Internationalization and Localization: The Basics® NijmegenPHP 2015 - 09 - 16 Camilo Sperberg / @unreal4u 

Disclaimer Don't be offended by anything said or shown in this talk! 

What is internationalization? Internationalization (i18n): Preparing your application to be localized (Pro-tip: How? Watch this talk!) Localization (L10n): Translating, adding icons and other things of certain zone 3 

…. …. Most discussed thing in RFC's 4 Bilbo Baggins 1290 - ? RFC 3066 Jan. 2001 RFC 4646 Sep. 2006 RFC 4647 Sep. 2006 Bungo Baggins 1246 - 1326 RFC 5646 Sep. 2009 Balbo Baggins 1167 - 1258 Mungo Baggins 1207 - 1300 RFC 1766 Mar. 1995 Son of Son of Son of Replaces Replaces Replaces Belladonna Took Laura Grubb Berylla Boffin 1172 - 1265 LOTR RFC i18n 

i18n and PHP: needed extensions 5 ‣ For gettext: php-gettext ‣ Needs gettext ‣ https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/ ‣ For intl: php-intl ‣ Needs ICU4C ‣ http://site.icu-project.org/ ‣ mb_* functions: multibyte support 

L10n: Definition "A set of parameters that defines the user's language, country and any special variant preferences that the user wants to see in their user interface" Wikipedia What it means: rules for a specific region ‣ Current code standard: RFC 4646 ‣ Language in lowercase (ISO 639-1), hyphen, region in uppercase (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) 6 

L10n: Code standards nl-NL Dutch as SUISHE*® in the Netherlands nl-BE Dutch as SUISHE*® in Belgium 7 * Spoken, Used, Interpreted, Seen, Heard, Etc 

L10n: Code standards 8 * Spoken, Used, Interpreted, Seen, Heard, Etc pt-BR Portuguese as SUISHE*® in Brazil nl-PT Portuguese as SUISHE*® in Portugal 

L10n: Code standards 9 * Spoken, Used, Interpreted, Seen, Heard, Etc es-ES, es-CL, es-AR, es-PE, es-* Spanish as SUISHE*® in Spain, Chile, Argentina, Peru, etc. 

L10n: Code standards de-CH-1901 German as used in Switzerland using the 1901 variant 10 

L10n: Code standards sl-IT-nedis Slovenian as used in Italy, Nadiza dialect 11 

L10n: Code standards hy-Latn-IT-arevela Eastern Armenian written in Latin script, as used in Italy 12 

L10n: Determining which to use Introducing the \Locale object! 13 Best practice tips: ‣ Get it from your $_GET or $_POST ‣ Get it from the headers ‣ Get it based on ip 

i18n: Detecting locale 14 public function getLocaleFromClient() {
 $this->locale = $this->getLocaleFromGetRequest();
 if (empty($this->locale)) {
 $this->locale = $this->getLocaleFromHeaders();
 if (empty($this->locale)) {
 $this->locale = $this->getLocaleFromIP();
 }
 }
 
 return $this->locale;
 } 

i18n: Detecting locale 15 public function getLocaleFromHeaders() {
 $this->locale = '';
 
 if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'])) {
 $preferredLocale = \Locale::acceptFromHttp($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']);
 $this->locale = $this->_checkLocale($preferredLocale);
 }
 
 return $this->locale;
 } 

\Locale: cool functions! 16 Use To… ‣ \Locale::getDisplayLanguage() Create a list of languages ‣ \Locale::getDisplayRegion() Display the country where the locale is used ‣ \Locale::acceptFromHttp() Parse browser Accept header ‣ \Locale::setDefault() Set the default localization to use 

L10n: what to look out for? ‣ Warning! Locale is not just a translation ‣ What's normal for you can be strange to others "Diversity is amazing, both in appearance and thoughts, please respect different opinions, agree to disagree and live in harmony." @michellesanver 17 

Images and gestures ‣ Pointing fingers can be offensive in Arabic countries 18 ✌ ‣ The "peace" sign is offensive in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom 

Translations - Semantics (L10n) 19 echo $numberResults.' results found within a '.$range.'km range'; If translated directly into Spanish, it will sound like this: ➡ "Found 123 results within range 5km" 

