NES Assembly Workshop - Speaker Deck

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MAKING NES GAMES  IN ASSEMBLY Kevin Zurawel (@kzurawel)

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WHAT IS THE NES?

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NINTENDO ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM (1985)

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Photo by Eckhard Pecher, CC-BY 2.5

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RADAR SCOPE (1980)

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arcadeblogger.com/2016/05/13/arcade-factory/

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MISSILE COMMAND (ATARI, 1980) Total materials cost: $871.00 + assembly (~$2575 in 2017)

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DONKEY KONG (1981)

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FAMICOM (1983)

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NINTENDO ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM (1985)

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WHAT DO I NEED TO GET STARTED?

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➤ Compiler / Linker (ca65 / ld65) ➤ CHR editor (NES Screen Tool) ➤ Emulator (FCEUX Win32)

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ARE YOU ON MAC/LINUX? INSTALL WINE Mac Homebrew: brew cask install xquartz;  brew install wine Mac direct install: use .pkg from  https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/macosx/download.html Linux: use your distribution’s package manager

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INSTALL CC65 COMPILER SUITE ➤ Windows:  download “Windows Snapshot” from https://github.com/cc65/cc65 ➤ Mac Homebrew:  brew install cc65 ➤ Mac direct install:  git clone https://github.com/cc65/cc65.git; cd cc65  make  export prefix=/usr/local; sudo make install ➤ Linux:  use your distribution’s package manager, or:  git clone https://github.com/cc65/cc65.git; cd cc65  make; sudo make avail

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INSTALL NES SCREEN TOOL ➤Download from http://shiru.untergrund.net/ﬁles/nesst.zip ➤Unzip ➤Windows: open NESst.exe ➤Mac/Linux: wine NESst.exe

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INSTALL FCEUX (WIN32) ➤Download from https://sourceforge.net/projects/fceultra/ ﬁles/Binaries/2.2.2/fceux-2.2.2-win32.zip/download ➤Windows: open fceux.exe ➤Mac/Linux: wine fceux.exe

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DOWNLOAD WORKSHOP SOURCE CODE ➤ On GitHub: https://bit.ly/nes2017 ➤ git clone https://github.com/kzurawel/ nesworkshop.git ➤ or: download https://github.com/kzurawel/ nesworkshop/archive/master.zip

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NES 101:  HOW DO NES GAMES WORK?

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2A03 2C02 https://133fsb.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/restoring-a-nice-famiclone-part-2/

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CPU  (6502) Picture Processing Unit  (PPU) CHR-ROM PRG-ROM NES HARDWARE CARTRIDGE RAM  (2KB)

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NES 201:  UNDER THE HOOD

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“The product had to be priced so that parents would buy it. No matter how great the games, if mothers thought they were too expensive the machine would never take oﬀ. -Osamu Katayama, “Japanese Business into the 21st Century”

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¥9800 (~$40)

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1975

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FIRST, A LITTLE BIT OF MATH (just a little!)

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BITS & BYTES BIT 0 1 Two possible values

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BITS & BYTES TWO BITS 00 01 10 11 Four possible values

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BITS & BYTES BYTE (EIGHT BITS) 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 00000101 00000110 … 256 possible values

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BITS & BYTES BYTE (EIGHT BITS) 11001011 256 possible values Bit 7 Bit 0

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HEX HEXADECIMAL (HEX) DIGIT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 16 possible values

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HEX TWO HEX DIGITS = ONE BYTE 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C … 256 possible values

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REPRESENTING NUMBERS IN ASSEMBLY %01101010 ; BINARY $6A ; HEX 106 ; DECIMAL

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16-BIT VALUES 16 BITS = 2 BYTES = 4 HEX DIGITS 00110001 11010110 “High” byte “Low” byte $31 D6 65,536 possible values

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WHAT IS “ASSEMBLY?”

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MACHINE CODE E1 80 20 76 F9 C8 A9 7F 8D 00 02 20 80 F9 E1 80 20 84 F9 60 A9 55 85 78 A9 FF 85 01 24 01 A0 11 A2 23 A9 00 A5 78 F0 10 30 0E C9 55 D0 0A C0 11 D0 06 E0 23 50 02 F0 04 A9 76 85 00 A9 46 24 01 85 78 F0 0A 10 08 50 06 A5 78 C9 46 F0 04 A9 77 85 00 A9 55 85 78 24 01 A9 11 A2 23 A0 00 A4 78 F0 10 30 0E C0 55 D0 0A C9 11 D0 06 E0 23 50 02 F0 04 A9 78 85 00 A0 46 24 01 84 78 F0 0A 10 08 50 06 A4 78 C0 46 F0 04 A9 79 85 00 24 01 A9

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.proc main LDX PPUSTATUS LDX #$3f STX PPUADDR LDX #$00 STX PPUADDR copy_palettes: LDA palettes,x STA PPUDATA INX CPX #$20 ; 32 colors total BNE copy_palettes Opcode Operand Comment Directive Label

