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Identifying Design Patterns in the Symfony Framework Istanbul – Turkey – May 3rd 2014

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Hugo HAMON Head of training at SensioLabs Book author Speaker at Conferences Symfony contributor @hhamon

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Introduction to Design Patterns

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In software design, a design pattern is an abstract generic solution to solve a particular common problem.

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Recommended readings

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Disclaimer They aren’t the holy grail!

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Loose Coupling

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Unit testability

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Maintenance

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Three patterns families

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Creational Patterns Abstract Factory Builder Factory Method Lazy Initialization Prototype Singleton

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Structural Patterns Adapter Bridge Composite Decorator Facade Flyweight Proxy

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Behavioral Patterns Chain of Responsability Command Interpreter Iterator Mediator Memento Observer State Strategy Template Method Visitor

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Design Patterns applied to Symfony

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Creational Patterns

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Factory Method

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Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate.

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Form Component

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ResolvedFormTypeFactoryInterface + createResolvedFormType(…) Product ResolvedFormType ResolvedFormTypeFactory + createResolvedFormType(…) Resolving form field types inheritance

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namespace Symfony\Component\Form; class ResolvedFormTypeFactory implements ResolvedFormTypeFactoryInterface { public function createResolvedType( FormTypeInterface $type, array $typeExtensions, ResolvedFormTypeInterface $parent = null ) { return new ResolvedFormType( $type, $typeExtensions, $parent ); } }

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$f = new ResolvedFormTypeFactory(); $form = $f->createResolvedType(new FormType()); $date = $f->createResolvedType(new DateType(), [], $form); $bday = $f->createResolvedType(new BirthdayType(), [], $date);

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ResolvedFormTypeFactoryInterface + createResolvedFormType(…) Product ResolvedTypeDataCollectorProxy ResolvedTypeFactoryDataCollectorProxy + createResolvedFormType(…) Collecting Resolved Types States

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class ResolvedTypeFactoryDataCollectorProxy implements ResolvedFormTypeFactoryInterface { private $proxiedFactory; private $dataCollector; public function __construct( ResolvedFormTypeFactoryInterface $proxiedFactory, FormDataCollectorInterface $dataCollector ) { $this->proxiedFactory = $proxiedFactory; $this->dataCollector = $dataCollector; } public function createResolvedType( FormTypeInterface $type, array $typeExtensions, ResolvedFormTypeInterface $parent = null ) { return new ResolvedTypeDataCollectorProxy( $this->proxiedFactory->createResolvedType($type, $typeExtensions, $parent), $this->dataCollector ); } }

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$factory = new ResolvedTypeDataCollectorProxyFactory( new ResolvedFormTypeFactory(), new FormDataCollector(…) ); $form = $f->createResolvedType(new FormType()); $date = $f->createResolvedType(new DateType(), [], $form); $bday = $f->createResolvedType(new BirthdayType(), [], $date);

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The Form Profiler Debug Panel

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Lazy Initialization

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The lazy initialization pattern is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is really needed.

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Why using it? Optimizing performance Saving memory consumption Opening connections when really needed Getting information on-demand

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Dependency Injection Component

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The Service Container The service container allows you to standardize and centralize the way objects are constructed in your application.

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Lazy Initialization + Factory Method = Service Container

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class Container implements ContainerInterface { private $services = []; private $methodMap = []; public function get($id) { // Re-use shared service instance if it exists. if (isset($this->services[$id])) { return $this->services[$id]; } // Lazy instantiate the service $method = $this->methodMap[$id]; return call_user_func(array($this, $method)); } }

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class appDevDebugProjectContainer extends Container { protected function getLoggerService() { // Instanciate the requested class. $obj = new \Symfony\Bridge\Monolog\Logger('app'); $this->services['logger'] = $obj; // Initialize the instance before usage. $obj->pushHandler($this->get('monolog.handler.chromephp')); $obj->pushHandler($this->get('monolog.handler.firephp')); $obj->pushHandler($this->get('monolog.handler.main')); $obj->pushHandler($this->get('monolog.handler.debug')); return $obj; } }

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// Logger is created on demand $logger1 = $container->get('logger'); // Logger is simply fetched from array map $logger2 = $container->get('logger'); // Two variables reference same instance var_dump($logger1 === $logger2);

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Structural Patterns

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Adapter

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The adapter pattern allows the interface of an existing class to be used from another interface.

