Test-Driven Android Development at GDG Devfest Istanbul 2014

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Test-Driven Android Development

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Testing

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Android & Testing 01 02 03 Why? What? How?

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Your host Filip Maelbrancke Consultant @ AppFoundry ﬁ[email protected] @fmaelbrancke

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Testing Avoid problems

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TESTING Manual testing is tedious Humans are not very good at testing But computers are...

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“Computers are designed to do simple repetitive tasks. The second you have humans doing repetitive tasks, all the computers get together late at night and laugh at you...” Neil Ford

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Manual vs Automated

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Manual vs Automated

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Manual vs Automated

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Mitigate issues? Be pro-active… and test.

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EXCUSES We never make mistakes! The functionality is trivial Tests slow us down Management won’t let us WE = HERO TRIVIAL SLOW MANAGEMENT ǩ

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TEST TRAITS (UNIT) TESTS ISOLATED REPEATABLE FAST SELF-DOCUMENTING ž

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Repeatability (no matter what development stack he uses) in which they are being run Tests need to be run by every developer ♂ Tests must not rely on the environment

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Speed The shorter, the less distraction less of an interruption to our workflow

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Speed The shorter, the less distraction less of an interruption to our workflow

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Self-documenting Testable code = clear Testable code = easy to follow we can just look at the test No need to explain how a component works No need to write documentation tests = usage examples

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Tests should also be … Easy to execute Easy to debug Realistic Fluent API

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Unit tests are real measure of project health and code quality

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Android dev

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Test types Unit tests Ŷ Functional tests Ŷ Acceptance tests Ŷ Integration tests Ŷ Regression tests Ŷ

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d.android.com

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Instrumentation Process Test package InstrumentationTestRunner Application package Test case classes JUnit

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Instrumentation Test Activity state saving and restoration // Start the main activity of the application under test  mActivity = getActivity();  // Get a handle to the Activity object's main UI widget, a Spinner  mSpinner = (Spinner)mActivity.ﬁndViewById(com.android.example.spinner.R.id.Spinner);  // Set the Spinner to a known position  mActivity.setSpinnerPosition(TEST_STATE_DESTROY_POSITION);  // Stop the activity - The onDestroy() method should save the state of the Spinner  mActivity.ﬁnish();  // Re-start the Activity - the onResume() method should restore the state of the Spinner  mActivity = getActivity();  // Get the Spinner's current position  int currentPosition = mActivity.getSpinnerPosition();  // Assert that the current position is the same as the starting position  assertEquals(TEST_STATE_DESTROY_POSITION, currentPosition);

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Testing demo Simple master-detail app ☼

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Assert! Don’t assume Ŷ Assert Ŷ

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Assert assertEquals assertTrue assertFalse fail assertNull assertNotSame assertSame assertNotNull Assert

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ViewAssertions

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Expressiveness 

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Hamcrest assertThat(audience, is(payingAttention())) Verification Mocking Assertions

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Hamcrest Library of matchers Ŷ Syntactic sugar Ŷ Assert assertThat(someString, is(equalTo(“Expected”))); actual value expectation on the value (Matcher)

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Hamcrest Assert Hamcrest assertEquals(“Conversion failed”, “Expected”, someString); assertThat(someString, is(equalTo(“Expected”)));

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Hamcrest: collections Assert assertEquals(person, bigbangCharacters.getPersons().iterator().next()); Hamcrest assertThat(bigbangCharacters.getPersons(), hasItem(person));

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Hamcrest matchers Core anything  is  … Logical allOf  anyOf  not Object equalTo  instanceOf  (not)nullValue Custom Beans hasProperty Text equalToIgnoringCase  startsWith  … Number greaterThan(OrEqualTo)  closeTo Collections hasItem, hasItems  hasItemInArray

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View Matchers Hamcrest Ŷ allOf() / anyOf() ➪ give more power Ŷ TestRunner // assert that textview does not start with with "XYZ" and contains "ABC" anywhere  onView(withId(R.id.celsius_textview))  .check(matches(allOf(withText(not(startsWith("XYZ"))), withText(containsString("ABC")))));  // assert that textview ends with "XYZ" or contains "ABC" anywhere  onView(withId(R.id.celsius_textview))  .check(matches(anyOf(withText(endsWith("XYZ")), withText(containsString("ABC")))));

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Hamcrest Lots of useful matchers Ŷ Custom matchers Ŷ not a number public void testSquareRootOfMinusOneIsNotANumber() {  assertThat(Math.sqrt(-1), is(notANumber()));  }

