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Consistent, Distributed Elixir Chris Keathley / @ChrisKeathley / [email protected]

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I have a problem…

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“Phoenix is not your application”

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I don’t know what my application is any more

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Elixir is awesome

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Processes

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Problem: “We need to limit access to an external resource”

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Solution: “Lets just use processes!”

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Global lock

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:unlocked Global lock

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:unlocked Global lock Client

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Global lock Client :lock :unlocked

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Global lock Client :lock :unlocked

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Global lock Client :locked

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Global lock Client :ok :locked

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Global lock Client :ok :locked

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Global lock Client :locked

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Global lock Client :unlock :locked

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:locked Global lock Client :unlock

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:locked Global lock Client

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:unlocked Global lock Client

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:unlocked Global lock Client :ok

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:unlocked Global lock Client :ok

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:unlocked Global lock Client

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:unlocked Global lock Client Client

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:unlocked Global lock Client Client

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:unlocked Global lock Client Client

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:unlocked Global lock Client Client

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :unlocked

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Global lock Client Client :unlocked

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Global lock Client Client :unlocked

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Global lock Client Client :unlocked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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Global lock Client Client :locked

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use GenServer end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use GenServer def init(:ok) do state = {:unlocked, nil} {:ok, state} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use GenServer def init(:ok) do state = {:unlocked, nil} {:ok, state} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use GenServer def init(:ok) do state = {:unlocked, nil} {:ok, state} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use GenServer def init(:ok) do state = {:unlocked, nil} {:ok, state} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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Global lock

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Problem: “We need to run multiple Nodes”

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Multiple Nodes

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Multiple Nodes Node

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Node Multiple Nodes

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Node Node Multiple Nodes

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Node Client Client Multiple Nodes Node

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Node Node Client Multiple Nodes Client

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Node Node Client Multiple Nodes Client

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Node Node Client Multiple Nodes Client

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Node Node Client Multiple Nodes Client

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Node Node Client Multiple Nodes Client

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Node Node Client Multiple Nodes Client

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Node Node Client Multiple Nodes Client This is bad

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Solution: “Lets just use a global process”

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GenServer.start_link(Lock, :ok, name: Lock)

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GenServer.start_link(Lock, :ok, name: {:global, Lock})

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Remove this

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Global

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client What if this goes away?

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client Start a new lock process

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client Start a new lock process

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Client Client

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Problem: “what if the node isn’t really down?”

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Partition

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Guess it must be down

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Start a new lock process

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Start a new lock process

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client This Lock still exists

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client This is bad

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Problem: “What happens when the partition heals?”

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Heals

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client Who should win?

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Solution: Global Process Node Node Client Client This is bad

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Solution: “Lets just use The Database”

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Solution: Databases Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Databases Node Node Client Client

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Solution: Databases Node Node Client Client Redis

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Solution: “Lets have a way to consistently manage state in elixir”

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When a network is partitioned you can either be available or consistent CAP Theorem

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“Every request receives a response without guarantee that it contains the most recent write” Available

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“Every read receives the most recent write or it errors” Consistent

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AP CP Available during partitions Consistent during partitions

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Available

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Problem: “We need to keep track of counts”

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Counters Node Client Node Client

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +0

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +0 Store additions

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +0

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Counters Node Client Node Client +2 +0 +0

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Counters Node Client Node Client +2 +0 +0

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +0 +2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +2 +0 +0 +2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +2 +0 +0 +2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 :read

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 :read

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +3

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +3

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 :read

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 :read

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 2

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5 Inconsistent

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5

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Counters Node Client Node Client +0 +2 +0 +2 +3 +5 +5 +3

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Sometimes you’re going to be wrong (And thats ok)

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Phoenix presence

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Some problems need consistency Distributed Locking Databases Distributed scheduling and coordination Configuration and metadata storage Transactions

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Consistent

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Node Partitions in consistent systems Node Node

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Node Partitions in consistent systems Node Node

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Node Partitions in consistent systems Node Node

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Node Partitions in consistent systems Node Node

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Node Partitions in consistent systems Node Node

