From Open Access to Open Science

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From Open Access to Open Science Konrad U. F¨ orstner Core Unit Systems Medicine, Universit¨ at W¨ urzburg 2014-10-23, Open Access Week The opinions expressed here represent my own and not those of my employer.

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Open Access means opening the ﬁnal results of the research process... http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open Access means opening the ﬁnal results of the research process... ... but what is about opening the research process itself? http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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”It’s a tragedy we had to add the word open to science.” Eduardo Robles https://twitter.com/edulix/status/219390289519968256 http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Openness and transparency are core principles of science but are violated at several points in the research process. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Examples for low reproducibility Study performed at Bayer prior to launching a drug development program - 20–25% of published data reproducible (Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 10, 712, 2011) Similar approach performed at Amgen - reproducibility rate of 11% (Nature 483, 531–533, 2012) http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Have you ever tried to reproduce parts of previous study and where not able to do so due to the lack of a precise description/code/data? How much time have you spend on that? http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Science needs an upgrade The research process is full of hampering artifacts and unnecessary friction. Only a small fraction of the potential of digitalization and the internet is used. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Science needs an upgrade How would we design the research process if we would invent it today from scratch? http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open Science means more ... Transparency Reproducibility Reusability http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Technical aspects (e.g. software or repositories) Legal aspect (e.g. Creative commons licenses) Cultural aspects (e.g. what is used for the evaluation of scientiﬁc impact) http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Free does not always means free Free as freedom not as free beer. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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The research process Idea Grant application Experiment Data analysis Submission Peer Review Publication Perception http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Which stages in the research process can/should we open? http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Which stages in the research process can/should we open? All of them! http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Opening up the planning of research projects Making research ideas online accessible and get feedback and suggestions for improvements. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Opening up grant applications Making grant application and the responses online accessible. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Opening up the experiments/protocols Make the lab notebooks public Put precise protocols online and add them to publications Automation and formalization => Program your experiments http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Formal language – EXACT http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Robot scientist ADAM http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open (research) data Currently: A selected subset of the experimental data of a project becomes part of the publication. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open (research) data Currently: A selected subset of the experimental data of a project becomes part of the publication. Needed: The full data set becomes public with the manuscript. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open (research) data Currently: A selected subset of the experimental data of a project becomes part of the publication. Needed: The full data set becomes public with the manuscript. Optimum: Data is public immediately after its generation. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open source software Releasing the data analysis tools Documenting the data process pipeline (e.g. as shell scripts). http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Pre-prints server Making manuscripts available before they are peer reviewed. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open peer review Making the peer reviewer comments accessible. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Post publication peer review Publish ﬁrst – then perform peer review http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Opening up impact evaluation systems Generating open and transparent measurements of the impact of a publication. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open Education Resources Making educational material accessible. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Citizen Science Including citizens into the research process. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Would you feel comfortable opening you research like this right now? http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Collective action problem Opening everything immediately would be the best for science. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Collective action problem Opening everything immediately would be the best for science. In the current system this is not necessarily the best for the scientists. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Collective action problem Scientist compete for limited resources and try to adapt optimally to the given evaluation/funding system. Due to this we have to generate a system which promotes openness and has incentives to share results. http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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The change is happening Top-down: Funding bodies ask increasingly for openness and oﬀer funding Bottom-up: Countless initiatives of the science community and industry http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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What can you do right now (easily)? Use/promote Open Access journals Use/promote pre-print servers (arXiv, bioRxiv) Use/promote specialized data repositories as well as general-purpose repositories to publish you research data Use the reviewing process to push Open Science http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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Open Science Group of the Open Knowlege Foundation http://science.okfn.org/ German Speaking Open Science group of the OKF http://okfn.de/open-science/ The Open Science Peer Review Oath https://zenodo.org/record/12273 http://www.flickr.com/photos/subcircle/500995147 – CC-BY by ﬂickr user subcircle

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http://www.flickr.com/photos/nateone/3768979925/ – CC-BY by ﬂick user nateone