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6502 INSTRUCTION SET ➤ ADC Add with Carry ➤ AND And with accumulator ➤ ASL Arithmetic Shift Left ➤ BCC Branch on Carry Clear ➤ BCS Branch on Carry Set ➤ BEQ Branch on result Equals zero ➤ BIT Bit Test ➤ BMI Branch on result Minus ➤ BNE Branch on result Not Equal zero ➤ BPL Branch on result Plus  ➤ BRK Break ➤ BVC Branch on Overflow Clear ➤ BVS Branch on Overflow Set ➤ CLC Clear Carry flag ➤ CLD Clear Decimal flag ➤ CLI Clear Interrupt disable flag ➤ CLV Clear Overflow flag ➤ CMP Compare with accumulator ➤ CPX Compare with X register ➤ CPY Compare with Y register ➤ DEC Decrement memory ➤ DEX Decrement X register ➤ DEY Decrement Y register ➤ EOR Exclusive Or with accumulator ➤ INC Increment memory ➤ INX Increment X register ➤ INY Increment Y register ➤ JMP Jump to new location ➤ JSR Jump and Save Return address ➤ LDA Load Accumulator with value ➤ LDX Load X register with value ➤ LDY Load Y register with value ➤ LSR Logical Shift Right ➤ NOP No Operation ➤ ORA "OR" with Accumulator ➤ PHA Push Accumulator to stack ➤ PHP Push Processor status to stack ➤ PLA Pull Accumulator from stack ➤ PLP Pull Processor status from stack ➤ ROL Rotate bits Left ➤ RTI Return from Interrupt ➤ RTS Return from Subroutine ➤ SBC Subtract with Carry borrowing ➤ SEC Set Carry flag ➤ SED Set Decimal mode ➤ SEI Set Interrupt disable flag ➤ STA Store Accumulator in memory ➤ STX Store X register in memory ➤ STY Store Y register in memory ➤ TAX Transfer Accumulator to X register ➤ TAY Transfer Accumulator to Y register ➤ TSX Transfer Stack pointer to X register ➤ TXA Transfer X register to Accumulator ➤ TXS Transfer X register to Stack pointer ➤ TYA Transfer Y register to Accumulator

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Assembler (ca65) LDA $8024 A9 24 80 (object file)

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Linker (ld65) header.o main.o joypad.o graphics.chr game.nes

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NES 202:  6502 ASSEMBLY

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REGISTERS ACCUMULATOR (A) INDEX REGISTER (X) 8 BITS 8 BITS 8 BITS INDEX REGISTER (Y) Temporary storage / can do math Temporary storage / used to make loops

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MORE REGISTERS ADDRESS BUS PROGRAM COUNTER (PC) 16 BITS 16 BITS

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CPU MEMORY MAP (64KB) $0000 $FFFF $8000 INTERRUPT  VECTORS PRG-ROM FROM CARTRIDGE  (CODE YOU WRITE) ZEROPAGE  RAM STACK OAM (SPRITE)  BUFFER EMPTY SPACE, MEMORY-MAPPED  I/O SAVE/  WORK  RAM  (OPTIONAL) $6000 $0200 $0100 $FFFA

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THE PROCESSOR STATUS REGISTER NV--DIZC Carry flag  (did last op  cause a carry?) Zero flag  (was last result zero?) Interrupt flag  (ignore for now) Decimal flag  (NES does not support) Sign overflow flag  (Negative number < -128) Negative flag  (did last result  have “1” in bit 7?)

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THE CARRY FLAG $a9 +$10 ———— $b9    $90 -$19 ———— $77    (clear carry) (set carry) (carry clear) (carry set)

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THE CARRY FLAG $a9 +$90 ———— $39    $90 -$a9 ———— $e7    (carry set) (clear carry) (set carry) (carry clear)

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THE CARRY FLAG, IN SUMMARY ➤ Adding with result < 256 ? carry clear ➤ Adding with result > 255 ($ff)? carry set ➤ Subtracting with result >= 0 ? carry set ➤ Subtracting with result < 0 ? carry clear

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SEVEN GROUPS OF OPCODES

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1. MOVING DATA AROUND  (10 OPCODES)

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LDA LDX LDY STA STX STY TXA TAX TYA TAY

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LOADING DATA LDA  Load accumulator LDX  Load X register LDY  Load Y register

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STORING DATA STA  Store accumulator  at memory  address STX  Store X register  at memory  address STY  Store Y register  at memory  address

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TRANSFERRING DATA TXA  Copy X register  to accumulator TAX  Copy accumulator  to X register TYA  Copy Y register  to accumulator TAY  Copy Y register  to accumulator

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6502 ADDRESSING MODES

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ABSOLUTE MODE Load the contents of a memory address  into accumulator LDA $8000

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ZERO-PAGE MODE Load the contents of a memory address  from zero-page RAM into accumulator LDA $80

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IMMEDIATE MODE Load a given value into accumulator  (not a memory address) LDA #$80

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INDEXED MODE Load the contents of  (a memory address + an index register)  into accumulator LDA $0200,x

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MOVING DATA AROUND: AN EXAMPLE LDA #$10 TAX STX $8000

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2. ARITHMETIC  (4 OPCODES)

