRI") {
/* We do not support SPDY or HTTP/2.0 */
return (synth(405));
}
if (req.method != "GET" &&
req.method != "HEAD" &&
req.method != "PUT" &&
req.method != "POST" &&
req.method != "TRACE" &&
req.method != "OPTIONS" &&
req.method != "DELETE") {
/* Non-RFC2616 or CONNECT which is weird. */
return (pipe);
}
if (req.method != "GET" && req.method != "HEAD") {
/* We only deal with GET and HEAD by default */
return (pass);
}
if (req.http.Authorization || req.http.Cookie) {
/* Not cacheable by default */
return (pass);
}
return (hash);
}
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sub vcl_pipe {
# By default Connection: close is set on all piped requests,
to stop
# connection reuse from sending future requests directly to
the
# (potentially) wrong backend. If you do want this to happen,
you can undo
# it here.
# unset bereq.http.connection;
return (pipe);
}
sub vcl_pass {
return (fetch);
}
sub vcl_hash {
hash_data(req.url);
if (req.http.host) {
hash_data(req.http.host);
} else {
hash_data(server.ip);
}
return (lookup);
}
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sub vcl_purge {
return (synth(200, "Purged"));
}
sub vcl_hit {
if (obj.ttl >= 0s) {
// A pure unadultered hit, deliver it
return (deliver);
}
if (obj.ttl + obj.grace > 0s) {
// Object is in grace, deliver it
// Automatically triggers a background fetch
return (deliver);
}
// fetch & deliver once we get the result
return (miss);
}
sub vcl_miss {
return (fetch);
}
sub vcl_deliver {
return (deliver);
}
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sub vcl_backend_fetch {
return (fetch);
}
sub vcl_backend_response {
if (beresp.ttl <= 0s ||
beresp.http.Set-Cookie ||
beresp.http.Surrogate-control ~ "no-store" ||
(!beresp.http.Surrogate-Control &&
beresp.http.Cache-Control ~ "no-cache|no-
store|private") ||
beresp.http.Vary == "*") {
/*
* Mark as "Hit-For-Pass" for the next 2
minutes
*/
set beresp.ttl = 120s;
set beresp.uncacheable = true;
}
return (deliver);
}
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Reality
sucks
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No content
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No content
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Cache-control ?
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Legacy
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Write VCL
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Normalize
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vcl 4.0;
import std;
sub vcl_recv {
set req.http.Host = regsub(req.http.Host, ":[0-9]+", "");
set req.url = std.querysort(req.url);
if (req.url ~ "\#") {
set req.url = regsub(req.url, "\#.*$", "");
}
if (req.url ~ "\?$") {
set req.url = regsub(req.url, "\?$", "");
}
if (req.restarts == 0) {
if (req.http.Accept-Encoding) {
if (req.http.User-Agent ~ "MSIE 6") {
unset req.http.Accept-Encoding;
} elsif (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "gzip") {
set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "gzip";
} elsif (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "deflate") {
set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "deflate";
} else {
unset req.http.Accept-Encoding;
}
}
}
}
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sub vcl_recv {
if (req.url ~ "^/status\.php$" ||
req.url ~ "^/update\.php$" ||
req.url ~ "^/admin$" ||
req.url ~ "^/admin/.*$" ||
req.url ~ "^/user$" ||
req.url ~ "^/user/.*$" ||
req.url ~ "^/flag/.*$" ||
req.url ~ "^.*/ajax/.*$" ||
req.url ~ "^.*/ahah/.*$") {
return (pass);
}
}
URL blacklist
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sub vcl_recv {
if (req.url ~ "^/products/?"