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Why using it? Make classes work with others without changing their code.

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Examples Adapting several database vendors Adapting a new version of a REST API Offering a backward compatibility layer

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Combining heterogenous systems

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Adapting one to the other

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Security Component

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New CSRF token management system since Symfony 2.4 Now done by the Security Component instead of the Form Component Keeping a backward compatibility layer with the old API until it’s removed in Symfony 3.0 Adapting the new CSRF API

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The old CSRF Management API namespace Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Csrf\CsrfProvider; interface CsrfProviderInterface { public function generateCsrfToken($intention); public function isCsrfTokenValid($intention, $token); }

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The old CSRF Management API (< 2.4) namespace Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Csrf\CsrfProvider; class DefaultCsrfProvider implements CsrfProviderInterface { // ... public function generateCsrfToken($intention) { return sha1($this->secret.$intention.$this->getSessionId()); } public function isCsrfTokenValid($intention, $token) { return $token === $this->generateCsrfToken($intention); } }

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The old CSRF Management API (< 2.4) $provider = new DefaultCsrfProvider('SecretCode'); $csrfToken = $provider ->generateCsrfToken('intention') ; $csrfValid = $provider ->isCsrfTokenValid('intention', $token) ;

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The new CSRF Management API (>= 2.4) namespace Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf; interface CsrfTokenManagerInterface { public function getToken($tokenId); public function refreshToken($tokenId); public function removeToken($tokenId); public function isTokenValid(CsrfToken $token); }

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Combining the old and new APIs for BC class TwigRenderer extends FormRenderer implements TwigRendererInterface { private $engine; public function __construct( TwigRendererEngineInterface $engine, $csrfTokenManager = null ) { if ($csrfTokenManager instanceof CsrfProviderInterface) { $csrfTokenManager = new CsrfProviderAdapter($csrfTokenManager); } parent::__construct($engine, $csrfTokenManager); $this->engine = $engine; } }

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The CSRF Provider Adapter class CsrfProviderAdapter implements CsrfTokenManagerInterface { private $csrfProvider; public function __construct(CsrfProviderInterface $csrfProvider) { $this->csrfProvider = $csrfProvider; } public function refreshToken($tokenId) { throw new BadMethodCallException('Not supported'); } public function removeToken($tokenId) { throw new BadMethodCallException('Not supported'); } }

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The CSRF Provider Adapter class CsrfProviderAdapter implements CsrfTokenManagerInterface { public function getToken($tokenId) { $token = $this->csrfProvider->generateCsrfToken($tokenId); return new CsrfToken($tokenId, $token); } public function isTokenValid(CsrfToken $token) { return $this->csrfProvider->isCsrfTokenValid( $token->getId(), $token->getValue() ); } }

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Composite

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Composite lets clients treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly.

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Why using it? Representing trees of objects uniformely

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Examples Representing a binary tree Representing a multi level navigation bar Parsing an XML/HTML document Designing & validating nested forms …

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Form Component

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Everything is a Form Each element that composes a Symfony Form is an instance of the Form class. Each Form instance keeps a reference to its parent Form instance and a collection of its children references.

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Form (name) Form (description) Form (caption) Form (image) Form (product) Form (picture)

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The (simplified) Form class namespace Symfony\Component\Form; class Form implements FormInterface { private $name; public function __construct($name = null) { $this->name = $name; } public function getName() { return $this->name; } }

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namespace Symfony\Component\Form; class Form implements FormInterface { private $parent; private $children; public function add(FormInterface $child) { $this->children[$child->getName()] = $child; $child->setParent($this); return $this; } }

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Building the Form tree $picture = new Form('picture'); $picture->add(new Form('caption')); $picture->add(new Form('image')); $form = new Form('product'); $form->add(new Form('name')); $form->add(new Form('description')); $form->add($picture);

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Submitting the form data $form->submit(array( 'name' => 'Apple Macbook Air 11', 'description' => 'The thinest laptop', 'picture' => array( 'caption' => 'The new Macbook Air.', ), ));

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Submitting the form data class Form implements FormInterface { public function submit(array $data) { $this->data = $data; foreach ($this->children as $child) { if (isset($data[$child->getName()])) { $childData = $data[$child->getName()]; $child->submit($childData); } } } }

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Decorator

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Adding responsibilities to objects without subclassing their classes.