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CLC ADC SEC SBC

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ADDITION CLC Clear carry flag ADC Add, with carry

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ADDITION: AN EXAMPLE LDA $8000 CLC ADC #$2c

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SUBTRACTION SEC Set carry flag SBC Subtract, with carry

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SUBTRACTION: AN EXAMPLE LDA $8000 SEC SBC #$2c

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3. COMPARING AND BRANCHING  (7 OPCODES)

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CMP CPX CPY BEQ BNE BCS BCC

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CMP Compare operand with accumulator (subtract operand from accumulator, set zero and carry flags appropriately)

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LDA #$80 CMP #$60 behind the scenes, subtract $60 from $80: SEC SBC #$60 result: #$20 Zero flag: 0 Carry flag: 1

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LDA #$80 CMP #$80 Subtract $80 from $80: SEC SBC #$80 result: #$00 Zero flag: 1 Carry flag: 1

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LDA #$80 CMP #$A0 Subtract $A0 from $80: SEC SBC #$A0 result: #$E0 Zero flag: 0 Carry flag: 0

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MAKING COMPARISONS CPX Compare operand  with X register CPY Compare operand  with Y register

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BRANCHING ON THE ZERO FLAG BEQ Branch if  zero flag set (last result  EQuals zero) BNE Branch if  zero flag cleared (last result  Not Equal to zero)

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LDA #$00 do_stuff: CLC ADC #$10 CMP #$80 BNE do_stuff

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BRANCHING ON THE CARRY FLAG BCS Branch if  carry flag set BCC Branch if  carry flag cleared

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LDA $0a CMP #$80 BCC smaller_than_80 BEQ equal_to_80 ; if you get here, A > $80 equal_to_80: ; if you get here, A == $80 smaller_than_80: ; otherwise, A < $80

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4. LOOP HELPERS  (6 OPCODES)

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INX DEX INY DEY INC DEC

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INCREMENTING REGISTERS INX Increment X register by one INY Increment Y register by one

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DECREMENTING REGISTERS DEX Decrement X register by one DEY Decrement Y register by one

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INCREMENTING AND DECREMENTING MEMORY INC Increment memory address by one DEC Decrement memory address by one

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A FULL EXAMPLE: ZEROING OUT ZERO-PAGE RAM LDA #$00 TAX clear_zeropage: STA $00,x INX BNE clear_zeropage

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MORE TO COME LATER…

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LET’S ACTUALLY  MAKE SOMETHING! (ﬁnally)

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OUR GOAL:

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INTERRUPT VECTORS or:  "What Happens When You Turn It On?"

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$FFFA $FFFB $FFFC $FFFD $FFFE $FFFF { { { Address of  NMI  handler Address of  RES  handler Address of  IRQ  handler

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INTERRUPT VECTORS ➤ NMI handler: code that runs once per frame ➤ RES handler: code that runs at power-on / reset ➤ IRQ handler: generally not used

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PALETTES or: “Where Do Colors Come From?”

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1 Background / Transparency color  + 24 additional colors (3 colors per palette x 8 palettes) at any given time

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MEMORY-MAPPED I/O

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“ -Wikipedia Memory-mapped I/O uses the same address space to address both memory and I/O devices. …Thus, the CPU instructions used to access the memory can also be used for accessing devices.

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CPU MEMORY MAP (64KB) $0000 $FFFF $8000 INTERRUPT  VECTORS PRG-ROM FROM CARTRIDGE  (CODE YOU WRITE) ZEROPAGE  RAM STACK OAM (SPRITE)  BUFFER MEMORY MAPPED  I/O SAVE/  WORK  RAM  (OPTIONAL) $6000 $0200 $0100 $FFFA $2000

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MEMORY ADDRESSES FOR WRITING TO THE PPU PPUSTATUS $2002 PPUADDR $2006 PPUDATA $2007

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WRITING TO THE PPU ➤ Read from PPUSTATUS to reset address latch ➤ Write high byte of PPU address to PPUADDR ➤ Write low byte of PPU address to PPUADDR ➤ Write data to PPUDATA byte-by-byte

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PPU MEMORY MAP (16KB) $0000 $2000 Pattern Tables (2x) from CHR-ROM Name and Attribute Tables  (backgrounds) (4x) $3F00-$3F20 $3FFF Palettes  (8x) $3000

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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER or: “Your First NES Game”

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WHAT WE NEED TO DO ➤ Boot up the NES ➤ Write palettes to the PPU ➤ Loop forever

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EX01/SRC/HEADER.ASM .segment "HEADER" .byte "NES", $1a .byte $01 .byte $01 .byte %00000001 .byte %00000000 .byte $00 .byte $00 iNES was an early NES emulator developed by Marat Fayzullin. Its most lasting contribution to the NES scene was its popularization of the iNES ROM ﬁle format and mapper numbering system. http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/INES