return (hash);
}
}
URL whitelist
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Cookies
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vcl 4.0;
sub vcl_recv {
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "has_js=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "__utm.=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "_ga=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "_gat=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "utmctr=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "utmcmd.=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "utmccn.=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "__gads=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "__qc.=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "__atuv.=[^;]+(; )?", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "^;\s*", "");
if (req.http.cookie ~ "^\s*$") {
unset req.http.cookie;
}
}
Remove tracking
cookies
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vcl 4.0;
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.http.Cookie) {
set req.http.Cookie = ";" + req.http.Cookie;
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "; +", ";");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, ";(PHPSESSID)=", "; \1=");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, ";[^ ][^;]*", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "^[; ]+|[; ]+$", "");
if (req.http.cookie ~ "^\s*$") {
unset req.http.cookie;
}
}
}
Only keep session
cookie
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sub vcl_recv {
if (req.http.Cookie) {
set req.http.Cookie = ";" + req.http.Cookie;
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "; +", ";");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, ";(language)=", "; \1=");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, ";[^ ][^;]*", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "^[; ]+|[; ]+$", "");
if (req.http.cookie ~ "^\s*$") {
unset req.http.cookie;
return(pass);
}
return(hash);
}
}
sub vcl_hash {
hash_data(regsub( req.http.Cookie, "^.*language=([^;]*);*.*$", "\1" ));
}
Language cookie cache
variation
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Alternative
language cache
variation
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sub vcl_hash {
hash_data(req.http.Accept-Language);
}
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Host: localhost
Vary: Accept-Language
Hash language
Or just use
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Cookie
guidelines
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✓Don't throw everything in a session
✓Use dedicated cookies
✓Strip off tracking cookies in VCL
✓Match cookies in VCL & make decisions
✓Perform cache variations on cookie
values
✓Only use session cookies when you
really have to
✓Use JWT to store session state client-side
Cookie guidelines
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Block caching
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No content
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Code
renders
single HTTP
response
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Lowest
denominator:
no cache
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Edge Side Includes
✓Placeholder
✓Parsed by Varnish
✓Output is a composition of blocks
✓State per block
✓TTL per block
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sub vcl_recv {
set req.http.Surrogate-Capability = "key=ESI/1.0";
}
sub vcl_backend_response {
if (beresp.http.Surrogate-Control ~ "ESI/1.0") {
unset beresp.http.Surrogate-Control;
set beresp.do_esi = true;
}
}
Edge Side Includes
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ESI
vs
AJAX
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Choose wisely
ESI, parsed by
Varnish
HInclude,
parsed by
Javascript
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Breaking news isn't breaking
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Purging
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acl purge {
"localhost";
"127.0.0.1";
"::1";
}
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.method == "PURGE") {
if (!client.ip ~ purge) {
return (synth(405, “Not allowed.”));
}
return (purge);
}
}
Purging
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acl purge {
"localhost";
"127.0.0.1";
"::1";
}
sub vcl_backend_response {
set beresp.http.x-url = bereq.url;
set beresp.http.x-host = bereq.http.host;
}
sub vcl_deliver {
unset resp.http.x-url;
unset resp.http.x-host;
}
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.method == "PURGE") {
if (!client.ip ~ purge) {
return (synth(405, "Not allowed"));
}
if(req.http.x-purge-regex) {
ban("obj.http.x-host == " + req.http.host + " && obj.http.x-url ~ " +
req.http.x-purge-regex);
} else {
ban("obj.http.x-host == " + req.http.host + " && obj.http.x-url == " +
req.url);
}
return (synth(200, "Purged"));
}
}
Banning
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Banning
curl -XPURGE "http://example.com/products"
curl -XPURGE -H "x-purge-regex:/products" \
"http://example.com"
varnishadm> ban obj.http.x-host == example.com &&
obj.http.x-url ~ ^/product/[0-9]+/details
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Want more?
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VMODs
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No content
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Write less VCL
Write more code
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https://github.com/ThijsFeryn/
cacheable-site-silex/tree/v2
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No content
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No content
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https://twitter.com/thijsferyn
https://instagram.com/thijsferyn
https://blog.feryn.eu
https://talks.feryn.eu
https://book.feryn.eu
https://youtube.com/thijsferyn
https://soundcloud.com/thijsferyn
http://itunes.feryn.eu