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Hamcrest custom matcher Hamcrest matcher /**  * Hamcrest matcher: test if a double has the value NaN (not a number)  */  public class IsNotANumber extends TypeSafeMatcher {    @Override  public boolean matchesSafely(Double number) {  return number.isNaN();  }    public void describeTo(Description description) {  description.appendText("not a number");  }    @Factory  public static Matcher notANumber() {  return new IsNotANumber();  }  }

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Espresso

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Espresso Easy API for test authors Find view Do stuff with view Check some state Without • waitUntil(timeout) • boilerplate

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Espresso API onView(Matcher) onData(Matcher) onView(Matcher) onView(Matcher) withId() / withText() is() / instanceOf() click() / enterText() / scrollTo() matches(Matcher) isDisplayed / isEnabled / hasFocus withText / … Find stuff Do stuff Check

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Espresso Espresso onView(withId(R.id.some_id)).perform(click());     onView(withText("Hi there”)).check(matches(isDisplayed()));     onView(withId(R.id.some_id)).check(matches(withText(containsString(“someString”))));     onData(is(someObject)).perform(click());

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Espresso API onView(Matcher) onData(Matcher) Espresso withId() withText() ViewMatchers perform() check() ViewInteraction / DataInteraction click() enterText() scrollTo() ViewActions matches(Matcher) doesNotExist() ViewAssertions find view to operate on composed of © Stephan Linzner (Google)

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View Matchers Espresso uses Hamcrest Matchers Espresso Matchers = Hamcrest Ŷ Make assertions on views Ŷ Filter views Ŷ Reuse existing Matchers Ŷ Create your own Matchers Ŷ from hamcrest-core and hamcrest-library

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View Matchers provides Android speciﬁc View Matchers ViewMatchers Ŷ • click() • scrollTo() • writeText() Basic view actions Ŷ

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Custom ViewAction Espresso ViewAction /**  * Clears view text by setting {@link EditText}s text property to "".  */  public class ClearTextAction implements ViewAction {    @Override  public Matcher getConstraints() {  return allOf(isDisplayed(), isAssignableFrom(EditText.class));  }    @Override  public void perform(UiController uiController, View view) {  ((EditText) view).setText("");  }    @Override  public String getDescription() {  return "Clear the EditText component";  }  }

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Custom ViewAction Espresso ViewAction /**  * Your own custom View Actions.  */  public class CustomViewActions {    private CustomViewActions() {  }    /**  * Returns an action that clears text on the view. Extra thoroughly!  */  public static ViewAction clearTextExtraThoroughly() {  return new ClearTextAction();  }  }

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Testing demo Testing a temperature converter ☼

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Use Custom ViewAction Espresso ViewAction public void testClearCelsiusTextField() {  onView(withText("Celsius")).perform(clearTextExtraThoroughly());  }

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Reliability through synchronization between Instrumentation thread and UI thread for background resources Espresso synchronizes AsyncTasks default thread pool • wait until app is idle • perform operation on the UI thread • wait until completion • check result for custom implementations  IntentService  HandlerThread  ThreadPool Synchronization Ŷ Synchronization Ŷ Synchronization Ŷ AsyncTask Ŷ IdlingResource interface Ŷ

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Espresso synchronization Espresso IdlingResource public class IdleMonitor implements IdlingResource {    @Override  public String getName() {  return IdleMonitor.class.getSimpleName();  }    @Override  public boolean isIdleNow() {  // return true if resource is idle  return false;  }    @Override  public void registerIdleTransitionCallback(ResourceCallback resourceCallback) {  // store a reference to the resourceCallback  // notify resourceCallback when idle  }  } Espresso.registerIdlingResources(idlingResource);

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Robolectric

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Android testing AndroidTestCase needs an instance of the emulator to run • spin up emulator • deploy the APK • run the actual tests Big time sink: Ŷ

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Android testing Android core libraries depend upon the actual Android operating system

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Robolectric that would otherwise need an emulator / device (mock implementations of Android core libraries) too slow / hard for unit testing without the baggage of a device Replaces the behavior of code Ŷ Write JUnit tests Ŷ When? Ŷ Does this by using Shadow classes Ŷ InstrumentationTestCase Ŷ vs real device / speedy emulator Ŷ http://robolectric.org/

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Robolectric Robolectric   public class MyActivityTest {    @Test  public void clickingButton_shouldChangeResultsViewText() throws Exception {  MyActivity activity = Robolectric.buildActivity(MyActivity.class).create().get();    Button pressMeButton = (Button) activity.findViewById(R.id.press_me_button);  TextView results = (TextView) activity.findViewById(R.id.results_text_view);    pressMeButton.performClick();  String resultsText = results.getText().toString();  assertThat(resultsText, equalTo("Testing Android Rocks!"));  }