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EX01/NES.CFG (CONFIGURATION FOR LINKER) SEGMENTS { HEADER: load=HEADER, type=ro, align=$10; ZEROPAGE: load=ZEROPAGE, type=zp; BSS: load=RAM, type=bss, define=yes, align=$0100; DMC: load=ROM, type=ro, align=64, optional=yes; CODE: load=ROM, type=ro, align=$0100; RODATA: load=ROM, type=ro, align=$0100; VECTORS: load=ROM, type=ro, start=$FFFA; CHR: load=CHRROM, type=ro, align=16, optional=yes; }

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EX01/SRC/CONSTANTS.ASM PPUCTRL = $2000 PPUMASK = $2001 PPUSTATUS = $2002 PPUADDR = $2006 PPUDATA = $2007

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EX01/SRC/MAIN.ASM - PALETTE STORAGE .segment "RODATA" palettes: .byte $21, $00, $10, $30 .byte $21, $01, $0f, $31 .byte $21, $06, $16, $26 .byte $21, $09, $19, $29

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EX01/SRC/MAIN.ASM - MAIN CODE LOOP .proc main LDX PPUSTATUS ; reset PPUADDR latch LDX #$3f STX PPUADDR LDX #$00 STX PPUADDR ; send writes to $3f00 ; (palette ram)

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EX01/SRC/MAIN.ASM - MAIN CODE LOOP, CONTINUED copy_palettes: LDA palettes,x ; use indexed addressing ; into palette storage STA PPUDATA ; write to PPU INX CPX #$20 ; have we copied 32 values? BNE copy_palettes ; if no, repeat

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EX01/SRC/MAIN.ASM - MAIN CODE LOOP, FINISHED forever: ; do nothing, forever JMP forever .endproc

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EX01/SRC/MAIN.ASM - WRAPPING THINGS UP .segment "VECTORS" .addr nmi_handler, reset_handler, irq_handler .segment "CHR" .incbin "blank.chr"

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BUILDING AND RUNNING  ASSEMBLY CODE

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ca65 src/main.asm -I src -o main.o Assembler “main” file to assemble Includes directory output filename

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ld65 main.o -C nes.cfg -o ex01.nes Linker file(s) to link Config file to use output filename

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open FCEUX, load “ex01.nes”

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YOUR TURN! Change the color  that is displayed on screen

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NES (NTSC) COLOR PALETTE $00 $10 $20 $30 $01 $11 $21 $31 $02 $12 $22 $32 $03 $13 $23 $33 $04 $14 $24 $34 $05 $15 $25 $35 $06 $16 $26 $36 $07 $17 $27 $37 $08 $18 $28 $38 $09 $19 $29 $39 $0A $1A $2A $3A $0B $1B $2B $3B $0C $1C $2C $3C $0F $0F $2D $3D

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DEBUGGING or:  "It's not working! What happened?"

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DEBUGGING WITH FCEUX

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DEBUGGING WITH FCEUX

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DEBUGGING WITH FCEUX

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DEBUGGING WITH FCEUX

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NOW FOR SOMETHING  A BIT MORE INTERESTING (drawing things!)

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OUR GOAL:

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DRAWING GRAPHICS

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256x240 pixels = 61,440 pixels ÷ 4 pixels / byte = 15,360 bytes  per screen

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BOOTSTRAPPING GRAPHICS 8x8-pixel "tile"  as basic unit 1 screen = 32x30 tiles (960 bytes)

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PATTERN TABLES ("TILESETS") Sprite (foreground) tiles Background tiles

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OBJECT ACCESS MEMORY (OAM) or: “Wee sprites!”

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CPU  (6502) Picture Processing Unit  (PPU) RAM  (2KB) OAM (256 bytes)

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256 bytes OAM ÷ 4 bytes / sprite ——————— 64 sprites (max)

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metatiles

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FOUR BYTES PER SPRITE ➤ Y position of top-left corner (0-255) ➤ Tile number (0-255) ➤ Attributes  (ﬂip vertical/horizontal, priority, palette) ➤ X position of top-left corner (0-255)

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THE NMI VECTOR

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NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT (NMI) VECTOR Runs once per frame, during VBlank

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WHAT IS “VBLANK”?

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http://www.circuitstoday.com/crt-cathode-ray-tube

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VBlank

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NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT (NMI) VECTOR Runs once per frame, during VBlank IT WILL BE YOUR BEST FRIEND

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Game loop NMI handler mainloop: ; play music ; do physics ; manage state JMP mainloop nmi_handler: ; read controllers ; update sprites ; re-draw screen RTI +

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PATTERN TABLES ("TILESETS") Sprite (foreground) tiles Background tiles

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NES SCREEN TOOL - OPENING SPRITES.CHR

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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

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WHAT WE NEED TO DO ➤Store the data for our sprites somewhere ➤Use the NMI handler to copy that sprite data to the PPU

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EX02/SRC/CONSTANTS.ASM - NEW MMIO ADDRESSES OAMADDR = $2003 OAMDMA = $4014 Set address to write to  within OAM buffer Set page of memory to copy  into OAM buffer and copy it

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EX02/SRC/MAIN.ASM - NMI HANDLER .proc nmi_handler LDA #$00 STA OAMADDR LDA #$02 STA OAMDMA RTI .endproc

