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The Magic of Rails exploring the principles & techniques behind the framework

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Hello RailsConf! I'm Eileen M. Uchitelle @eileencodes @[email protected]

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The Magic of Rails exploring the principles & techniques behind the framework

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What is Ruby on Rails?

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Rails is modular, but 
 not fractured

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Rails is designed to have agnostic interfaces

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Rails is extracted from applications

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Rails is made of 
 simple and aesthetic APIs

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Rails is a framework that takes on complexity to empower you

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How Rails components are structured

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RUBY ON RAILS Active Record Active Support Active Model Active Job Active Storage Action Mailer Action Pack Action View Action Cable Action Text Action Mailbox Railties

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Naming Convention Active vs Action

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Active Record Active Support Active Model Active Job Active Storage BACKEND NAMING CONVENTION

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USER FACING Active Record Active Support Active Model Active Job Active Storage BACKEND NAMING CONVENTION Action Mailer Action Pack Action View Action Cable Action Text Action Mailbox USER FACING

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Active Record Active Support Active Model Active Job Active Storage Action Mailer Action Pack Action View Action Cable Action Text Action Mailbox BACKEND USER FACING Railties GLUE NAMING CONVENTION

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Architeture & Patterns of Rails components

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Architecture & Patterns the role of Railties

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👩💻 Application

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👩💻 Application Register hooks

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👩💻 Application Register hooks Load components

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👩💻 Application Register hooks Load components Run hooks

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# railtie.rb initializer "initializer.name" do # do something at initialization end

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# railties/lib/rails/application.rb def initializer(name, opts = {}, &block) self.class.initializer(name, opts, &block) end

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# railtie.rb initializer "initializer.name" do |app| app.do_something app.config.do_something end

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# railtie.rb initializer "initializer.name" do ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do # do something at initialization end end

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration establish_connection end end

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration establish_connection end end

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration establish_connection end end

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# activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb initializer "active_job.logger" do ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) { self.logger = ::Rails.logger } end

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# activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb initializer "active_model.deprecator", before: :load_environment_config do |app| app.deprecators[:active_model] = ActiveModel.deprecator end

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# activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb initializer "active_model.deprecator", before: :load_environment_config do |app| app.deprecators[:active_model] = ActiveModel.deprecator end

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• Railties are the core of the framework

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• Railties are the core of the framework • Railties control load order and when hooks should be run

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• Railties are the core of the framework • Railties control load order and when hooks should be run • Enables components to work together without adding dependencies

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Architecture & Patterns Agnostic interfaces

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if connection.is_a?(PostgresqlAdapter) # ... elsif connection.is_a?(Mysql2Adapter) # ... elsif connection.is_?(Sqlite3Adapter) # ... else # ... end

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if connection.is_a?(PostgresqlAdapter) # ... elsif connection.is_a?(Mysql2Adapter) # ... elsif connection.is_?(Sqlite3Adapter) # ... else # ... end ❌

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module ActiveRecord module ConnectionAdapters class AbstractAdapter # define interface end end end

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module ActiveRecord module ConnectionAdapters class AbstractAdapter # define interface end end end module ActiveRecord module ConnectionAdapters class PostgresqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter # inherit or redefine interface end end end

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connection.supports_foreign_keys? => true

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class AbstractAdapter def supports_foreign_keys? false end end

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class AbstractAdapter def supports_foreign_keys? false end end class PostgresqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter def supports_foreign_keys? true end end

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# activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb module ActiveStorage class Service def delete(key) raise NotImplementedError end end end

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# activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb class ActiveStorage class Service::GCSService < Service def delete(key) instrument :delete, key: key do file_for(key).delete rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError # Ignore files already deleted end end end end

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@service.delete(key)

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• Consistent interface for all supported libraries

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• Consistent interface for all supported libraries • Simpli fi es Rails code to avoid using `is_a?`

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• Consistent interface for all supported libraries • Simpli fi es Rails code to avoid using `is_a?` • Makes it easy for apps to swap out adapters / services

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• Consistent interface for all supported libraries • Simpli fi es Rails code to avoid using `is_a?` • Makes it easy for apps to swap out adapters / services • Lowers the maintenance burden

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Migrating Shopify's Core Rails Monolith to Trilogy Adrianna Chang Monday, April 24 @ 3pm

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Architecture & Patterns Metaprogramming

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class Post < ApplicationRecord has_many :comments end class Comment < ApplicationRecord belongs_to :post end

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post = Post.first post.comments => [#, #]

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post = Post.first post.method(:comments).source_location

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post = Post.first post.method(:comments).source_location => ["rails/activerecord/lib/ active_record/associations/builder/ association.rb", 103]

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/ association.rb class ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder class Association def self.define_readers(mixin, name) mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{name} association(:#{name}).reader end CODE end end end

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/ association.rb class ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder class Association def self.define_readers(mixin, name) mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{name} association(:#{name}).reader end CODE end end end

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/ association.rb class ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder class Association def self.define_readers(mixin, name) mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{name} association(:#{name}).reader end CODE end end end

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Post::GeneratedAssociationMethods

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/ association.rb class ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder class Association def self.define_readers(mixin, name) mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{name} association(:#{name}).reader end CODE end end end

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/ association.rb class ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder class Association def self.define_writers(mixin, name) mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{name}=(value) association(:#{name}).writer(value) end CODE end end end

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# activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/ association.rb class ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder class Association def self.define_writers(mixin, name) mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{name}=(value) association(:#{name}).writer(value) end CODE end end end

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• Powerful tool that enables us to build beautiful, simple APIs

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• Powerful tool that enables us to build beautiful, simple APIs • Hides complexity from your application

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• Powerful tool that enables us to build beautiful, simple APIs • Hides complexity from your application • Where "Rails Magic" comes from

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Maintaining Rails Why I work on it

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2010 Introduced to Rails

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2010 Introduced to Rails 2011 Big Nerd Ranch

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2010 Introduced to Rails 2011 Big Nerd Ranch 2014 1st conference 1st contribution

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2010 Introduced to Rails 2011 Big Nerd Ranch 2014 1st conference 1st contribution 2015 First RailsConf

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2010 Introduced to Rails 2011 Big Nerd Ranch 2014 1st conference 1st contribution 2015 First RailsConf 2017 Join Rails Core

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2010 Introduced to Rails 2011 Big Nerd Ranch 2014 1st conference 1st contribution 2015 First RailsConf 2017 Join Rails Core 2023 This RailsConf

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I work on Rails to advance the framework

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I work on Rails to ensure applications can stay on Rails

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I work on Rails to build a stronger community

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I work on Rails to have an impact on the future

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Rails is so much more than just a framework

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Rails is inspiring

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Rails is empowering

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Rails is imperfect

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Rails is the applications we build

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Rails is the team behind it

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Rails is the community

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Rails is magic

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Thank You!