Translations - Semantics (i18n) 20 ‣Solvable by implementing printf() printf( '%1$d results found within a %2$d km range', $numberResults, $range ); ‣Translator decides where to print out variables 

Translations - Semantics (L10n) 21 es-ES: Carro Coche es-CL: Auto 

This is a “carro” or “coche” in es-CL: 

Translations - Semantics (L10n) 23 British American Holiday Vacation Football Soccer American Football Football Flat Apartment Garden Yard Rubbish Garbage / Trash 

Translations - Semantics 24 Smart Phones Mobile phones Barcode Scanners Control Remotes See Printers Interactive question! What's wrong with the following list? 

Translations - Semantics 25 Captain here: "Watch" was translated as the verb instead of the noun 

26 

Translations - Plural forms (L10n) 27 English Polish 0 Apples Jabłek 1 Apple Jabłko 2 .. 4 Apples Jabłka 5 .. 21 Apples Jabłek 22 .. 24 Apples Jabłka 25 .. 31 Apples Jabłek More complex cases do exist! ‣ Slovenian: 4 plural forms There are also cases with 1 plural form ‣ Japanese ‣ Vietnamese 

Translations - Plural forms (i18n) 28 Gettext! ‣ Supports plural forms ‣ Is cached in RAM (pros and cons) ‣ Very easy to edit (poEdit) ‣ Can be separated into modules ‣ Produces compiled language files 

Translations - Plural forms (i18n) ‣ \MessageFormatter can also help ‣ Can do pretty amazing stuff ‣ I personally don't have experience with it 29 $fmt = new MessageFormatter(
 'en_GB',
 'Peter has {0, plural, =0{no cat} =1{a cat} other{# cats}}'
 );
 echo $fmt->format(array(0));
 $fmt = new MessageFormatter(
 'nl_NL',
 'Peter heeft {0, plural, =0{geen kat} =1{een kat} other{# katten}}'
 );
 echo $fmt->format(array(0));
 
 // Outputs:
 // Peter has no cat
 // Peter heeft geen kat 

Number formatting - L10n ‣ Numbers have a lot of different types of annotations ‣ Corollary: nobody really knows well how a number should be formatted 30 Interactive question! How do you format the following negative number, in Euros, here in the Netherlands? 1234,57 

Number formatting - L10n 31 nl-NL fr-FR pt-BR hi-IN ps-AR "-1.234,57" "-1 234,57" "-1.234,57" "-१,२३४.५७" "-۱٬۲۳۴٫۵۷" "€ 1.234,57-" "-1 234,57 €" "(€1.234,57)" "-€ १,२३४.५७" "-۱٬۲۳۴٫۵۷ €" "25%" "25 %" "25%" "२५%" "۲۵٪" 

Number formatting: i18n 32 $locales = ['nl-NL', 'fr-FR', 'pt-BR', 'hi-IN', 'ps-AR',];
 
 foreach ($locales as $myLocale) {
 $numberFormatter = new \NumberFormatter($myLocale, \NumberFormatter::DECIMAL);
 $percentFormatter = new \NumberFormatter($myLocale, \NumberFormatter::PERCENT);
 $currencyFormatter = new \NumberFormatter($myLocale, \NumberFormatter::CURRENCY);
 printf('Locale: %s'.PHP_EOL, $myLocale);
 printf('[DEC]-1.234,57: "%s" :: ', $numberFormatter->format(-1234.57));
 printf('[PER]25%%: "%s" :: ', $percentFormatter->format(0.25));
 printf('[CUR]1.234,57-: "%s"'.PHP_EOL, $currencyFormatter->formatCurrency(-1234.57, 'EUR')); // Last argument can also be \NumberFormatter::CURRENCY to print in CURRENCY of loaded locale
 } 