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EX02/SRC/MAIN.ASM - SPRITE DATA sprites: .byte $70, $04, %00000000, $70 .byte $70, $04, %01000000, $78 .byte $78, $04, %10000000, $70 .byte $78, $04, %11000000, $78 within .segment “RODATA”:

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EX02/SRC/MAIN.ASM - COPYING OVER SPRITE DATA LDX #$00 ; set X register to zero set_up_sprites: LDA sprites,x ; load next byte STA $0200,x ; copy to $0200 + x INX CPX #$10 ; have we copied 16 values? BNE set_up_sprites ; if no, repeat

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EX02/SRC/MAIN.ASM - ONE MORE THING… inside .proc main: LDA #%10010000 ; turn on NMIs, ; sprites use first ; pattern table STA PPUCTRL

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➤ ca65 src/main.asm -I src -o main.o ➤ ld65 main.o -C nes.cfg -o ex02.nes ➤ open FCEUX, load “ex02.nes”

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YOUR TURN! Change the color of the ball OR Draw a spaceship instead of the ball

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SPRITE DATA CHEAT SHEET ➤ Y position (0-255) ➤ Tile number (0-255) ➤ Attributes ➤ X position (0-255) # % 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7: Flip sprite vertically 6: Flip sprite horizontally 5: Sprite priority  (1 = behind background) 4-2: not used 1-0: Palette for sprite  (00, 01, 10, 11)

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ADD SOME RAZZLE-DAZZLE (moving our sprites around)

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OUR GOAL:

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ZEROPAGE RAM

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ZEROPAGE: THE PLACE TO STORE FREQUENTLY-CHANGING VARIABLES ➤ Sprite positions ➤ Sprite velocities ➤ Score ➤ Number of lives ➤ Time remaining

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ZERO-PAGE MODE Load the contents of a memory address  in zero-page RAM  into accumulator LDA $80

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SEVEN GROUPS OF OPCODES: 5. JUMPS AND SUBROUTINES  (7 OPCODES)

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JMP JSR RTS PHA PLA PHP PLP

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JUMPING JMP Jump (set program counter)  to a new memory address

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; start the game JMP main

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SUBROUTINES JSR Jump to Subroutine RTS Return from Subroutine

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JSR draw_sprite  ;store current program counter  ;on stack  ;set program counter to new  ;memory address(draw_sprite)

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draw_sprite:  ; do sprite-drawing stuff  RTS  ; read memory address from  ; stack and jump back there

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SAVING REGISTER DATA BEFORE A SUBROUTINE PHA  Push accumulator  onto stack PLA  Pull accumulator  from stack PHP  Push program status  register onto stack PLP  Pull program status  register from stack

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JSR draw_sprites  draw_sprites: PHA ; store A on stack TXA PHA ; store X on stack TYA PHA ; store Y on stack PHP ; store status

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PLP ; restore status PLA TAY ; restore Y PLA TAX ; restore X PLA ; restore A RTS ; return

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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

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WHAT WE NEED TO DO ➤ Remove hard-coded sprite info from RODATA ➤ Store our metatile’s location info in zeropage RAM ➤ Write a subroutine to draw the metatile based on that data ➤ Write a subroutine to update (move) the metatile ➤ Call both subroutines in the NMI handler

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EX03/SRC/MAIN.ASM - RESERVE SPACE IN ZEROPAGE .segment "ZEROPAGE" sprite_x: .res 1 sprite_y: .res 1 sprite_v: .res 1 sprite_h: .res 1

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EX03/SRC/MAIN.ASM - INITIALIZE ZEROPAGE VARIABLES .proc main LDA #$70 STA sprite_x LDA #$30 STA sprite_y LDA #$01 STA sprite_v STA sprite_h

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EX03/SRC/MAIN.ASM - ADD DRAW_SPRITE SUBROUTINE .proc draw_sprite ; skipping register storage LDA sprite_y STA $0200 STA $0204 CLC ADC #$08 STA $0208 STA $020c

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LDA sprite_v BEQ move_sprite_up LDA sprite_y CLC ADC #$01 STA sprite_y JMP vertical_movement_done EX03/SRC/MAIN.ASM - ADD UPDATE_SPRITE_POSITION SUBROUTINE

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move_sprite_up: LDA sprite_y SEC SBC #$01 STA sprite_y vertical_movement_done: EX03/SRC/MAIN.ASM - ADD UPDATE_SPRITE_POSITION SUBROUTINE, CONTINUED

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EX03/SRC/MAIN.ASM - UPDATE NMI HANDLER .proc nmi_handler LDA #$00 ; draw SOMETHING first, STA OAMADDR ; in case we run out LDA #$02 ; of vblank time, STA OAMDMA ; then update positions JSR update_sprite_position JSR draw_sprite RTI .endproc

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➤ ca65 src/main.asm -I src -o main.o ➤ ld65 main.o -C nes.cfg -o ex03.nes ➤ open FCEUX, load “ex03.nes”

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YOUR TURN! Change the start position,   direction,  and speed of the ball

