Elastic scaling in a (micro)service oriented architecture

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Elastic Scaling in a (Micro)service oriented Architecture @BastianHofmann

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Microservices

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Service Oriented Architecture

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Monolith

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http://blog.philipphauer.de/microservices-nutshell-pros-cons/ Monolith Microservices

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Benefits

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Stricter separation of concerns

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Diverse technology stacks

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Things that you don’t want to do in language X

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Problems

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Problems

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Challenges

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Performance

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Latency

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Stability

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Reliability

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Transparency

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Monitoring

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Learning Curves

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Code Reuse

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Maintenance

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Elastic Scaling?

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Cloud Solutions

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Using the cloud is not always possible

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… or even desirable

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Only solve some of the problems

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How can we solve them

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•Deploying •Running •Releasing •Conﬁguring •Discovering •Monitoring •Error Handling •Scaling Agenda

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A lot of this is also useful for monoliths

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Our use case

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https://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/npobre/2601582256/

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Deployment

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How to get the services on our servers?

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Diverse technology stacks

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The same for every service

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One Click Deployment

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•Ansible •Capistrano •Saltstack •Custom •….

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Automation

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Build/Test/Release pipeline

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Availability

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Zero Downtime Deployments

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Server Server Server Server

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Server Server Server Server

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Server Server Server Server

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Server Server Server Server

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Server Server Server Server

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Server Server Server Server

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Stability

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Canary environments

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Server Server Server Server

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Server Server Server Server Test with low amount of trafﬁc

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Fast deployments

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Fast rollbacks

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https://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/40987321@N02/5580348753/

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Different libraries, packages, web servers, configurations, versions

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Base boxes

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Services installed in a sandbox

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https://www.docker.com/

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https://twitter.com/mfdii/status/697532387240996864

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Running the service

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How do I stop and start a service and ensure it keeps running?

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Diverse technology stacks

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The same for every service

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•Supervisord •Upstart •S6 •Ruine •Monit •Circus •Restartd •Docker •…

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Releases

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How to synchronize changes over services?

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APIs

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API Versioning

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GET /v23/foo/abr Host: myservice.local

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GET /foo/abr Host: myservice.local X-Version: 23

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GET /foo/abr?version=23 Host: myservice.local

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GET /foo/abr Host: myservice.local Accept: application/vnd.company.v23+json

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No backwards compatibility breaks

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Feature Flags

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public function hasAccess() { return featureFlag()->isActive( FeatureFlag::TEST_ONE ); }

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Every service has its own implementation

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Shared database

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Headers

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GET /foo/abr Host: myservice.local X-Flag-NewFeature: 1

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Configuration Management

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How do I synchronize configuration over services?

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[ "db_user": "user", "db_pw": "pw", "serviceA": "serviceA.local:8018" ]

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Config file on disk

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Duplication

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Inconsistencies

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Consul https://www.consul.io/

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•Consul •Zookeeper •etcd •…

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Consul Server Consul Server Consul Server Consul Agent ver Consul Agent Server Consul Agent Server Co Ag Server

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Key/Value Store

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$kv->put('test/foo/bar', 'bazinga'); $kv->get('test/foo/bar', ['raw' => true]); $kv->delete('test/foo/bar');

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Credentials

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$kv->put('test/db/pw', 'secret_pw');

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https://www.vaultproject.io/

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Cycling of credentials

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Service Discovery

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How does one service know where another service is?

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Hostname + Port

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Server Service A Server Service B Service C Service C

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Configuration

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$config = [ 'serviceA' => [ '192.168.0.1:8001', '192.168.0.2:8001', ], 'serviceB' => [ '192.168.0.1:8002', ], 'serviceC' => [ '192.168.0.2:8003', ] ];

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Consul https://www.consul.io/

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Load balancing?

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Round robin in the client

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$config = [ 'serviceA' => [ '192.168.0.1:8001', '192.168.0.2:8001', ], 'serviceB' => [ '192.168.0.1:8002', ], 'serviceC' => [ '192.168.0.2:8003', ] ];

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Service/Server down?

