The Day I Reverse Engineered a Gameboy Advance Game

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The day I reverse engineered a Gameboy Advance game With @ythecombinator AND @macabeus

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WTF?! THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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"""

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soooo…

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This is macabeus

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This is MATHEUS

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This is US PLAYING KLONOA

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AND THIS IS US BORED

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soooo…

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WANTED MORE LEVELS TO PLAY WITH

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WANTED DIFFERENT LEVELS

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soooo…

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soooo…

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soooo…

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soooo…AND THIS IS KLONNOA

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soooo…AND THIS IS KLONNOA

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http://bit.ly/gba-the-conf-project

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Stretching the bridge THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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https://www.nogba.com

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https://www.hex-rays.com/products/ida

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This is the tile ID. In this example, all tiles with the ID 9B are exactly the bridge part, which is the left corner. 9A is the ID of the continuous part of the bridge.

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This tells us where the tile is stored in the memory. In this example, it is at 0600F1AD.

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/hardware.htm

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/hardware.htm The address found is expected 0600F1AD given that everything between 0600 and 0601 is part of the section known as VRAM.

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Our bridge starts here!

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Our bridge starts here!

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And now we grow it bigger!

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And now we grow it bigger!

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And now we grow it bigger! WTF??!

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Understanding the DMA THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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VRAM pulls the tilemap  containing exactly what the player has to see from somewhere else that has the entire thing.

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/regbg.htm

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/regbg.htm Direct Memory Access

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/regbg.htm It is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory (random- access memory), independent of the CPU

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/regbg.htm tldr; a faster copy and paste

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DMA3: 03000900 0600E000 80000400 DMA3: 03001100 0600E800 80000400 DMA3: 03004DB0 0600F000 80000200 DMA3: 03004800 07000000 84000048

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DMA3: 03000900 0600E000 80000400 DMA3: 03001100 0600E800 80000400 DMA3: 03004DB0 0600F000 80000200 DMA3: 03004800 07000000 84000048 The closest to the bytes of our bridge (0600F1AD).

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DMA3: 03000900 0600E000 80000400 DMA3: 03001100 0600E800 80000400 DMA3: 03004DB0 0600F000 80000200 DMA3: 03004800 07000000 84000048 This address is the VRAM data source. It’s located in a region called Fast WRAM.

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Our bridge starts here!

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Stretching it…

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Stretching it… …It works! And…

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Stretching it… …It works! And… WTF??!

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Stretching it… …It works! And… WTF??!

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Our extra tiles disappear when out of the player vision range.

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LET’S TALK ABOUT PHYSICS THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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Object Attribute Memory

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OAM

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This is the address in which Klonoa is stored on the memory

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DMA3: 03000900 0600E000 80000400 DMA3: 03001100 0600E800 80000400 DMA3: 03004DB0 0600F000 80000200 DMA3: 03004800 07000000 8400003E

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DMA3: 03000900 0600E000 80000400 DMA3: 03001100 0600E800 80000400 DMA3: 03004DB0 0600F000 80000200 DMA3: 03004800 07000000 8400003E We can see exactly the byte that writes on Klonoa’s OAM (03004800).

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1 2

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Here is where Y fixes Klonoa’s position

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Here is where Y fixes Klonoa’s position Here is where which decides if should fix or not Klonoa’s position

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/hardware.htm

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https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/hardware.htm

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Let’s find the tilemap on rom THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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Cartridge > > > > The data flow

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Cartridge Slow WRAM > > > > The data flow

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Cartridge Fast WRAM Slow WRAM > > > > The data flow

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Cartridge Fast WRAM Slow WRAM VRAM > > > > The data flow

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Cartridge Fast WRAM Display Slow WRAM VRAM > > > > The data flow

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Cartridge Fast WRAM Display VRAM Slow WRAM > > > > Our research flow

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swi 11h what?

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Swi

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SoftWare Interrupt

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SoftWare Interrupt = Bios calls

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BIOS is a firmware that is intended to initialise the physical components of the system

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BIOS is a firmware that is intended to initialise the physical components of the system In GBA, its BIOS exposes many functions often used in games, including data compression and decompression

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BIOS is a firmware that is intended to initialise the physical components of the system In GBA, its BIOS exposes many functions often used in games, including data compression and decompression Each function has an associated numeric code, which must be used as a parameter in the SWI statement

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Input: How division works on ARM Assembly swi 0x06 Output:

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Input: How division works on ARM Assembly swi 0x06 R0  numerator R1  denominator Output:

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Input: How division works on ARM Assembly swi 0x06 R0  numerator R1  denominator R0  numerator / denominator R1  numerator % denominator R3  abs(numerator / denominator) Output:

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Huffman + lz77 = deflate

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6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E

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6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E

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6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E

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6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E

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6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E B0 B1 BD 77 AB B3 AB B3 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E 6E 6E 7C 6E 6E =

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Let’s paint the tilemap THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F

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0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F

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0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F

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0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F

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H · W = 25023  H,W ∈ ℕ

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x x x x a x x x x x x x x b x x x x I’m on tile a

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x x x x a x x x x x x x x b x x x x I’m on tile a

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x x x x a x x x x x x x x b x x x x I’m on tile a x x x x a x x x x x x x x b x x x x From the tile a to b there are 9 bytes (= 9 tiles), so the length of the tilemap is exactly 9

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Breakpoint here

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…is located here This byte…

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As I change this byte…

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…it reflects right here

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Changing these bytes…

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…we drop Klonoa one level below

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Changing these bytes… …we found the B tile!

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020085DB The length of the level is 420! - 02008437 = 1A4 (420)

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https://github.com/oliver-moran/jimp

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const Jimp = require('jimp') const { drop } = require('ramda') const fs = require('fs') const data = drop(3, fs.readFileSync('dump/level-2/tilemap'))

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const getPixelColor = hexTile "# { if (hexTile === 0) { return 0x00000000 } return 0xFFFFFFFF }

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new Jimp(300, 600, (err, image) "# { let x = 0 let y = 0 for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i += 1) { const value = data[i] x += 1 if (x === 300) { y += 1 x = 0 } let color = getPixelColor(value) image.setPixelColor(color, x, y) } image.write('image.png') })

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let’s see the project THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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Coding THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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soooo…

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soooo…

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Stack

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React.js ✈

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Webpack ✈

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Ramda.js ✈

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FormerKit ✈

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GH Pages ✈

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architecture

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✂ Brush Scissors

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klo-gba.js/scissors/src/visions/

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export default { rom: { tilemap: [0x1B27FC, 0x1B36F3], oam: [0xE2B90, 0xE2F59], portals: [0xD48C8, 0xD48EF], }, tilemap: { totalStages: 3, height: 60, width: 420, scheme: [ { name: 'grass', ids: [0x7D, 0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x8E, 0x8F, 0x90], },

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{ name: 'rock', ids: [0x54, 0x53, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57, 0x58, 0x59, }, { name: 'darkRock', ids: [0x40, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, }, { name: 'wood', ids: [0x52, 0x94, 0x98, 0x99, 0x9A, 0x9B, 0x9D, }, { name: 'bridgeRope', ids: [0x04, 0x05, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x11, 0x13, 0x14,

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{ name: 'spike', ids: [0x3D], }, ], },

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Provider Pattern

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✘ Nah$$.Not necessary at all.

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ROMProvider VisionProvider

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import React from 'react' const ROMContext = React.createContext() export default ROMContext import React from 'react' const VisionContext = React.createContext() export default VisionContext klo-gba.js/brush/src/context/ROMContext.js klo-gba.js/brush/src/context/VisionContext.js

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const ROMProvider = (props) "# { const [romBuffer, setROMBuffer] = useROMBuffer() return ( {props.children} ) }

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const SelectVision = () "# { const { romBufferMemory } = useContext(ROMContext) const { updateVision, vision: { state: visionState }, visionIndex, visionWorld, } = useContext(VisionContext) const setNewVision = (newVision) "# { const [newVisionWorld, newVisionIndex] = newVision.split('-') updateVision(romBufferMemory, newVisionWorld, newVisionIndex) }

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Custom hooks

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import { useContext, useEffect } from 'react' import VisionContext from '../context/VisionContext' const useWhenVisionChanges = (callback) "# { const { visionIndex, visionWorld } = useContext(VisionContext) useEffect(callback, [visionIndex, visionWorld]) } export default useWhenVisionChanges

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const LoadedRom = () "# { const { vision } = useContext(VisionContext) const [highlightCoordinates, setHighlightCoordinates] = useState([-1, -1]) const [optShowGrid, setOptShowGrid] = useState(false) const [optShowOAM, setOptShowOAM] = useState(true) const [optShowPortals, setOptShowPortals] = useState(true) const [toolState, setToolState] = useTool() const [resolution, setResolution] = useState(1) useWhenVisionChanges(() "# { setHighlightCoordinates([-1, -1]) }) $( $$.