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Why using it? Extending objects without bloating the code Making code reusable and composable Avoiding vertical inheritance

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Examples Adding some caching capabilities Adding some logging capabilities Applying discount strategies to an order Decorating/wrapping a string content …

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HttpKernel Component

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Adding an HTTP Caching Layer The default implementation of the HttpKernel class doesn’t support caching capabilities. Symfony provides an HttpCache class to decorate an instance of HttpKernel in order to emulate an HTTP reverse proxy cache.

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HttpKernelInterface HttpKernel! BasicRateDiscount! handle($request)! handle(Request)! httpKernel! getAmount()! HttpCache! + handle(Request)!

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// index.php $dispatcher = new EventDispatcher(); $resolver = new ControllerResolver(); $store = new Store(__DIR__.'/http_cache'); $httpKernel = new HttpKernel($dispatcher, $resolver); $httpKernel = new HttpCache($httpKernel, $store); $httpKernel ->handle(Request::createFromGlobals()) ->send() ;

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class HttpCache implements HttpKernelInterface { public function handle(Request $request) { // ... if (!$request->isMethodSafe()) { $response = $this->invalidate($request, $catch); } elseif ($request->headers->has('expect')) { $response = $this->pass($request, $catch); } else { // Get response from the Store or fetch it with http kernel $response = $this->lookup($request, $catch); } // ... return $response; } }

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class HttpCache implements HttpKernelInterface { protected $httpKernel; protected function forward(Request $request, ...) { // ... $request->server->set('REMOTE_ADDR', '127.0.0.1'); $response = $this->httpKernel->handle($request); // ... $this->processResponseBody($request, $response); return $response; } }

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Pros and cons + Easy way to extend an object capabilities + No need to change the underlying code - Object construction becomes more complex - Difficulty to test the concrete object type

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Behavioral Patterns

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Iterator

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The iterator pattern allows to traverse a container and access its elements.

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Why using it? Easing iterations over collections of objects Filtering records in a collection …

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Examples Reading the content of directory recursively Sorting items in a collection Applying filters on items of a collection Lazy fetch data from a datastore …

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interface Iterator { public function current(); public function next(); public function rewind(); public function valid(); public function key(); }

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Finder Component

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The Finder $iterator = Finder::create() ->files() ->name('*.php') ->depth(0) ->size('>= 1K') ->in(__DIR__); foreach ($iterator as $file) { print $file->getRealpath()."\n"; }

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├── CustomFilterIterator.php ├── DateRangeFilterIterator.php ├── DepthRangeFilterIterator.php ├── ExcludeDirectoryFilterIterator.php ├── FilePathsIterator.php ├── FileTypeFilterIterator.php ├── FilecontentFilterIterator.php ├── FilenameFilterIterator.php ├── FilterIterator.php ├── MultiplePcreFilterIterator.php ├── PathFilterIterator.php ├── RecursiveDirectoryIterator.php ├── SizeRangeFilterIterator.php └── SortableIterator.php

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Sorting a list of files use Symfony\Component\Finder\Iterator\SortableIterator; use Symfony\Component\Finder\Iterator\RecursiveDirectoryIterator; $dirIterator = new \RecursiveIteratorIterator( new RecursiveDirectoryIterator( __DIR__, \RecursiveDirectoryIterator::SKIP_DOTS ) ); $dirIterator->setMaxDepth(0); $iterator = new SortableIterator( $dirIterator, SortableIterator::SORT_BY_NAME );

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Finder Adapter class PhpAdapter extends AbstractAdapter { public function searchInDirectory($dir) { $iterator = new \RecursiveIteratorIterator(...); if ($this->minDepth > 0 || $this->maxDepth < PHP_INT_MAX) { $iterator = new DepthRangeFilterIterator($iterator, $this->minDepth, $this->maxDepth); } if ($this->mode) { $iterator = new FileTypeFilterIterator($iterator, $this->mode); } if ($this->exclude) { $iterator = new ExcludeDirectoryFilterIterator($iterator, $this->exclude); } // ... Other iterators are added return $iterator; } }

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Mediator

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The mediator pattern defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact.