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Robolectric setup • Robolectric • Novoda gradle-android-test-plugin see Paul Blundell Tests run inside the JVM Ŷ Gradle - Maven Ŷ Configure it yourself Ŷ Gradle plugin Ŷ http://blog.blundell-apps.com/android-gradle-app-with-robolectric-junit-tests/

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Robolectric setup

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Robolectric setup Robolectric setup apply plugin: 'java'    dependencies {  def androidModule = project(':appfoundry-app')  compile androidModule    testCompile rootProject.ext.libraries.junit  testCompile rootProject.ext.libraries.robolectric    testCompile androidModule.android.applicationVariants.toList().first().javaCompile.classpath  testCompile androidModule.android.applicationVariants.toList().first().javaCompile.outputs.files  testCompile files(androidModule.plugins.findPlugin("com.android.application").getBootClasspath())      }

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Robolectric Annotate your class @RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)  public class MyActivityTest {    @Test  public void clickingButton_shouldChangeResultsViewText() throws Exception {  MyActivity activity = Robolectric.buildActivity(MyActivity.class).create().get();    Button pressMeButton = (Button) activity.findViewById(R.id.press_me_button);  TextView results = (TextView) activity.findViewById(R.id.results_text_view);    pressMeButton.performClick();  String resultsText = results.getText().toString();  assertThat(resultsText, equalTo("Testing Android Rocks!"));  }

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Robolectric

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Android testing JUnit 4 Support JUnit 4 test @RunWith(JUnit4.class)  public class AndroidJUnit4Test {    Conference devoxx;    @Before  public void setUp() {  devoxx = Conferences.newInstance(Conference.DEVOXX);  devoxx.start();  }    @After  public void tearDown() {  devoxx.stop();  }    @Test  public void testPreconditions() {  assertThat(devoxx, is(notNullValue()));  }    @Test  public void devoxxShouldBeGreat() {  assertThat(devoxx, is(awesome()));  }

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Mocking & Stubbing

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Mockito in isolation Change runtime implementation Ŷ That can be predictably tested Ŷ Verify behaviour Ŷ Mockito Ŷ

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Mockito the behaviour of your components during a test Java mocking framework Ŷ Mock dependencies Ŷ Inject Mocks to validate Ŷ Mock function return values Ŷ https://code.google.com/p/mockito/

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Mockito Mockito @Test  public void testMockedConverter() throws Exception {  // expectations  final float expected_result = 32.0f;    // given  ConverterActivity activity = Robolectric.buildActivity(ConverterActivity.class).create().get();  activity.onCreate(new Bundle());  EditText celsiusField = (EditText) activity.findViewById(R.id.celsius_textview);  celsiusField.setText("0");    CelsiusFahrenheitConverter mockConverter = Mockito.mock(CelsiusFahrenheitConverter.class);  Mockito.when(mockConverter.convertCelsiusToFahrenheit(Mockito.anyFloat())).thenReturn(expected_result);  activity.setConverter(mockConverter);    // when  Button convertButton = (Button) activity.findViewById(R.id.conversion_button);  convertButton.performClick();    // then  Mockito.verify(mockConverter, Mockito.times(1)).convertCelsiusToFahrenheit(Mockito.anyFloat());  TextView fahrenheitField = (TextView) activity.findViewById(R.id.fahrenheit_textview);  String fahrenheitString = fahrenheitField.getText().toString();  assertThat(fahrenheitString, equalTo(String.valueOf(expected_result)));  }

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The Monkey

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evil monkey…

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Monkey pseudo-random stream of user events Generates events Ŷ clicks Ŷ touches Ŷ gestures Ŷ system-level events Ŷ Stress test your app Ŷ

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Monkey number of events to attempt operational constraints, such as restricting the test to a single package Event types and frequencies command-line tool Ŷ basic configuration Ŷ $ adb shell monkey -p your.package.name -v 500 Ŷ

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AssertJ Android for checking assertions to read / write http://square.github.io/assertj-android/ Syntactic sugar Ŷ Extension of the AssertJ library Ŷ Makes tests easier Ŷ Fluent syntax Ŷ

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AssertJ Android Assertions for Android objects Ŷ + support libraries Ŷ

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AssertJ Android Regular JUnit AssertJ Android assertEquals(View.GONE, view.getVisibility()); assertThat(view).isGone(); expected: <8> but was: <4> Expected visibility but was .

