php[world] 2017 Domain-Driven Design Workshop

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Domain-Driven Design Deconstructed Domain-Driven Design Deconstructed Andrew Cassell @alc277 andrewcassell.com

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Domain-Driven Design

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Domain-Driven Design

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Common Sense Software Development

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Encapsulation & Immutability & Modeling & Behavior

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Domain

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Domain

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BEER

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Photo: Kathleen Pierce - Bangor Daily News

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Brewing Software

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recipe hop grain hop_inventory grain_inventory recipe_hop_link user recipe_user_link brew_event ROLE_USER ROLE_ADMIN

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Source: http://jonclaytonbiz.com/

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People don't want to buy a quarter-inch drill, they want a quarter-inch hole. Theodore Levitt

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#JBTD (http://jobstobedone.org/)

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YYYYY

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Why? Why? Why? Why? Why?

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Search Caluclation List Automation

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DDD !=

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http://www.csharpstar.com/

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DDD CRUD Correctness Testability Usability Maintainability Modiﬁability

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DDD BALL OF MUD / CRUD Correctness Testability Usability Maintainability Modiﬁability

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DDD CRUD/MUD Recipe Building Inventory Brewhouse Activity Beer Menu / Prices Brew Sessions Brewery Website Calclations QA Record Keeping

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Who is responsible

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Ubiquitous Language

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Ubiquitous Language Developers Domain Experts

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Ubiquitous Language

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User Brewer Employee Taster Customer

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1. Naming Things 2. Cache Invalidation 3. Off By One Errors Top 10 Reasons Programming is Hard

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$recipe = BeerRecipe::findOrFail($uuid);  $hop = HopRepo::where(“name”,”=“,”Simcoe”)->take(1)->get();   if (!$recipe->hopsArray()->contains(‘hop_id’,$hop->id)) {    $recipe->hopsArray()->attach($hop->id, [‘weight' => 1.0]);  }      $recipe->save();

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Ubiquitous Language $recipe->addGrains($grains); Code: We need to be able to add a measured amount of grain to a recipe. Business:

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Ubiquitous Language $recipe->getEstimatedAlcoholByVolumeABV(); Code: We need to be able to calculate an estimated ABV for a recipe. Business:

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Ubiquitous Language $storage = (new StorageFacilities())->findByOneName(“Silo #4”); $storage->howMuchOfGrainType(new GrainType(‘Winter Wheat’)); Business: Code: We need to know how much Winter Wheat is in our storage silo #4.

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Ubiquitous Language $recipe->addDryHop($hopQuantity,$schedule); Code: We need to add .2oz of 12% AA per gallon of Simcoe hops to a recipe 7 days after the boil is complete. This is called dry hopping. $schedule = new DryHopSchedule(‘7 Days’); $hopQuantity = HopQuantity::(“Simcoe”,”12%AA”,”.2oz per gallon”); Business:

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@recipe Feature: A user should be able to dry hop a recipe Scenario: User adds dry hops to recipe Given I am authenticated as a user And I am on “/recipe/0ef360fd“ And I press "Add Hops” And I fill out form with: | Hop Name | | Simcoe | Then I see “Alpha Acid: 11.5 - 15.0“

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$recipe->dryHop($hop); $recipe->addIngredient($hop); $recipe->addToBoil($hop); $recipe->addToBoilKettle($hop); $recipe->addToBoiler($hop); $recipe->addFirstWortHop($hop); $recipe->addToFermenter($hop); $recipe->addToMashTun($hop); //fails

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$hop = (new HopsSupply(…))->findOneByName(‘Simcoe’); $catalog = new RecipeCatalog(…); $recipe = $catalog->findOneRecipeByName(‘iPHPA’); $recipe->addDryHop($hop, new DryHopSchedule(‘7 Days’)); $brewers = new Brewers(…); $brewer = $brewers->findOneByUsername(‘cassell’); $brewSession = $brewer->brew($recipe); $brewSession->dryHopsWereAdded($hop, Datetime::now());

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$hop = (new HopsSupplyRepo())->findOneByName(‘Simcoe’); $catalog = new RecipeCatalogRepository(…); $recipe = $catalog->findOneRecipeByName(‘iPHPA’); $recipe->addDryHop($hop, new DryHopSchedule(‘7 Days’)); $brewers = new BrewersRepository(…); $brewer = $brewers->findOneByUsername(‘cassell’); $brewSession = $brewer->brew($recipe); $brewSession->dryHopsWereAdded($hop, Datetime::now());