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SPRITE MOVEMENT CHEAT SHEET Sprite start position:  set sprite_x / sprite_y at beginning of .proc main Sprite direction: set sprite_h / sprite_v at beginning of .proc main Sprite speed: change amount added / subtracted in .proc update_sprite_position

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LET’S HIT THINGS (adding collision detection)

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OUR GOAL:

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BRANCHING IN-DEPTH

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CMP CMP #$20 “Subtract #$20 from accumulator,  set processor status flags,  keep accumulator at previous value”

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CMP CMP #$20 “Subtract #$20 from accumulator,  set processor status flags,  keep accumulator at previous value” NV--DIZC

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REFRESHER: SUBTRACTION LDA #$30 SEC SBC #$20

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BRANCHING ON CARRY FLAG Accumulator >= CMP argument? Carry flag still set Accumulator < CMP argument? Carry flag cleared

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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

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WHAT WE NEED TO DO ➤ Add a subroutine to detect and process collisions ➤ Update sprite movement direction on collision ➤ Call our subroutine inside our NMI handler

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EX04/SRC/MAIN.ASM - PROCESS_COLLISIONS SUBROUTINE LDA sprite_x CMP #$ec ; is sprite_x >= #$ec? BCC check_left_edge ; if no, branch LDA #$00 ; yes, update direction STA sprite_h JMP horizontal_check_done check_left_edge:

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EX04/SRC/MAIN.ASM - UPDATE NMI HANDLER JSR process_collisions JSR update_sprite_position JSR draw_sprite

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➤ ca65 src/main.asm -I src -o main.o ➤ ld65 main.o -C nes.cfg -o ex04.nes ➤ open FCEUX, load “ex04.nes”

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YOUR TURN! Make the ball bounce  off of an invisible wall

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COLLISIONS CHEAT SHEET Change position of walls: Update $04 / $ec for left / right, $08 / $d8 for top / bottom (hint: halfway point in each direction is $80)

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MAKING IT INTERACTIVE (dealing with controller input)

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OUR GOAL:

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READING THE CONTROLLER

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8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Photo by flickr user phossil, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

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Photo by flickr user phossil, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Ground Power Clock Latch Data 1 Data 2 Data 3

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“parallel-in,  serial-out  shift register”

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READING FROM THE CONTROLLER ➤ Write to an MMIO address to “latch” the buttons  (stop listening for new input) ➤ Make eight reads to an MMIO address,  one for each button - bit zero will be “1”  for pressed, “0” for not-pressed

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SEVEN GROUPS OF OPCODES:    6. LOGICAL FILTERS  (3 OPCODES)

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AND ORA EOR

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LOGICAL FILTERS AND  Logical AND with  accumulator ORA  Logical OR with  accumulator EOR  Logical XOR with  accumulator

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LOGICAL AND - FILTER BITS LDA #%01010101 AND #%00001111 result: %00000101

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LOGICAL OR - TURN BITS ON LDA #%01010101 ORA #%00001111 result: %01011111

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LOGICAL EXCLUSIVE-OR: FLIP BITS TO THEIR OPPOSITE LDA #%01010101 EOR #%00001111 result: %01011010

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SEVEN GROUPS OF OPCODES:    7. BIT SHIFTING  (4 OPCODES)

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ASL LSR ROL ROR

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SHIFTING LSR Logical Shift Right ASL Arithmetic Shift Left

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SHIFTING LEFT LDA #%00001111 ASL A result: %00011110  carry flag: 0

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SHIFTING LEFT carry 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

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SHIFTING LEFT carry 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

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SHIFTING RIGHT LDA #%00001111 LSR A result: %00000111  carry flag: 1

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SHIFTING RIGHT carry 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

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SHIFTING RIGHT carry 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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ROTATING ROL Rotate Left ROR Rotate Right

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ROTATING LEFT LDA #%00001111 ROL A result: %00011111, carry flag: 0 carry flag: 1

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ROTATING LEFT carry 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

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ROTATING LEFT carry 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

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ROTATING LEFT carry 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

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ROTATING RIGHT LDA #%00001111 ROR A result: %10000111, carry flag: 1 carry flag: 1

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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

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WHAT WE NEED TO DO ➤ Add a metatile for the paddle / subroutine to draw it ➤ Add a subroutine to read the controller ➤ Add a subroutine to update the paddle’s position based on   controller read ➤ Add a subroutine to handle ball/paddle collisions

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EX05/SRC/CONSTANTS.ASM - NEW MMIO ADDRESSES AND SOME CONSTANTS BTN_RIGHT = %00000001 BTN_LEFT = %00000010 BTN_DOWN = %00000100 BTN_UP = %00001000 BTN_START = %00010000 BTN_SELECT = %00100000 BTN_B = %01000000 BTN_A = %10000000 CONT_PORT_1 = $4016 CONT_PORT_2 = $4017

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - MORE ZEROPAGE VARIABLES paddle_x: .res 1 paddle_y: .res 1 controller1: .res 1 temp_storage: .res 1

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - NMI HANDLER ADDITIONS JSR process_collisions JSR update_sprite_position JSR draw_sprite JSR read_controller JSR update_paddle_position JSR draw_paddle