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AssertJ Android Regular JUnit assertEquals(View.VISIBLE, layout.getVisibility()); assertEquals(VERTICAL, layout.getOrientation()); assertEquals(4, layout.getChildCount()); assertEquals(SHOW_DIVIDERS_MIDDLE, layout.getShowDividers()); AssertJ Android assertThat(layout).isVisible() .isVertical() .hasChildCount(4) .hasShowDividers(SHOW_DIVIDERS_MIDDLE);

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Testing network resources

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Testing network resources Unit tests Ŷ Integration tests Ŷ Retrofit Ŷ

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Testing network resources how to trigger edge cases like API rate limit exceeded? HTTP calls should be asynchronous … Hit a real server? Ŷ Brittle tests! Ŷ Slow tests Ŷ Network or server is down Ŷ Incomplete tests Ŷ Further complicated in Android Ŷ

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Testing network resources Use a test server Ŷ Mock the Retrofit interface Ŷ

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Using a test server • virtually no changes or code required in your app codebase • can be shared across multiple platforms (Android, iOS, web, …) • another dependency (that can fail) • something new to ﬁgure out • not always easy to trigger errors or edge cases • what if ‘state’ is needed? • ‘slow’ tests execution, still HTTP calls needed PROs Ŷ CONs Ŷ

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Mocking the Retrofit interface • robust: no network errors, timeouts, … • easy to generate errors / edge cases • easy to control server-side state • write your dummy data in Java • extra test code needed • you don’t test the JSON deserialization (but you can add unit tests) • mock a part of your application ➪ not a true integration test PROs Ŷ CONs Ŷ You trust the test suites of Retrofit, Gson, … and mock out the data

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Network testing Mock network interface ‘Fake’-‘real’ server

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Mocking the Retrofit interface MockRestAdapter sample

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Mocking the Retrofit interface Retrofit mock public interface GitHub {  @GET("/repos/{owner}/{repo}/contributors")  List contributors(@Path("owner") String owner, @Path("repo") String repo);  }

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Mocking the Retrofit interface Canned data /** A mock implementation of the {@link GitHub} API interface. */  static class MockGitHub implements GitHub {  private final Map>> ownerRepoContributors;    public MockGitHub() {  ownerRepoContributors = new LinkedHashMap>>();    // Seed some mock data.  addContributor("square", "retrofit", "John Doe", 12);  addContributor("square", "retrofit", "Bob Smith", 2);  addContributor("square", "retrofit", "Big Bird", 40);  addContributor("square", "picasso", "Proposition Joe", 39);  addContributor("square", "picasso", "Keiser Soze", 152);  }

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Mocking the Retrofit interface Mock @Override public List contributors(String owner, String repo) {  Map> repoContributors = ownerRepoContributors.get(owner);  if (repoContributors == null) {  return Collections.emptyList();  }  List contributors = repoContributors.get(repo);  if (contributors == null) {  return Collections.emptyList();  }  return contributors;  }

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Mocking the Retrofit interface Mock // Create a very simple REST adapter which points the GitHub API endpoint.  RestAdapter restAdapter = new RestAdapter.Builder()  .setEndpoint(API_URL)  .build();    // Wrap our REST adapter to allow mock implementations and fake network delay.  MockRestAdapter mockRestAdapter = MockRestAdapter.from(restAdapter);    // Instantiate a mock object so we can interact with it later.  MockGitHub mockGitHub = new MockGitHub();  // Use the mock REST adapter and our mock object to create the API interface.  GitHub gitHub = mockRestAdapter.create(GitHub.class, mockGitHub);    // Query for some contributors for a few repositories.  printContributors(gitHub, "square", "retrofit");  printContributors(gitHub, "square", "picasso");

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Network testing Mock network interface ‘Fake’-‘real’ server

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MockWebServer predictable requests-responses Scriptable web server Ŷ okhttp (square) Ŷ Specify responses Ŷ Test HTTP clients Ŷ Verify requests Ŷ Like Mockito (for HTTP stack) Ŷ • script your mocks • run app code • verify that expected requests were made

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MockWebServer MockWebServer // Create a MockWebServer. These are lean enough that you can create // a new instance for every unit test. MockWebServer mockWebServer = new MockWebServer();  mockWebServer.play();    // Setup the MockWebServer & schedule a response  MockResponse mockResponse = new MockResponse();  mockResponse.setResponseCode(500);  mockWebServer().enqueue(mockResponse);    // Setup your networking lib. Ask the server for its url.  … mockWebServer.getUrl(“/“);    DO YOUR TEST