Number formatting: i18n 33 $locales = ['nl-NL', 'fr-FR', 'pt-BR', 'hi-IN', 'ps-AR',];
 
 foreach ($locales as $myLocale) {
 $numberFormatter = new \NumberFormatter($myLocale, \NumberFormatter::DECIMAL);
 $percentFormatter = new \NumberFormatter($myLocale, \NumberFormatter::PERCENT);
 $currencyFormatter = new \NumberFormatter($myLocale, \NumberFormatter::CURRENCY);
 printf('Locale: %s'.PHP_EOL, $myLocale);
 printf('[DEC]-1.234,57: "%s" :: ', $numberFormatter->format(-1234.57));
 printf('[PER]25%%: "%s" :: ', $percentFormatter->format(0.25));
 printf('[CUR]1.234,57-: "%s"'.PHP_EOL, $currencyFormatter->formatCurrency(-1234.57, 'EUR')); // Last argument can also be \NumberFormatter::CURRENCY to print in CURRENCY of loaded locale
 } 

34 unreal4u-MBP:localization unreal4u$ php numbers.php Locale: nl-NL [DEC]-1.234,57: "-1.234,57" :: [PER]25%: "25%" :: [CUR]1.234,57-: "€ 1.234,57-" All this in Dutch AKA Nederlands -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Locale: fr-FR [DEC]-1.234,57: "-1 234,57" :: [PER]25%: "25 %" :: [CUR]1.234,57-: "-1 234,57 €" All this in French AKA français -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Locale: pt-BR [DEC]-1.234,57: "-1.234,57" :: [PER]25%: "25%" :: [CUR]1.234,57-: "(€1.234,57)" All this in Portuguese AKA português -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Locale: hi-IN [DEC]-1.234,57: "-१,२३४.५७" :: [PER]25%: "२५%" :: [CUR]1.234,57-: "-€ १,२३४.५७" All this in Hindi AKA िहन्दी -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Locale: ps-AR [DEC]-1.234,57: "-١۱،٬٢۲٣۳۴٫۵٧۷" :: [PER]25%: "٢۲۵٪" :: [CUR]1.234,57-: "-١۱،٬٢۲٣۳۴٫۵٧۷ €" All this in Pashto AKA ﻮﺘ,ﭘ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Some \NumberFormatter problems ‣ \NumberFormatter::DURATION isn't implemented in much locales ‣ echo $fmt->format(12345) -> 3 hours, 25 minutes, 45 seconds ‣ "Easy" to implement using getPattern() and setPattern() ‣ Documentation exists, but is not optimal 35 

Date and time formatting - L10n ‣ Dates have 3 different annotations ‣ YYYY-MM-DD (1.660M) ‣ DD-MM-YYYY (4.810M) ‣ MM-DD-YYYY (320M) ‣ "It's complicated" (457M) ‣ Contrary to numbers, everybody knows how a date is formatted 36 Interactive question! What is the value of the following date? 05-03-13 

Date and time formatting - L10n ➡ YMD (1660) ➡ YMD and DMY (287) ➡ DMY (3295) ➡ DMY and MDY (130) ➡ MDY (320) ➡ YMD and DMY and MDY (40) 37 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_format_by_country 

Date and time formatting: i18n ‣ Use PHP's \*Date* related classes, like ALWAYS! ‣ Incredibly versatile yet powerful functions ‣ Specially in combination with locales ‣ Always work in UTC, let the \*Date* classes do the rest 38 

Date and time formatting: i18n 39 nl-NL fr-FR hi-IN ps-AR Short "23-05-15" "23/05/15" "२३-५-१५" "۲۰۱۵/۵/۲۳" Medium "23 mei 2015" "23 mai 2015" "२३-०५-२०१५" "۲۳ ۲۰۱۵ یم" With time "23 mei 2015 01:34:09" "23 mai 2015 01:34:09" "२३-०५-२०१५ १:३४:०९ पूवार्ह्न" "۲۳ ۱:۳۴:۰۹ ۲۰۱۵ یم" 

Date and time formatting: i18n 40 $locales = ['nl-NL', 'fr-FR', 'pt-BR', 'hi-IN', 'ps-AR',];
 
