Go Passwordless with WebAuthn in Ruby

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Braulio Martinez Software Engineer brauliomlm brauliomartinezlm [email protected]

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Your Software Partner. Your Ally.

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Go Passwordless with WebAuthn in Ruby

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Motivation Context The Workings Adoption Take the step Future Resources

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Authentication Factors

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Knowledge factors ○ Password ○ PIN K

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Possession factors ○ Bank card ○ USB physical key P

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Inherent factors ○ Fingerprint scan ○ Voice recognition ○ Face recognition ○ Typing pattern I

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ATM authentication Factors: ○ Bank card - Possession ○ 4-digit PIN - Knowledge

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WhatsApp’s authentication Factors: ○ Phone number ownership - Possession ■ Proved by typing a code received via SMS ○ [Optional] 6-digit PIN - Knowledge

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Passwords ○ Prone to phishing, brute force, etc ○ All users compromised if hackers access a DB or a server ○ Repetition across systems ○ Bad UX

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81% of all hacking related breaches were a consequence of stolen passwords https://tinyurl.com/eumfschr

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Most used second factors ○ One Time Password (OTP) via SMS ○ Time based OTP or TOTP via Google Authenticator

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Only 28% of users use some kind of second authentication factor https://tinyurl.com/mpk979xz

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89% of organizations suﬀered at least one phishing attack in the course of 2022 with an average cost of $2.19M https://blog.hypr.com/press-releases/hypr-the-leader-in-phishing- resistant-mfa-raises-25m

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Phishing & Replay Attack Example

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Motivation Context The Workings Adoption Take the step Future Resources

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What is WebAuthn?

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WebAuthn (Web Authentication) is a standard that deﬁnes a set of rules for APIs to enable users to strongly register and authenticate on web applications using public key based cryptography.

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Who created it?

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What was the standardization process?

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May, 2016 W3C First Public Working Draft

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March, 2019 W3C Recommendation, Standard Level 1

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April, 2021 W3C Recommendation, Standard Level 2

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March, 2023 W3C Editor’s Draft, Standard Level 3

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Where do people collaborate on the standard?

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https://github.com/w3c/webauthn/issues

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Motivation Context The Workings Adoption Take the step Future Resources

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WebAuthn

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What does it provide?

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Possession factor

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USB dongle

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Phone

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WebAuthn Spec

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The WebAuthn Spec ○ WebAuthn Credential ○ 3 entities ○ 2 user ﬂows

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WebAuthn Credential

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1. Strong

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2. Scoped

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Digital Signatures

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The Entities ○ Authenticator ○ Client ○ Relying Party

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The Entities ○ Authenticator => User Device ■ Creating and holding credentials securely, signing ○ Client => Web Browser ○ Relying Party => Web App

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The User Flows ○ Registration (of a credential) ○ Authentication (of a credential)

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Registration

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Authentication

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Behind the scenes

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Registration

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🔑 🔐

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Authentication

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📜

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v(📜, 🔑) = ✅

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v(origin) = ✅

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The Code

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cedarcode/webauthn-ruby

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# Gemfile gem "webauthn" # config/initializers/webauthn.rb WebAuthn.configure do |config| config.origin = "https://your-app.com" end

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Registration

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# app/views/registrations/new.html.erb <%= form_with url: registration_path, ... do |form| %> <%= form.text_field :username %> <%= form.text_field :nickname %> <%= form.submit ‘Sign Up’ %> <% end %>

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# app/controllers/credentials_controller.rb def create user = User.new(...) options = WebAuthn::Credential.options_for_create(...) if user.valid? session[:current_registration] = { challenge: options.challenge, ... } respond_to do |format| format.json { render json: options } end end end

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# app/javascript/credentials.js navigator.credentials.create({ publicKey: { … } })

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# app/javascript/credentials.js navigator.credentials.create({ publicKey: { … } })

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# app/javascript/credentials.js navigator.credentials.create({ publicKey: { … } }). then(function(credential) { registerCredentialWithServer(credential); });

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# app/javascript/credentials.js navigator.credentials.create({ publicKey: { … } }). then(function(credential) { registerCredentialWithServer(credential); });

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# app/controllers/credentials_controller.rb def register credential = WebAuthn::Credential.from_create(params[:credential]) credential.verify(…) end

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# app/controllers/credentials_controller.rb def register credential = WebAuthn::Credential.from_create(params[:credential]) credential.verify(…) current_user.webauthn_credentials.create!( webauthn_id: credential.id, public_key: credential.public_key ) end

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Authentication

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# app/views/sessions/new.html.erb <%= form_with url: session_path, ... do |form| %> <%= form.text_field :username %> <%= form.submit ‘Sign In’ %> <% end %>

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# app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb def create user = User.find_by(...) if user options = WebAuthn::Credential.options_for_get( allow: user.credentials.pluck(:external_id), ... ) session[:current_authentication] = { challenge: options.challenge, ... } respond_to do |format| format.json { render json: options } end end end

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# app/javascript/credentials.js navigator.credentials.get({ publicKey: { allowedCredentials: [{ id: registeredCredId, … }] } })

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# app/javascript/credentials.js navigator.credentials.get({ publicKey: { allowedCredentials: [{ id: registeredCredId, … }] } })