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Why using it? Decoupling large pieces of code Hooking a third party algorithm to an existing one Easing unit testability of objects Filtering user input data …

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Examples Dispatching events when an object’s state changes Hooking new responsabilities to a model object Filtering some input data

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class OrderService { public function confirmOrder(Order $order) { $order->status = 'confirmed'; $order->save(); if ($this->logger) { $this->logger->log('New order...'); } $mail = new Email(); $mail->recipient = $order->getCustomer()->getEmail(); $mail->subject = 'Your order!'; $mail->message = 'Thanks for ordering...'; $this->mailer->send($mail); $mail = new Email(); $mail->recipient = 'sales@acme.com'; $mail->subject = 'New order to ship!'; $mail->message = '...'; $this->mailer->send($mail); } }

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What’s wrong with this code? Too many responsabilities Not easy extensible Difficulty to unit test Bloated code

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EventDispatcher Component

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The event dispatcher manages connections between a subject and its attached observers.

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Event Dispatcher E1   Emits a specific event to notify and execute its listeners. L2 L3 L4 L1

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Extremly simple and easy to use Decouple objects from each other Make code truly extensible Easy to add responsabilities to an object Benefits of the Mediator

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Plugin / hook Filtering data Decoupling code Main usages

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The Event Dispatcher Class namespace Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher; class EventDispatcher { function dispatch($eventName, Event $event = null); function getListeners($eventName); function hasListeners($eventName); function addListener($eventName, $listener, $priority = 0); function removeListener($eventName, $listener); function addSubscriber(EventSubscriberInterface $subscriber); function removeSubscriber(EventSubscriberInterface $subscriber); }

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The Event Class class Event { function isPropagationStopped(); function stopPropagation(); }

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Dispatching Events $dp = new EventDispatcher(); $dp->dispatch('order.paid', new Event()); $dp->dispatch('order.cancelled', new Event()); $dp->dispatch('order.refunded', new Event());

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Connecting listeners to events $listener1 = new CustomerListener($mailer); $listener2 = new SalesListener($mailer); $listener3 = new StockListener($stockHandler); $dp = new EventDispatcher(); $dp->addListener('order.paid', [ $listener1, 'onOrderPaid' ]); $dp->addListener('order.paid', [ $listener2, 'onOrderPaid' ]); $dp->addListener('order.paid', [ $listener3, 'onOrderPaid' ], 100); $dp->dispatch('order.paid', new Event());

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Implementing listener classes class CustomerListener { private $mailer; public function __construct(\Swift_Mailer $mailer) { $this->mailer = $mailer; } public function onOrderPaid(Event $event) { $mail = $this->mailer->createMessage(...); $this->mailer->send($mail); } }

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Creating custom event objects use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Event; class OrderEvent extends Event { private $order; public function __construct(Order $order) { $this->order = $order; } public function getOrder() { return $this->order; } }

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Accessing data from custom events class CustomerListener { // ... public function onOrderPaid(OrderEvent $event) { $order = $event->getOrder(); $customer = $order->getCustomer(); $mail = $this->mailer->createMessage(...); $this->mailer->send($mail); } }

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Decoupling the code with events class OrderService { private $dispatcher; public function __construct(EventDispatcher $dispatcher) { $this->dispatcher = $dispatcher; } public function confirmOrder(Order $order) { $order->status = 'confirmed'; $order->save(); $event = new OrderEvent($order); $this->dispatcher->dispatch('order.paid', $event); } }