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CRUD/MUD DDD Users Brewers String RecipeName Integer IBU Float(7,3) AlphaAcid Array of ORM Objects GrainBill BeerInventoryRepositoryInterface Menu

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$hop = (new HopsSupply())->findOneByName(‘Centennial Pellets’); $catalog = new RecipeCatalog(…); $recipe = $catalog->findOneRecipeByName(‘iPHPA’); $recipe->addDryHop($hop, new DryHopSchedule(‘7 Days’)); $brewers = new Brewers(…); $brewer = $brewers->findOneByUsername(‘cassell’); $brewSession = $brewer->brew($recipe); $brewSession->dryHopsWereAdded($hop, Datetime::now());

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[…], we want to establish the idea that a computer language is not just a way of getting a computer to perform operations but rather that it is a novel formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology. Thus, programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute.

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓ Testability Usability Maintainability Modiﬁability

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The Brewer, designed and engraved in the Sixteenth Century, by Jost Amman.

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Inventory Marketing Finance Production “Hop”

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Quantity at a Location Flavor Expenditure Ingredient “Hop”

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Bounded Contexts

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Slide: Vaughn Vernon

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Message Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Domain Event Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Personas

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adaptivepath.com

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Photos: Terry Brown and Gordon Stettinius Alice Shane P.J. Sam George Male Age 32 Brewer for 3 Years Got into brewing after the record store he worked at closed. Is very tech savvy and carries an Android. Male Age 50 Brewing for 10 Years Just Promoted to COO Retired civil servant who believes software can make a brewery for regulatory compliant. Female Age 27 New Hire Library science graduate who was just hired away from the local university. iPhone user. Male Age 52 Librarian for 30 years Has been brewing beer as long as he can remember. Loves beer podcasts but is not a fan of technology. Male Age 46 Brewer for 20 Years Loves poetry and writing. Brewing is just a job to pay the bills.

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https://blog.intercom.io/using-job-stories-design-features-ui-ux/

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7 Dirty Words When Meeting With a Domain Expert 1.Session 2.Repository 3.Abstract 4.Interface 5.Class 6.Database 7.Foreign Key

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User Research

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Photo: Mathias Verraes

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Command Actor Model Domain Event

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Domain Event • Something that happens in the software. • Past Tense

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Domain Event • Beer Was Brewed • Grain Was Added • Hops Were Added • Brewer Changed Email Address

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Command Actor Model Domain Event

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Command • The action that precipitates the event • Written in Present Tense

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Command • Start Brewing Session • Add Grain to Recipe • Add Hops To Fermenter • Change Email Address

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Command Actor Model Domain Event

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Model • Command is acted upon this thing • Might Include Supporting Models

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Model • Recipe • Ingredient • Brewer

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Command Actor Model Domain Event

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Actor • Who did it? • If you only have one user you might not need this

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Command Actor Model Domain Event

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business origami

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Jess McMullin Business Origami

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Jess McMullin Business Origami

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Jess McMullin Business Origami

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Sean Jalleh

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Source: Jeff Patton

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓✓ Testability Usability ✓ Maintainability Modiﬁability

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Domain Objects Value Objects Domain Events Entities Aggregates

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Value Object Immutable No Identity (Only Values) Hop Name Amount Paid Temperature Entity Identifiable Mutable Lifecycle Contains Value Objects Line Item Brewer Water Chemistry Aggregate Entity Responsible For Child Entities Transaction Boundary Invoice Recipe Brew Session

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Value Objects

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Email Address Recipe Name Date We Brewed On Weight Temperature Value Objects

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Value Objects Email Address Recipe Name Date We Brewed On Weight Temperature Ubiquitous Language

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Value Objects EmailAddress RecipeName BrewedOn Pounds DegreesFahrenheit Email Address Recipe Name Date We Brewed On Weight Temperature

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Not Just Static Typing https://github.com/Fiedzia/type-system-research/blob/master/README.md Value Objects

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Immutable

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Immutable Avoid Spooky Action at a Distance

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ALWAYS VALID Value Objects

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Value Objects

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“Gateway Drug to Test Driven Development” Value Objects

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“Gateway Drug to Test Driven Development” Value Objects #MYTESTSDONTPASS

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Plain PHP Objects (POPOs) Value Objects

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Plain PHP Objects (POPOs) • Declare Class Properties as Private • No Setters (behaviors will return new) • No References to Mutable Objects • Throw Exceptions in Constructor Value Objects