 $printDate = new \DateTime('23-05-2015 01:34:09', new \DateTimeZone('UTC'));
 
 foreach ($locales as $myLocale) {
 $shortDateObject = \intlDateFormatter::create($myLocale, \intlDateFormatter::SHORT, \intlDateFormatter::SHORT);
 $mediumDateObject = \intlDateFormatter::create($myLocale, \intlDateFormatter::MEDIUM, \intlDateFormatter::MEDIUM);
 printf(
 'Locale: %s, Short: "%s", Medium "%s"'.PHP_EOL, 
 $myLocale, 
 $shortDateObject->format($printDate), 
 $mediumDateObject->format($printDate)
 );
 } 

i18n/L10n and OS ‣ Variety in L10n is almost infinite ‣ Automatic in i18n and L10n is better ‣ Operating system plays an important role ‣ Why reinvent a very very very complicated wheel if it already exists? 41 

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Timezones - L10n ‣ PHP has full support for timezones ‣ 39 (40?) official timezones ‣ Multiple timezones in one locale ‣ nl-NL: Europe/Amsterdam ‣ es-CL: America/Santiago and Easter/ Pacific ‣ en-US: Has 4 timezones ‣ ru-RU: Has 8 timezones 43 Interactive question! What time is it now in Seoul (ko-KR)? 

Timezones: i18n Caution! Calls to ICU library can get pretty expensive! ‣ With a known locale, get all timezones ‣ If there's only one, instantiate \DateTimeZone ‣ More than 1? Get precise timezoneId and DST settings (cache them!) ‣ Now calculate the offset of a timezone for the view 44 

Timezones: i18n - Check validity 45 public function isValidTimeZone($timeZoneName='') {
 if (!is_string($timeZoneName)) {
 $timeZoneName = '';
 }
 
 try {
 new \DateTimeZone($timeZoneName);
 return true;
 } catch (\Exception $e) {
 return false;
 }
 } 

Timezones: i18n - Get timezone candidates 46 /** * $region is defined as \Locale::getRegion($currentLocale) */ private function _setTimezoneCandidates($region='') {
 if (!empty($region)) {
 $this->_timezoneCandidates = \DateTimeZone::listIdentifiers(\DateTimeZone::PER_COUNTRY, $region);
 if (!empty($this->_timezoneCandidates) && count($this->_timezoneCandidates) == 1) {
 $this->setTimezone($this->_timezoneCandidates[0]);
 }
 }
 } 

Timezones: i18n - Set timezone 47 public function setTimezone($timeZoneName='UTC') {
 if (!$this->isValidTimeZone($timeZoneName)) {
 $timeZoneName = 'UTC';
 }
 
 $this->timezone = new \DateTimeZone($timeZoneName);
 $this->timezoneId = $this->timezone->getName();
 $transitions = $this->timezone->getTransitions();
 $this->timezoneInDST = $transitions[0]['isdst'];
 
 return $this->timezoneId;
 } 

Timezones: i18n - Display 48 $theDate = new \DateTime('23-05-2015 21:34:09', new \DateTimeZone('UTC'));
 $dateObject = \intlDateFormatter::create(
 'ko-KR', // $this->_currentLocale
 \IntlDateFormatter::MEDIUM,
 \IntlDateFormatter::MEDIUM,
 $this->timeZoneId // Asia/Seoul
 );
 echo $dateObject->format($theDate); 

What's the time in Seoul then? Result? UTC 23-05-2015 21:34:09 is 2015. 5. 24. য়੹ 6:34:09 in ko-KR (Offset: +9 hours) 49 

Encoding and charsets - L10n ‣ Difficult, often misunderstood subject ‣ Difficult to debug ‣ First step of debugging is knowing what encoding you are working with ‣ Convert to an appropriate charset with iconv() 50 

Encoding in PHP ‣ Internal work always in UTF-8, EVERYWHERE ‣ Include some basic stuff so that PHP also knows that it has to work in UTF-8 ‣ Don't forget to send the browser information as well 51 mb_internal_encoding('UTF-8'); header('Content-type: %s; charset=UTF-8'); ‣ Lots of small things to consider, but can vary on each case 

Encoding in PHP: mails Caution with the imap extension! Has some problems with UTF-7 Always encode "To" (BC, BCC) and "Subject" fields 52 Code Output "=?utf-8?B?5L2p5ae/?= " 佩姿 "=?iso-8859-1?Q?B=F8lla?=, med =?iso-8859-1?Q?=F8l?= i baggen " Bølla , med øl i baggen "=?utf-7?Q?Petra_M+APw-ller?=" Petra Müller 