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - READ_CONTROLLER - SETUP ; write a 1, then a 0, ; to CONT_PORT_1 ; to latch button states LDA #$01 STA CONT_PORT_1 LDA #$00 STA CONT_PORT_1

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - READ_CONTROLLER - SETUP LDA #$01 STA controller1 ; move the '1' until done ; (ring counter)

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - READ_CONTROLLER - MAIN LOOP get_buttons: LDA CONT_PORT_1 ; read controller LSR A ; push bit into carry ROL controller1 ; move carry to zeropage BCC get_buttons ; continue until "1 in carry

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - UPDATE_PADDLE_POSITION LDA controller1 AND #BTN_LEFT BEQ not_left_pressed (BTN_LEFT = %00000010)

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - UPDATE_PADDLE_POSITION - LEFT PRESSED LDA paddle_x SEC SBC #$02 STA paddle_x JMP done_with_controller

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - UPDATE_PADDLE_POSITION - NOT LEFT PRESSED not_left_pressed: LDA controller1 AND #BTN_RIGHT BEQ done_with_controller

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - UPDATE_PADDLE_POSITION - RIGHT PRESSED LDA paddle_x CLC ADC #$02 STA paddle_x done_with_controller:

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - PROCESS_COLLISIONS - UPDATES LDA sprite_y CMP #$c8 ; y pos of paddle BCC check_top_edge JSR check_paddle_collision JMP vertical_check_done

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - CHECK_PADDLE_COLLISION - LEFT SIDE OF PADDLE LDA sprite_x CMP paddle_x ; is sprite_x >= paddle_x? BCC no_collision ; yes

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - CHECK_PADDLE_COLLISION - RIGHT SIDE OF PADDLE CLC ; A = sprite_x ADC #$10 ; sprite is 2 tiles wide STA temp_storage LDA paddle_x CLC ADC #$20 ; paddle is 4 tiles wide CMP temp_storage BCC no_collision

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EX05/SRC/MAIN.ASM - CHECK_PADDLE_COLLISION - COLLISION! LDA #$00 ; bounce STA sprite_v no_collision:

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➤ ca65 src/main.asm -I src -o main.o ➤ ld65 main.o -C nes.cfg -o ex05.nes ➤ open FCEUX, load “ex05.nes”

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YOUR TURN! Change ball direction when player presses “A” or “B”

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CONTROLLER CHEAT SHEET Check if A is pressed: LDA controller1 AND #BTN_A BEQ not_a_pressed ;“A pressed” code not_a_pressed: ; continue

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SETTING THE SCENE (backgrounds and scrolling)

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OUR GOAL:

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REMEMBER: 8x8-pixel "tile"  as basic unit 1 screen = 32x30 tiles (960 bytes)

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NAME TABLES

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NAME TABLES Screen 1 ($2000) Screen 2 ($2400) Screen 3 ($2800) Screen 4 ($2C00)

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¥9800 (~$40)

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VERTICAL MIRRORING (HORIZONTAL SCROLLING) Image by   Damian Yerrick  (tepples)

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HORIZONTAL MIRRORING (VERTICAL SCROLLING) Image by   Damian Yerrick  (tepples)

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$24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $16 $0A $1B $12 $18 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $00 $00 $04 $02 $05 $00 $24 $24 $2E $29 $00 $05 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24

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WRITING TO NAMETABLES ➤Wait for VBlank to avoid glitches ➤Read from PPUSTATUS to reset latch ➤Write high byte of nametable address to PPUADDR ➤Write low byte of nametable address to PPUADDR ➤Write data, one byte at a time, to PPUDATA

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ATTRIBUTE TABLES

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Name table (960 bytes) Attribute table (64 bytes)

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%01100011 Bits 0-1, top left: %11 = palette 3 Bits 2-3, top right: %00 = palette 0 Bits 4-5, bottom left: %10 = palette 2 Bits 6-7, bottom right: %01 = palette 1

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metatiles

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SNAKE RATTLE ’N ROLL (NES, 1990)

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SCROLL REGISTERS

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http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/PPU_scrolling

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No content

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WRITING TO SCROLL REGISTERS ➤ At the end of the NMI handler… ➤ Write X scroll (0-255 pixels) to PPUSCROLL ➤ Write Y scroll (0-255 pixels) to PPUSCROLL ➤ Update base nametable, write to PPUCTRL

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PPUCTRL BIT FLAGS # % 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Generate NMIs?  0: no, 1: yes not used  (always 0) Sprite size  (0: 8x8, 1: 8x16) Background pattern  table (0: A, 1: B) Sprite pattern  table (0: A, 1: B) Address increment  (0: 1, 1: 32) Base nametable address  00: $2000, 01: $2400,  10: $2800, 11: $2C00

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PPUCTRL ADDRESS INCREMENT

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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

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WHAT WE NEED TO DO ➤ Add background object bytes to RODATA ➤ Add a subroutine to write them to nametables ➤ Write an attribute table for each nametable ➤ Update scroll registers in the NMI handler