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# app/javascript/credentials.js navigator.credentials.get({ publicKey: { allowedCredentials: [{ id: registeredCredId, … }] } }).then(function(credential) { authenticateCredentialWithServer(credential); });

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# app/controllers/credentials_controller.rb def authenticate credential = WebAuthn::Credential.from_get(params[:credential]) credential.verify(…, public_key: registered_credential.public_key) end

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# app/controllers/credentials_controller.rb def authenticate credential = WebAuthn::Credential.from_get(params[:credential]) registered_credential = current_user .webauthn_credentials .find_by(webauthn_id: credential.id) credential.verify(…, public_key: registered_credential.public_key) end

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WebAuthn as a 2nd Factor 1st: Password - Knowledge 2nd: WebAuthn Credential - Possession

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Optional: Local User Veriﬁcation

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Inherence

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Knowledge

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navigator.credentials.get({ publicKey: { …, “userVerification”: “required” }});

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WebAuthn as a 2nd & 3rd Factor 1st: Password - Knowledge 2nd: WebAuthn Credential - Possession 3rd: WebAuthn User Veriﬁcation - Knowledge or Inherence

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WebAuthn as a 2nd & 3rd Factor 1st: Password - Knowledge 2nd: WebAuthn Credential - Possession 3rd: WebAuthn User Veriﬁcation - Knowledge or Inherence

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WebAuthn as 1st & 2nd factor 1st: WebAuthn Credential - Possession 2nd: WebAuthn User Veriﬁcation - Knowledge or Inherence

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Password-less 🙉

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Wins! ✅ No brute force ✅ No sensitive data (secrets) in the Server ✅ No phishing ✅ No man-in-the-middle attacks

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Challenges 🚧 Device loss recovery UX 🚧 Portability across devices

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Motivation Context The Workings Adoption Take the step Future Resources

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How can we solve this for mass adoption?

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Passkeys https://tinyurl.com/2m4h6yeh

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Multi device WebAuthn Credential

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Passkeys Features (many WIP) ● Browser Autoﬁll UI ● Cross device authentication authenticators ● Cross device authentication client ● Device Public Key (DPK)

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Are multi device Passkeys as secure as device bound Passkeys?

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Registration

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Authentication

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Password-less

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WebAuthn Platform/Browser Support (Oct 2019)

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Disclaimer: a few of these browsers/platforms might still be using legacy U2F to talk to authenticators WebAuthn Platform/Browser Support (April 2023) iOS Android Windows macOS Linux Chrome Edge Safari - - - Firefox Brave

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Passkeys Support *credits to https://passkeys.dev/device-support/

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September 2018 18F/Login.gov https://ﬁdoalliance.org/u-s-general-services-administrations-rollout-of-ﬁdo2-on-login-gov/

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April 2019 Google Accounts http://tiny.cc/z776vz

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June 2019 Shopify http://tiny.cc/5876vz https://shopify.engineering/supporting-passkeys-in-shop-authentication-ﬂows (March 2023)

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August 2019 Github https://github.blog/2019-08-21-github-supports-webauthn-for-security-keys/

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December 2019 Basecamp https://m.signalvnoise.com/basecamp-now-supports-security-keys-for-two-factor-authentication-thanks-to-webauthn/

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September 2020 GitLab https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/26692

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November 2020 AWS SSO https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/multi-factor-authentication-with-webauthn-for-aws-sso/

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Motivation Context The Workings Adoption Take the step Future Resources

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How to migrate my app to use WebAuthn?

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https://github.com/cedarcode/webauthn-rails-demo-app webauthn.cedarcode.com ○ Blank sheet app ○ Rails & Stimulus.js ○ Fully passwordless - WebAuthn only

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https://github.com/cedarcode/webauthn-2fa-rails-demo webauthn-2fa.cedarcode.com ○ Blank sheet app ○ Rails & Stimulus.js ○ WebAuthn as 2nd factor

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https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems.org/pull/2865 Rubygems.org ○ Real life application ○ Only 2FA ○ Clearance based authentication

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https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/pull/14466 Mastodon ○ Real life application ○ Only 2FA ○ Devise based authentication

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Motivation Context The Workings Adoption Take the step Future Resources

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○ webauthn-ruby v3.X.X ■ Maintenance and staying on edge on dependencies ■ Evolving as well as the standard keeps changing ○ webauthn + devise, keep pushing as a second factor ○ Passkeys

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Thanks to webauthn-ruby contributors! ○ @grzuy - Gonzalo Rodriguez (former Cedarcode) ○ @bdewater - Bart @Thatch (former Shopify) ○ @santiagorodriguez96 - Santiago Rodriguez @Cedarcode ○ @sorah - Sorah Fukumori @Cookpad ○ @lgarron - Lucas Garron @Github ○ @padulafacundo - Facundo Padula (former Cerdacode)

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Motivation Context The Workings Adoption Take the step Future Resources

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○ https://webauthn.io ○ https://github.com/cedarcode/webauthn-ruby ○ https://fidoalliance.org/fido2-2/fido2-web-authentication-webauthn/ ○ https://www.yubico.com/services-with-yubikey/webauthn ○ https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn

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Thanks!

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Q&A WebAuthn Demo

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Braulio Martinez Software Engineer brauliomlm brauliomartinezlm [email protected] WebAuthn Demo