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$config = [ 'serviceA' => [ '192.168.0.1:8001', '192.168.0.2:8001', ], 'serviceB' => [ '192.168.0.1:8002', ], 'serviceC' => [ '192.168.0.2:8003', ] ];

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Health checks

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GET /health HTTP/1.1 Host: serviceA.local HTTP/1.1 200 OK

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Central load balancer

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Server Service A Server Service B Service C Service C Load balancer

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Scalability?

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Load balancer

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Elasticity?

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Load balancer

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Consul https://www.consul.io/

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Consul Server Consul Server Consul Server Consul Agent ver Consul Agent Server Consul Agent Server Co Ag Server

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Consul for Service Discovery

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Consul Agent Server Service A Registration Health check

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Consul API

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DNS

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admin@hashicorp: dig web-frontend.service.consul. ANY ; <<>> DiG 9.8.3-P1 <<>> web-frontend.service.consul. ANY ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 29981 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;web-frontend.service.consul. IN ANY ;; ANSWER SECTION: web-frontend.service.consul. 0 IN A 10.0.3.83 web-frontend.service.consul. 0 IN A 10.0.1.109

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Consul-Template https://github.com/hashicorp/consul-template

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Server Service A Server Service B Service C Service C Load balancer Consul Template

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Single Point of Failure

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Server Service A Server Service B Service C Service C Load balancer Consul Template Load balancer Consul Template

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Load balance directly in the client

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https://github.com/eBay/fabio

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Monitoring

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How are my services behaving?

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Central Log Management

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Elasticsearch  Kibana Logstash

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Logstash elasticsearch webserver webserver webserver AMQP log log log logstash logstash logstash

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Tracing IDs

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web server http service http service http service http service create unique trace_id for request user request trace_id trace_id trace_id trace_id log log log log log

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X-Trace-Id: bbr8ehb984tbab894

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https://www.loggly.com/

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https://getsentry.com/

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Measure everything

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Server metrics

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Application metrics

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StatsD + Graphite

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webserver webserver webserver statsd statsd statsd graphite aggregated UPD message statsd

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https://www.librato.com

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http://www.soasta.com/

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http://www.monitor.us/

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Profiling

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newrelic.com

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Handling failures

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What do I do when something breaks?

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Errors happen

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Detecting regressions

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Server outages

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Database overloads

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Bugs

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Service A Service B 200 OK

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Service A Service B 5xx

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Service A Service B Timeout

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Circuit Breakers

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Service A Service B 200 OK Circuit Breaker Status: closed Error rate: 0

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Service A Service B Error Circuit Breaker Status: -> open Error rate: > threshold

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Service A Service B Circuit Breaker Status: -> open Error rate: > threshold

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Service A Service B Error Circuit Breaker Status: -> open Error rate: > threshold Test if still failing

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Service A Service B 200 OK Circuit Breaker Status: -> close Error rate: 0 Test if still failing

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https://github.com/Netﬂix/Hystrix

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https://github.com/odesk/phystrix

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Gracefully handling exceptions

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Component based fronted

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Degrading Functionality

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Proﬁle Publications Publication Publication Publication AboutMe LeftColumn Image Menu Institution

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Proﬁle Publications Publication Publication Publication AboutMe LeftColumn Image Menu EXCEPTION Institution

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Proﬁle Publications Publication Publication Publication LeftColumn Image Menu Institution

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Test it

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http://techblog.netﬂix.com/2014/09/introducing-chaos-engineering.html

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Scalability

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How do I handle traffic spikes?

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Elasticity

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Service A Service B 200 OK Circuit Breaker

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Service A Service B Circuit Breaker Service C Circuit Breaker Timeouts

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Service A Service B Circuit Breaker Service C Circuit Breaker Timeouts

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Throttling

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Service A Service B Circuit Breaker Service C Circuit Breaker Only allow xx% of calls

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Priority

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Service A Service B Circuit Breaker Service C Circuit Breaker 100% of calls 10% of calls

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Elasticity

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Service A Service B Circuit Breaker Service C Circuit Breaker Service B

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Complete Solutions

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https://mesosphere.github.io/marathon/

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https://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/darkdwarf/19701555974/

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http://speakerdeck.com/u/bastianhofmann

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http://twitter.com/BastianHofmann http://lanyrd.com/people/BastianHofmann http://speakerdeck.com/u/bastianhofmann [email protected]