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Brian Graves
@briangraves
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http://d.fastcompany.net/multisite_files/fastcompany/imagecache/1280/poster/2015/11/3054003-poster-p-1-dont-give-a-hoverboard-this-christmas.jpg
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https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-jijITfbqlCk/UUeCfITz0wI/AAAAAAAAQuc/1PjBKq-6KzM/s630-fcrop64=1%2C000033fafffff833/135486852774.jpg
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The Web
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Text Documents
credit
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Text Documents
credit
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Tables
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Absolute Positioning /
Floats / Inline-Block
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Flexbox / Grids
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CSS in 2016 is Amazing.
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WHERE HAVE
WE BEEN?
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There is No CSS3!
And other facts about how standards are made.
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There is No CSS3!
And other facts about how standards are made.
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Despite the popularity of the “CSS3”
buzzword, there is actually no spec
defining such a thing.
– Lea Verou
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Animation
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Typography
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Shapes
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Grids
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“CSS is not
a real language”
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Problems with CSS
• Cross-browser compatibility issues
• Vendor prefixes
• No variables
• No nested selectors
• No scoping
• No functions
• No color manipulation
• No basic arithmetic
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Things That Make
Our Lives Easier
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Rise of the Preprocessors.
How we filled in the gaps.
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.row {
@include display-flex;
background-color: $color-blue;
}
.row {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -webkit-flex;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: flex;
background-color: #173fb1;
}
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Do Preprocessors
Solve The Problem?
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Preprocessors
Perpetuate A Problem.
– Aaron Ladage
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More & More
Layers of Abstraction
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Problems with Preprocessors
• Not real front-end code
• Proprietary syntax
• Often written in non front-end languages
• Not as easily extensible
• Must be compiled
• Compile times can be slow
• The CSS Spec & Browsers
are catching up!
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Preprocessors?
Where we’re going, we don’t need preprocessors.
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THE FUTURE
OF CSS IS NOW
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Variables
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Mixins/Extends
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Color Functions
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Nesting
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Custom Media Queries
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Custom Properties
(Variables)
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:root {
--color-blue: #0A81C4;
--color-blue-dark: #005581;
}
.element {
color: var(--color-blue);
}
.element:hover {
color: var(--color-blue-dark);
}
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Just because you may like Sass
variable syntax more does not
mean that you should just forsake
the new spec.
– Jake Albaugh
http://codepen.io/jakealbaugh/post/css4-variables-and-sass
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http://caniuse.com/#feat=css-variables
Browser Support: Custom Properties
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Variables lose their value if you
have to constantly track down
what they represent.
– Ryan Heap
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Bad
--blue: #0A81C4;
--blue2: #005581;
--blue3: #acd5f8;
--timing: .25s;
--othertiming: 1s;
Good: Logical Modifiers
--color-blue: #0A81C4;
--color-blue-light: #005581;
--color-blue-dark: #acd5f8;
--timing-fast: .25s;
--timing-slow: 1s;
Good: Point Scale
--color-blue-10: #0A81C4;
--color-blue-20: #005581;
--color-blue-30: #acd5f8;
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:root {
--color-blue: #0A81C4;
--color-blue-dark: #005581;
}
.element {
color: var(--color-blue);
}
.element:hover {
color: var(--color-blue-dark);
}
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@Apply
(Mixins/Extends)
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:root {
--clearfix: {
display: table;
clear: both;
content: ‘’;
};
}
.element:after {
@apply --clearfix;
}
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https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5753701012602880
Browser Support: @apply
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Color Module Level 4
(Color Functions)
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.element {
color: #1982C5;
}
.element--modifier {
color: color(#1982C5 tint(40%));
}
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.element {
color: #1982C5;
}
.element--modifier {
color: color(#1982C5 shade(40%));
}
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CSS Color Functions
• Tints & Shades
• RGBA Adjustment
• HSL/HWB Adjustment
• Color Blending (blend & blenda)
• Guarantee Contrast
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/* combine with variables to create palettes */
:root {
--color-blue: #1982C5;
--color-blue-light: color(
var(--color-blue)
tint(40%)
);
--color-blue-dark: color(
var(--color-blue)
shade(40%)
);
}
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/* map variables to variables */
:root {
--color-text: var(--color-blue);
--color-text-light: color(
var(--color-text)
tint(40%)
);
--color-text-dark: color(
var(--color-text)
shade(40%)
);
}
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/* map variables to variables */
:root {
--color-text: var(--color-orange);
--color-text-light: color(
var(--color-text)
tint(40%)
);
--color-text-dark: color(
var(--color-text)
shade(40%)
);
}
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Nesting
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.element {
color: blue;
{&.modifier { color: red; }}
}
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.element {
color: blue;
{&.modifier { color: red; }}
}
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.element {
color: blue;
&.modifier { color: red; }
}
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.im {
.a {
.way {
.over {
.nested {
.selector {
color: red;
}
}
}
}
}
}
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.im {
.a {
.way {
.over {
.nested {
.selector {
color: red;
}
}
}
}
}
}
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Bad Nesting Order
.selector {
element {//…}
property: value;
.selector {//…}
&:before {//…}
}
Good Nesting Order
.selector {
property: value;
&:before {//…}
element {//…}
.selector {//…}
}
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Custom Selectors
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@custom-selector --small (min-width: 30em);
@media (--small) {
.element {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
}
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@media only screen and (min-width: 30em) {
.element {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
}
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@custom-selector --small (min-width: 30em);
@media (--small) {
.element {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
}
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@custom-selector --heading h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6;
--heading {
/* styles for all headings */
}
--heading + p {
/* more styles */
}
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Media Query
Range Context
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@media (30em <= width <= 60em) {
.element {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
}
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@media (min-width: 30em) and (max-width: 60em) {
.element {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
}
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@media (width <= 30em) {
…small…
}
@media (30em < width < 60em) {
…medium…
}
@media (width >= 60em) {
…large…
}
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Problems with CSS
• Cross-browser compatibility issues
• Vendor prefixes
• No variables
• No nested selectors
• No scoping
• No functions/mixins
• No color manipulation
• No basic arithmetic
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Problems with CSS
• Cross-browser compatibility issues
• Vendor prefixes
• No variables
• No nested selectors
• No scoping
• No functions/mixins
• No color manipulation
• No basic arithmetic
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Problems with CSS
• Cross-browser compatibility issues
• Vendor prefixes
• No variables
• No nested selectors
• No scoping
• No functions/mixins
• No color manipulation
• No basic arithmetic
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Autoprefixer
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Autoprefixer
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PostCSS
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.row {
@include display-flex;
background: $color-blue;
}
.row {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -webkit-flex;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: flex;
background-color: #173fb1;
}
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.row {
display: flex;
background: var(--color-blue);
}
.row {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -webkit-flex;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: flex;
background-color: #173fb1;
}
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PostCSS Advantages
• Write CSS using CSS
• Use CSS3 without worry
• Even Use CSS4
• Modular (Use only what you need)
• Tons of existing plugins
• Can’t find a plugin? Write one
in javascript.
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PostCSS Ecosystem
• Autoprefixer
• PostCSS-nested
• PostCSS-color-function
• PostCSS-calc
• PostCSS-custom-properties
• PostCSS-apply
• PostCSS-custom-media
• CSSNext
• PostCSS-import
• Can’t find a plugin? Write one
in javascript.
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One Day…
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Let’s Get As Close As We
Can To The Real Thing
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@briangraves
Slides: bit.ly/2dn48Fb
Thank You!