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Only depend on scalars or other value objects. Value Objects

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They are not dependencies that you inject. Value Objects

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RecipeName Example

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cassell:beeriously cassell$ docker run --rm --interactive --tty --network beeriously_default --volume `pwd`:/app --user : --workdir /app beeriously_php-fpm /app/vendor/bin/phpunit --configuration /app/src/Tests/Unit/ phpunit.xml.dist PHPUnit 6.4.3 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors. FEE 3 / 3 (100%) Time: 2.34 seconds, Memory: 4.00MB There were 2 errors: 1) Beeriously\Tests\Unit\Domain\Recipe\RecipeNameTest::testGetter Error: Class 'Beeriously\Domain\Recipe\RecipeName' not found /app/src/Tests/Unit/Domain/Recipe/RecipeNameTest.php:20 2) Beeriously\Tests\Unit\Domain\Recipe\RecipeNameTest::testToString Error: Class 'Beeriously\Domain\Recipe\RecipeName' not found /app/src/Tests/Unit/Domain/Recipe/RecipeNameTest.php:26 -- There was 1 failure: 1) Beeriously\Tests\Unit\Domain\Recipe\RecipeNameTest::testEmptyFails Failed asserting that exception of type "Error" matches expected exception "Beeriously\Domain\Recipe\InvalidRecipeNameException". Message was: "Class 'Beeriously\Domain\Recipe\RecipeName' not found" at /app/src/Tests/Unit/Domain/Recipe/RecipeNameTest.php:15 . ERRORS! Tests: 3, Assertions: 1, Errors: 2, Failures: 1.

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cassell:beeriously cassell$ docker run --rm --interactive --tty --network beeriously_default --volume `pwd`:/app --user : --workdir /app beeriously_php-fpm /app/ vendor/bin/phpunit --configuration /app/src/Tests/Unit/phpunit.xml.dist PHPUnit 6.4.3 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors. .EE 3 / 3 (100%) Time: 1.56 seconds, Memory: 4.00MB There were 2 errors: 1) Beeriously\Tests\Unit\Domain\Recipe\RecipeNameTest::testGetter Error: Call to undefined method Beeriously\Domain\Recipe\RecipeName::getValue() /app/src/Tests/Unit/Domain/Recipe/RecipeNameTest.php:21 2) Beeriously\Tests\Unit\Domain\Recipe\RecipeNameTest::testToString Object of class Beeriously\Domain\Recipe\RecipeName could not be converted to string /app/src/Tests/Unit/Domain/Recipe/RecipeNameTest.php:27 ERRORS! Tests: 3, Assertions: 2, Errors: 2. cassell:beeriously cassell$

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docker run --rm --interactive --tty --network beeriously_default --volume `pwd`:/app -- user : --workdir /app beeriously_php-fpm /app/vendor/bin/phpunit --configuration /app/ src/Tests/Unit/phpunit.xml.dist PHPUnit 6.4.3 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors. ..E 2 / 3 (67%) Time: 292 ms, Memory: 4.00MB There was 1 error: 1) Beeriously\Tests\Unit\Domain\Recipe\RecipeNameTest::testToString Object of class Beeriously\Domain\Recipe\RecipeName could not be converted to string /app/src/Tests/Unit/Domain/Recipe/RecipeNameTest.php:27 ERRORS! Tests: 35, Assertions: 78, Errors: 1. make: *** [unit] Error 2 cassell:beeriously cassell$

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BrewedOn Example

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Pounds Example

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$poundA->reduceBy($poundB);

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Eliminates Checking Value Objects

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Factories $weight = $factory->create(‘2 lbs’);

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Static Constructors

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Natural Language Constructors

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Temperature Example

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Composite Value Objects

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Full Name First Name + Last Name

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Encoding Business Logic in Value Objects

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Amount of Alcohol

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ABV

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Sugar + Yeast = Alcohol + CO2

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Sugar + Yeast = Alcohol + CO 2 C H O ->2C H OH + 2CO 6 12 6 2 5 2

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Sugar + Yeast = Alcohol + CO2

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Sugar + Yeast = Alcohol + CO2

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Sugar - Sugar = Alcohol START FINISH

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Sugar - Sugar = Alcohol START FINISH Volume Volume

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Speciﬁc Gravity

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Hydrometer

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learntomoonshine.com

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Michael L. Hall - Zymurgy, Summer 1995, vol. 18, no. 2

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DDD CRUD/MUD RecipeName String Temperature Float(7,3) DateBrewed DateTime Gravity Float(7,3) ABV Function + Validation?