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import { useState } from 'react' const useTool = () "# { const [{ currentTool, toolsValue }, setToolsStates] = useState({ currentTool: 'magnifyingGlass', toolsValue: { brush: null, magnifyingGlass: null, }, })

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const updateToolState = (tool, newToolState) "# { if (newToolState ))* undefined) { setToolsStates({ currentTool: tool, toolsValue: { $$.toolsValue, [tool]: newToolState, }, }) return } setToolsStates({ currentTool: tool, toolsValue, }) }

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return [{ name: currentTool, value: toolsValue[currentTool], }, updateToolState] } export default useTool

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Web assembly

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Tilemap compressed Old C code to uncompress it Decompressed Tilemap > >

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Tilemap compressed Old C code to uncompress it Decompressed Tilemap > > Can’t run C code on browser!

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Tilemap compressed Old C code to uncompress it Decompressed Tilemap > >

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Tilemap compressed Old C code to uncompress it Decompressed Tilemap > > >Emscripten >WebAssembly

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huffman.c lzss.c > > Emscripten huffman.js lzss.js huffman.wasm lzss.wasm +

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klo-gba.js/scissors/webpack.config.js const rules = [ { loader: 'file-loader', test: /\.wasm$/, type: 'javascript/auto', }, … ]

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const huffmanWasm = require('./wasm/huffman.wasm') const huffmanModule = require('./wasm/huffman.js')({ locateFile (path) { if (path.endsWith('.wasm')) { return `static/wasm/${huffmanWasm}` } return path }, })

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class HuffmanDecodeError extends Error { constructor (e) { super(`Error when tried to use huffman decoder: ${e}`) this.name = 'HuffmanDecodeError' } } huffmanModule.onRuntimeInitialized = () "# {} const huffmanDecode = (buffer) "# { FS.writeFile('file', buffer)

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const huffmanDecode = (buffer) "# { FS.writeFile('file', buffer) huffmanModule._HUF_Decode() try { return huffmanModule.FS.readFile('file', { encoding: 'binary' }) } catch (e) { throw new HuffmanDecodeError(e) } }

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function docker_run_emscripten { local filename="$1" echo "Compiling $filename$$." docker run \ --rm -it \ -v $(pwd)/scissors/src/wasm:/src \ trzeci/emscripten \ emcc -s WASM=1 -s ALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH=1 -s MODULARIZE=1 -s EXTRA_EXPORTED_RUNTIME_METHODS=[\"FS\"] -s EXPORT_NAME=\"$filename\" -o ./$filename.js $filename.c } docker_run_emscripten huffman docker_run_emscripten lzss

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const extractFullTilemap = (romBuffer, [addressStart, addressEnd]) "# romBuffer.slice(addressStart, addressEnd) |> huffmanDecode |> lzssDecode

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Tilemap

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✔ Display tiles and OAM ✔ Allow the user to edit it

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https://github.com/konvajs/konva

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1st load: ˜3 seconds! 2nd load: ˜13 seconds!

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After some React.js performance work…

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1st load

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1st load ˜1.8 seconds!

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1st load 2nd load

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1st load 2nd load ˜3.6 seconds!

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1st load 2nd load 1st load: ˜1.8 seconds! 2nd load: ˜3.6 seconds!

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After switching from Canvas to WebGL…

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1st load

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1st load ˜1.6 seconds!

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1st load ˜1.6 seconds! 2nd load

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1st load ˜1.6 seconds! 2nd load ˜2.8 seconds!

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After doing more optimizations on WebGL…

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1st load

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1st load ˜625 ms!

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1st load 2nd load ˜625 ms!

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1st load 2nd load ˜536 ms! ˜625 ms!

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1st load: ˜3 seconds! 2nd load: ˜13 seconds! Perf recap: No one is gonna play with this

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1st load: ˜3 1.8 seconds! 2nd load: ˜13 3.6 seconds! Perf recap: Removing wasted renders and other React optimisation stuff.

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1st load: ˜3 1.8 1.6 seconds! 2nd load: ˜13 3.6 2.8 seconds! Perf recap: Canvas → WebGL

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1st load: ˜3 1.8 1.6 0.625 seconds! 2nd load: ˜13 3.6 2.8 0.536 seconds! Perf recap: React → WebGL

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Result THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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THE Future THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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WE ARE... THE DAY I REVERSE ENGINEERED A GAMEBOY ADVANCE GAME

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MACABEUS macabeus ____ www.macalogs.com.br _ _ Software Engineer, full-stack @LOGGI Always creating crazy projects

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MATHEUS ALBUQUERQUE YTHECOMBINATOR www.ythecombinator.space [email protected] Senior Software Engineer, Front-End @STRV addicted to emojis, memes and beer