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Kernel Events Event name Meaning kernel.request Filters the incoming HTTP request kernel.controller Initializes the controller before it’s executed kernel.view Generates a template view kernel.response Prepares the HTTP response nefore it’s sent kernel.exception Handles all caught exceptions kernel.terminate Terminates the kernel

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HttpKernel Events Workflow

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Form Events Event name Meaning form.pre_bind Changes submitted data before they’re bound to the form form.bind Changes data into the normalized representation form.post_bind Changes the data after they are bound to the form form.pre_set_data Changes the original form data form.post_set_data Changes data after they were mapped to the form

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Security Events Event name Meaning security.interactive_login User is successfully authenticated. security.switch_user User switched to another user account. security.authentication.success User is authenticated by a provider security.authentication.failure User cannobt be authenticated by a provider

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Strategy

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The strategy pattern encapsulates algorithms of the same nature into dedicated classes to make them interchangeable.

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HttpKernel Component

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The Profiler stores the collected data into a storage engine. The persistence algorithms must be interchangeable so that we can use any types of data storage (filesystem, database, nosql stores…).

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namespace Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Profiler; interface ProfilerStorageInterface { function find($ip, ...); function read($token); function write(Profile $profile); function purge(); } Designing the profiler storage strategy

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namespace Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Profiler; class FileProfilerStorage implements ProfilerStorageInterface { public function read($token) { if (!$token || !file_exists($file = $this->getFilename($token))) { return; } return $this->createProfileFromData($token, unserialize(file_get_contents($file))); } public function write(Profile $profile) { $file = $this->getFilename($profile->getToken()); $data = array(...); // ... return false !== file_put_contents($file, serialize($data)); } } The default profiler storage

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namespace Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Profiler; abstract class PdoProfilerStorage implements ProfilerStorageInterface { public function read($token) { $db = $this->initDb(); $args = array(':token' => $token); $data = $this->fetch($db, 'SELECT ...', $args); $this->close($db); if (isset($data[0]['data'])) { return $this->createProfileFromData($token, $data[0]); } } } The PDO profiler storage

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// Profiled data to be saved $profile = new Profile('abcdef'); // Filesystem storage $fsStorage = new FileProfilerStorage('/tmp/profiler'); $profiler = new Profiler($fsStorage); $profiler->saveProfile($profile); // Mysql database storage $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost'; $dbStorage = new MySQLProfilerStorage($dsn); $profiler = new Profiler($dbStorage); $profiler->saveProfile($profile); Using the Profiler

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Template Method

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Let subclasses redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm’s structure.

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+ templateMethod() [final]! # stepOne()! # stepTwo()! # stepThree()! # stepOne()! # stepTwo()! # stepThree()! # stepOne()! # stepTwo()! # stepThree()!

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Security Component

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AbstractAuthenticationListener! SimpleFormAuthenticationListener UsernamePasswordFormAuthenticationListener + handle(GetResponseEvent $event) [final] # attemptAuthentication(Request $request) # attemptAuthentication(Request $request) # attemptAuthentication(Request $request)

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abstract class AbstractAuthenticationListener implements ListenerInterface { final public function handle(GetResponseEvent $event) { // … try { // … if (null === $returnValue = $this->attemptAuthentication($request)) { return; } // … } catch (AuthenticationException $e) { $response = $this->onFailure($event, $request, $e); } $event->setResponse($response); } abstract protected function attemptAuthentication(Request $request); }

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namespace Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall; class SimpleFormAuthenticationListener extends AbstractAuthenticationListener { protected function attemptAuthentication(Request $request) { // ... $token = $this->simpleAuthenticator->createToken( $request, trim($request->get('_username')), $request->get('_password') ); return $this->authenticationManager->authenticate($token); } } The Simple Form Authentication Listener

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namespace Acme\SsoBundle\Security\Core\Authentication; class SsoAuthenticationListener extends AbstractAuthenticationListener { protected function attemptAuthentication(Request $request) { if (!$ssoToken = $request->query->get('ssotoken')) { return; } $token = new SsoToken($ssoToken); return $this->authenticationManager->authenticate($token); } } Custom Authentication Listener

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Conclusion…

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