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Consensus

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Paxos

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Leslie Lamport

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Leslie Lamport

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Paxos (but simpler)

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Raft (this time a lot simpler)

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Raft (this time a lot simpler)

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Problem: “We need to limit access to an external resource”

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use GenServer def init(:ok) do {:ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use Raft.StateMachine def init(:ok) do {:ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use Raft.StateMachine def init(:ok) do {:unlocked, nil} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use Raft.StateMachine def init(:ok) do {:unlocked, nil} end def handle_write({:lock, client}, _from, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use Raft.StateMachine def init(:ok) do {:unlocked, nil} end def handle_write({:lock, client}, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:reply, :ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use Raft.StateMachine def init(:ok) do {:unlocked, nil} end def handle_write({:lock, client}, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_call({:lock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use Raft.StateMachine def init(:ok) do {:unlocked, nil} end def handle_write({:lock, client}, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_write({:lock, client}, {:locked, other_client}) do {:error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, client}) do {:reply, :ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_call({:unlock, client}, _from, {:locked, other_client}) do {:reply, :error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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defmodule Demo.Lock do use Raft.StateMachine def init(:ok) do {:unlocked, nil} end def handle_write({:lock, client}, {:unlocked, nil}) do {:ok, {:locked, client}} end def handle_write({:lock, client}, {:locked, other_client}) do {:error, {:locked, other_client}} end def handle_write({:unlock, client}, {:locked, client}) do {:ok, {:unlocked, nil}} end def handle_write({:unlock, client}, {:locked, other_client}) do {:error, {:locked, other_client}} end end

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No content

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Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s1) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s2) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s3)

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Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s1) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s2) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s3) Raft.set_configuration(:s1, [:s1, :s2, :s3])

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Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s1) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s2) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s3) Raft.set_configuration(:s1, [:s1, :s2, :s3]) :ok = Raft.write(:s1, {:lock, :s1})

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Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s1) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s2) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s3) Raft.set_configuration(:s1, [:s1, :s2, :s3]) :ok = Raft.write(:s1, {:lock, :s1}) :error = Raft.write(:s2, {:lock, :s2}) :error = Raft.write(:s2, {:unlock, :s2})

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Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s1) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s2) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s3) Raft.set_configuration(:s1, [:s1, :s2, :s3]) :ok = Raft.write(:s1, {:lock, :s1}) :error = Raft.write(:s2, {:lock, :s2}) :error = Raft.write(:s2, {:unlock, :s2}) :ok = Raft.write(:s1, {:unlock, :s1})

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Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s1) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s2) Raft.start_peer(Demo.Lock, name: :s3) Raft.set_configuration(:s1, [:s1, :s2, :s3]) :ok = Raft.write(:s1, {:lock, :s1}) :error = Raft.write(:s2, {:lock, :s2}) :error = Raft.write(:s2, {:unlock, :s2}) :ok = Raft.write(:s1, {:unlock, :s1}) :ok = Raft.write(:s2, {:lock, :s2})

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Demo

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How does this work?

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Node Node Node Consensus & leader election

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client Replicated

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client Committed

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client Heartbeats

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Client Follower

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Client Follower Starts a new election

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Consensus & leader election Leader Follower Client Follower

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Consensus & leader election Leader Candidate Client Follower

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Consensus & leader election Leader Candidate Client Follower

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Consensus & leader election Leader Candidate Client Follower

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Consensus & leader election Leader Candidate Client Follower

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Consensus & leader election Leader Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Leader Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Consensus & leader election Follower Leader Follower Client

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Logs Linearized Writes Replicated across all nodes RocksDB

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Testing Property Tests Jepsen

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What can we do now?

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KV Store Service discovery Distributed lock manager Database transactions Configuration management

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Toniq

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https://github.com/toniqsystems/raft https://github.com/toniqsystems/raft_demo https://Toniq.sh https://speakerdeck/keathley Links

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Todo More Testing Dynamic Node Configurations LMDB Storage Adapter

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Now we can build applications and manage state safely without needing to leave elixir.

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Thanks Chris Keathley / @ChrisKeathley / [email protected]