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Wiremock predictable requests-responses wiremock.org Ŷ Tom Akehurst Ŷ Reproduce real-world scenarios Ŷ Increase reliability Ŷ Stateful scenarios Ŷ Non-Android specific Ŷ

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Wiremock via HTTP/JSON API • _admin/mappings/new • mappings folder HTTP server Ŷ configure responses Ŷ use with Java API Ŷ

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Wiremock Wiremock JSON API { "request": { "method": "GET", "url": "/api/mytest" }, "response": { "status": 200, "body": "More content\n" } } wiremock.org documentation

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Wiremock Wiremock Java API stubFor(get(urlEqualTo("/some/thing")) .willReturn(aResponse() .withStatus(404) .withBody(“No!!”))); wiremock.org documentation

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Wiremock Wiremock Java test @Test public void exampleTest() { // make your app do requests to http://localhost:8080 stubFor(get(urlEqualTo("/my/resource")) .willReturn(aResponse() .withStatus(200) .withBody("Some content"))); onView(withId(R.id.submit_button)).perform(click()); onView(withText(“error message”)).check(matches(isDisplayed())); verify(postRequestedFor(urlMatching(“/my/resource/[a-z0-9]+”))); } wiremock.org documentation

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Wiremock … out-of-the-box Android support is coming… Stateful Ŷ Errors / delays Ŷ Wiremock in the test APK Ŷ Wiremock as server on network Ŷ

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Application ARCHITECTURE

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Software design patterns Good code = testable code Ŷ Dependency injection Ŷ

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Software design patterns Architecting Android Applications with Dagger Dependency injection Ŷ Dagger Ŷ Avoid reflection at runtime Ŷ Define dependencies Ŷ Jake Wharton Ŷ https://parleys.com/play/529bde2ce4b0e619540cc3ae

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Dependency injection Decoupling Ŷ Swap mocks in for tests Ŷ

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AUTOMATION &  REPORTING

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Automated distributed testing Automated distributed instrumentation testing Screenshots share with the designers…? in parallel Run tests on multiple devices Reports / logs captured for each test

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Spoon https://square.github.io/spoon/ Automate test execution Ŷ across multiple devices Ŷ Aggregation of screenshots Ŷ Aggregate the results Ŷ

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Spoon High level tests overview Ŷ Test failure specific Ŷ to a single device or all devices

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Spoon: device view Results of each test on one device Ŷ Useful for tracking down Ŷ device-speciﬁc failures of individual tests

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Spoon: test view Results of single test on all devices Ŷ

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Spoon: screenshots Visual inspection of test execution Ŷ screenshots Spoon.screenshot(activity, "initial_state"); /* Normal test code... */ Spoon.screenshot(activity, "after_login"); http://square.github.io/spoon/sample/

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Build pipeline Checkout / compile Unit tests Test coverage Code analysis Create deployable artifact Deploy for automatic QA test Trigger automated QA stage

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Build pipeline tools Build (maven - gradle) Dependency repo (nexus - artifactory) Testing framework (JUnit - ...) Test coverage (Cobertura - Emma - Jacoco) Code analysis (Checkstyle, findbugs, pmd, Android Lint) Creation of deployable artifact (buildtool, artifact repo) Trigger next stage

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Continuous integration benefits without additional eﬀort Fast feedback - fewer errors Ŷ Test everything on every (nightly) build Ŷ Regression tests Ŷ Less manual testing Ŷ

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Jenkins

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Jenkins

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Continuous integration • Jenkins • Bamboo Travis … Server Ŷ Hosted Ŷ https://travis-ci.org

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Test coverage open-source toolkit for measuring and reporting Java code coverage Metrics Ŷ Code safely Ŷ JaCoCo Ŷ Find risky code Ŷ

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Android test coverage

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Coverage 88%

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Demo https://github.com/filipmaelbrancke/devfest-istanbul-2014

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References

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Suggested reading Android Application Testing Guide Diego Torres Milano (9781849513500) Robotium Automated Testing for Android Hrushikesh Zadgaonkar (9781782168010) The Busy Coder’s Guide to Android Development Mark Murphy - http://commonsware.com/Android/

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Suggested reading Test Driven Development: By Example Beck, Kent (978-0321146533) Continuous Integration: Improving Software Quality and Reducing Risk Duvall, Paul M. et al. (978-0321336385) Working Effectively with Legacy Code Feathers, Michael (978-0131177055)

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Questions? Filip Maelbrancke Consultant @ AppFoundry ﬁ[email protected] @fmaelbrancke