Encoding in PHP: mails ‣ Buggy functions ‣ imap_rfc822_parse_adrlist() ‣ imap_mime_header_decode() ‣ Others? ‣ Check out https://github.com/unreal4u/string-operations/ for replacement functions 53 

Databases and L10n / i18n 

But before we begin… 

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Database and encodings/charsets CHARSET 57 COLLATION 

Practical use of charset Rule of thumb: adjust to the best possible way according to input md5/SHA1-like strings should be ASCII-encoded (Why? It helps the db engine to predict better its memory assignment) 58 Interactive question! What charset should be used to save the following string? f5d39e997c5d7e4e2a3ef49973f61fb2 

Practical use of charset CREATE TABLE `t1` (
 `md5HashCalculation` CHAR(32) CHARSET ASCII COLLATE ascii_bin DEFAULT NULL
 ); 59 

Differences between TEXT and [VAR]CHAR ‣ [VAR]CHAR(255) holds up to 255 characters ‣ TINYTEXT can hold up to 255 bytes ‣ UTF-8 characters can take up to 5 (or more) bytes 60 

Indexes and charsets When working with Unicode characters, performance can be indirectly and negatively impacted ‣ Too big (and complex) of a topic for now ‣ Use EXPLAIN to understand underlying decisions of MySQL (in some cases) ‣ Don't bother in micro-optimization either 61 

COLLATION ‣ Used to order data in a "natural" way ‣ Different languages have different rules 62 CREATE TABLE `spanishCollation` (
 `name01` VARCHAR(15) COLLATE utf8_spanish_ci,
 `name02` VARCHAR(15) COLLATE utf8_spanish2_ci
 ) DEFAULT CHARSET utf8; 

Some notes on Collation "*_ci" stands for case-insensitive Watch out with utf8_general_ci and utf8_unicode_ci! ➡ utf8_general_ci has some problems with Hebrew and some cyrillic characters ➡ It's generally faster (7~12%) ➡ But utf8_unicode_ci is more compatible 63 

Collation and performance ‣ Performance penalty: order in another collation ‣ It will have to do a filesort ‣ Which is MySQL's way of saying "quicksort" ‣ [Partial] keys can help avoid this quicksort operation 64 

General database localization ‣ Not recommended: translation on database level ‣ If absolutely needed, investigate EAV model ‣ PRO: Quick, simple and cheap ‣ CON: Queries may become complex 65 

Your own L10n database ‣ Does the locale use the metric or imperial system (either British or American)? ‣ What type of rounding is used in that locale? ‣ Optional: custom number and currency pattern to overwrite any default rules ‣ The preferred timezone (user based, not L10n based) ‣ Direction of text 66 

Fonts ‣ Easily overseen, yet very important ‣ Web-safe fonts are generally safe to use ‣ Don't forget to test multibyte characters ‣ 2 bytes: ñÖÑú - ӬģĽ ‣ 3 bytes: 漢字 - ♥၍₶ ‣ 4+bytes: - ‣ Example: Mamá vive en Föllinge en el bosque del Ñañdú.¿Enredado? ¡Deberías! (SimSun-ExtB) 67 

JavaScript considerations ‣ Always use native Date() object ‣ Has support for timezones ‣ No native support for i18n on Javascript ‣ http://i18next.com is able to save the day! 68 

69 Finally: Who am I? Want to know more? My name is Camilo Sperberg http://twitter.com/unreal4u [email protected] 

Finally: Who am I? ‣ Blog: http://blog.unreal4u.com/ (Spanish) ‣ Rate and comment: https://joind.in/talk/view/15219 ‣ Please, it's the only way this talk (and others) can be improved ‣ Slides are ready to be downloaded: ‣ http://unreal4u.com/talks/ ‣ https://speakerdeck.com/unreal4u 70 

Thanks! 71 

Nice reads and more information ‣ https://github.com/triplepoint/php-units-of-measure ‣ https://github.com/unreal4u/localization ‣ http://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/ ‣ http://php.net/manual/en/book.intl.php ‣ http://www.sitepoint.com/localizing-php-applications-1/ ‣ http://www.utf8-chartable.de/ 72