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓✓ Testability ✓ Usability ✓ Maintainability Modiﬁability

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Entities

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Identiﬁable Have State and are Mutable (Lifecycle) Never in an Invalid State Operate using Value Objects No Security or Permission Checks *(Ideally) Storage Agnostic Entities

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DO AS MUCH AS YOU CAN IN VALUE OBJECTS!

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Doctrine Mappings Doctrine Annotations Laravel Eloquent ORM “Storage Agnostic”

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BEHAVIOR FIRST! STORAGE SECOND! “Storage Agnostic”

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Single Entity Entities Regular Aggregate Contain Other Entities

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Brewer Grain Hops BeerOnTap Entity Types Regular Aggregate Invoice Recipe BrewSession BeerMenu

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Making an Entity: Brewer Identiﬁable ID (UUID) Mutable $brewer->changeUsername $brewer->changeName $brewer->changeEmail Never in an Invalid State __construct Operate Using Value Objects FullName, EmailAddress, …

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SETTERS ARE BAD

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Calling two setters in a row on the same object Missing a Concept?

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Calling two methods in a row on the same object Missing a Concept?

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Passing more than one parameter to a method Missing a Concept?

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Doctrine

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Bounded Contexts

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse Recipe\Grain Inventory\Grain Brewing\BrewSession\Grain

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse Brewers Supporting Bounded Context

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• Entities • Manages Child Entities • Transactional Boundary • The Easiest Models to Identify Aggregates

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Aggregates Recipe BrewSession BeerMenu

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓✓ Testability ✓✓ Usability ✓ Maintainability ✓✓ Modiﬁability ✓

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Task Based User Interface

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓✓ Testability ✓✓ Usability ✓✓ Maintainability ✓✓ Modiﬁability ✓

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Security

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Domain (Business Logic) Application Services Controller Persistence Event/Command Bus Security Templates

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Controller Domain Framework

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Controller Domain Framework

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Mathias Verraes - Decoupling the Model from the Framework at Laracon EU 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaIGN_cTcc8

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Ruby Midwest 2011 - Keynote: Architecture the Lost Years by Robert Martin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpkDN78P884

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Domain (Business Logic) Application Services Controller Persistence Event/Command Bus Security Templates

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓✓ Testability ✓✓ Usability ✓✓ Maintainability ✓✓✓ Modiﬁability ✓

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Domain Events

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Domain Events • Part of the Core Domain • Happened In The Past • Important Enough To Record (Persist) • Important Enough To Concern Other Bounded Contexts • Immutable Value Objects • Do Not Contain Entities or Other Mutable Objects • Can Be Created in an Entity

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BrewSessionWasPlanned

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BrewSessionWasPlanned

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓✓ Testability ✓✓ Usability ✓✓ Maintainability ✓✓✓ Modiﬁability ✓✓

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Business Rules in a Speciﬁcation

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DDD BALL OF MUD/CRUD Correctness ✓✓✓ Testability ✓✓ Usability ✓✓ Maintainability ✓✓✓ Modiﬁability ✓✓

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Command Query Responsibility Segregation

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CQRS

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Write Read

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Write Model Read Model(s)

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Write Domain Model Read Model(s)

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Request

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Command

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Command

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Command

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Command

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Response

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Response

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Controller Command Bus Handler Handler Handler Response

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https://gnugat.github.io/ 2016/05/11/towards-cqrs- command-bus.html

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Why Do CQRS?

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Controller Domain Framework

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Controller API (versions?) Console Commands

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Event Sourcing

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Event Sourcing • Object Properties are Not Persisted • Events Are Persisted to   Append Only Event Storage

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• Avoids Data Mapping • Avoids Object-relational Impedance Mismatch • Reduces Database Table Counts (Related Tables) • Potentially Reduces Model Counts Event Sourcing

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Slide: Microsoft

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Libraries • https://github.com/broadway • https://github.com/prooph • https://github.com/szjani/predaddy

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Recipe Example

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Learning More

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homebrewersassociation.org

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DEV BOOK CLUB https://www.youtube.com/user/devbookclub

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DDDinPHP Google Group http://DDDinPHP.org

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Final Thoughts

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse

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Inventory Recipes Brewhouse Legacy Context

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https://joind.in/talk/ee152 DDD Topics Covered •Ubiquitous Language •Event Storming •Modelling •Value Objects •Entities •Aggregates •Hexagonal Architecture •CQRS •Event Sourcing