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No content

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - ADDING PATTERNS TO .RODATA goodluck: .byte $0a, $12, $12, $07, $00, $0f, $18, $06, $0e havefun: .byte $0b, $04, $19, $08, $00, $09, $18, $11 pong: .byte $13, $12, $11, $0a

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - .PROC DRAW_BACKGROUNDS ; set PPU address LDX PPUSTATUS LDX #$26 STX PPUADDR LDX #$c4 STX PPUADDR LDX #$00 draw_havefun: LDA havefun, x STA PPUDATA INX CPX #$08 BNE draw_havefun

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PPU MEMORY MAP (16KB) $0000 $2000 Pattern Tables (2x) from CHR-ROM Name and Attribute Tables  (backgrounds) (4x) $3F00-$3F20 $3FFF Palettes  (8x) $3000

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - DRAW_BACKGROUNDS - WRITE ATTRIBUTE TABLES ; set PPU address LDA PPUSTATUS LDA #$23 STA PPUADDR LDA #$c0 STA PPUADDR LDA #%01010101 LDX #$00 write_attribute_table: STA PPUDATA INX CPX #$40 BNE write_attribute_table

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - .PROC MAIN - CALL DRAW_BACKGROUNDS vblankwait: BIT PPUSTATUS BPL vblankwait JSR draw_backgrounds vblankwait2: BIT PPUSTATUS BPL vblankwait2

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - ZEROPAGE - ADD SCROLL VARIABLES scroll_x: .res 1 scroll_table: .res 1

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - NMI HANDLER - SET SCROLL REGISTERS AND PPUCTRL LDA scroll_x ; horizontal scroll STA PPUSCROLL LDA #$00 ; vertical scroll STA PPUSCROLL LDA scroll_table ; set PPUCTRL STA PPUCTRL

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - NMI HANDLER - UPDATE SCROLL_X LDA scroll_x CLC ADC #$01 STA scroll_x CMP #$00 ; did we wrap BNE no_wrap ; to a new table?

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EX06/SRC/MAIN.ASM - NMI HANDLER - UPDATE SCROLL_TABLE LDA scroll_table ; get current PPUCTRL CMP #%10010000 ; compare to table $2000 BEQ first_nametable LDA #%10010000 ; $2400 now, so write STA scroll_table ; $2000 table to PPUCTRL JMP no_wrap first_nametable: LDA #%10010001 ; $2000 now, so write STA scroll_table ; $2400 table to PPUCTRL

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➤ ca65 src/main.asm -I src -o main.o ➤ ld65 main.o -C nes.cfg -o ex06.nes ➤ open FCEUX, load “ex06.nes”

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YOUR TURN! Add a star  to the background!

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YOUR TURN! (EXTRA CHALLENGE!) Change which palette the star is drawn with  (change attribute tables)

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NAMETABLE / ATTRIBUTE TABLE CHEAT SHEET Nametable 1/2: $2000/$2400 Attribute 1/2: $23c0/$27c0 $23c0 - $23c7 $23c8 - $23cf $23d0 - $23d7 $23d8 - $23df $23e0 - $23e7 $23e8 - $23ef $23f0 - $23f7 $23f8 - $23ff %76543210 10 32 54 76

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BUT WAIT!  THERE’S MORE!

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THINGS WE DIDN’T TALK ABOUT ➤ Audio (music, sound eﬀects) ➤ Mapper chips (MMC1, MMC3, etc.) ➤ Raster eﬀects (scrolling mid-scanline) ➤ “Sprite 0 hit” (partial screen scroll) ➤ Battery-backed save RAM ➤ Alternative input devices (Zapper, etc.)

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FURTHER RESOURCES or: "It's dangerous to go alone! Take this!"

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BOOKS ➤ Altice, Nathan. “I AM ERROR”. MIT Press, 2015. ➤ Zaks, Rodnay. "Programming the 6502". Sybex, 1978. ➤ Mansﬁeld, Richard. "Machine Language for Beginners". Compute! Publications, 1983.  (available at http://www.atariarchives.org/mlb/) ➤ Zaks, Rodnay. "Advanced 6502 Programming". Sybex, 1982.

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WEBSITES ➤ http://nesdev.com (wiki and forums) ➤ PinEight (NROM template and more),  https://pineight.com/nes/ ➤ http://www.6502.org and http://visual6502.org ➤ TEXTFILES, http://web.textﬁles.com/games/ ➤ NintendoAge - The Brewery forum,  http://nintendoage.com/forum/categories.cfm?catid=22

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GAME-SPECIFIC RESOURCES ➤ “A Comprehensive Super Mario Bros. Disassembly”,   https://gist.github.com/1wErt3r/4048722 ➤ “TASVideos: Final Fantasy”,  http://tasvideos.org/GameResources/NES/FinalFantasy1.html ➤ “Retro Internals: Contra”,  http://tomorrowcorporation.com/posts/retro-game-internals ➤“Programming M.C. Kids”,  http://games.greggman.com/game/programming_m_c__kids/

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BIT.LY/NES-WORKSHOP TWITTER: @KZURAWEL EMAIL: [email protected]