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Modern CSS: architecture, future specs and build ﬂow morishi'er @ #Devfest16

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ࣗݾ঺հ .about-me { name: Masaaki Morishita; twitter: @morishitter_; github: morishitter; qiita: morishitter; works-at: 'Increments, inc.'; specializing-in: CSS; }

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About Increments We are hiring! h"ps:/ /github.com/increments/job-descrip6ons

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1994.10.10

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Happy CSS Birthday! ! ໌೔Ͱ22ࡀ !

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CSS: It was twenty years ago today — an interview with Håkon Wium Lie ʮCSS͸500೥ޙ΋ಡΉ͜ͱ͕ Ͱ͖Δ͸ͣʯ h"ps:/ /dev.opera.com/ar0cles/css-twenty-years- hakon/

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࠷ۙͷCSS animation, @keyframes, box-sizing, border-radius currentColor, color(), Custom Properties, @apply, containment, display: flex, display: grid, em, rem, vw, vh, vmin, vmax, @font-face, object-fit, filter, transition, transform, will-change, writing-mode, etc...

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CSS ͰදݱͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͸૿͑ͨ ͔͠͠ɺࠓ΋ੲ΋มΘ͍ͬͯͳ͍͜ͱ͕͋Δ

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CSS ͸յΕ΍͍͢

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Agenda 1. CSSͷ໰୊఺ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍͠࢓༷ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ

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CSSͷ໰୊఺

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ͦͷલʹɺCSSͷ"جຊ"ʹ͍ͭͯ • CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) • ͋Δཁૉʹࢦఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔϓϩύςΟએݴ͕ෳ਺ଘࡏ͢Δͱ ͖ɺએݴͷڧ͞ͷؔ܎ΛఆΊͯɺ1ͭͷએݴͷΈΛ༗ޮʹ͢Δ ͘͠Έ p { color: black; } p { color: red; }

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஋͕ܧঝ͞ΕΔϓϩύςΟ • color ΍ font-size ͳͲ • ਌ཁૉ͔Β஋͕ܧঝ͞ΕΔ͜ͱͰ৑௕ͳهड़͕ͳ͘ͳΔ

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ηϨΫλͷৄࡉ౓ • #id > .class, [attr] > Element • ࠷ڧͷढจ !important , styleଐੑ h1#title { font-size: 24px; } h1 { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; }

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͜Ε͚ͩ ϦϑΝϨϯεΛݟͳ͕ΒͲΜͲΜॻ͍͍͚ͯΔ

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No content

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CSSͷ໰୊఺ʢٕज़తଆ໘ʣ • ؆୯ = ߏจ͕ශऑ • ந৅Խɾߏ଄Խ ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ • ϧʔϧηοτͷӨڹൣғ͕Θ͔Βͳ͘ͳΔ • શͯͷϧʔϧ͕ άϩʔόϧείʔϓ

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CSSͷ໰୊఺ʢӡ༻తଆ໘ʣ • σβΠϯͷมΘΒͳ͍webΞϓϦ͸ͳ͍ • ৔౰ͨΓతͳमਖ਼͕܁Γฦ͞ΕΔ

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CSSͷ໰୊఺ʢࣾձతଆ໘ʣ • CSSᢞΊΒΕ͗͢ • ϓϩάϥϚʹ͸ܟԕ͞ΕɺσβΠφʔ͕ࡶʹॻ͘ • ยखؒCSS • ίʔυͷైḤͳ؅ཧ

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CSS͸ͨͩwebͷϏδϡΞϧσβΠϯΛ දݱͰ͖Ε͹ྑ͍΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͍

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զʑ͸৘ใγεςϜΛ࡞͍ͬͯΔ CSS΋ ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷҰ෦ͱͯ͠อक͞ΕΔ΂͖Ͱ ϦϑΝΫλϦϯάͷର৅

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1. CSSͷ໰୊఺ʢ·ͱΊʣ • ٕज़తଆ໘ • ந৅Խɾߏ଄Խ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ • άϩʔόϧείʔϓ • ӡ༻తଆ໘ • ࣾձతଆ໘

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Agenda 1. CSSͷ໰୊఺ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍͠࢓༷ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ

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CSSͷઃܭख๏ 1. ྑ͍CSSίʔυΛॻͨ͘Ίʹ 2. طଘͷCSSઃܭख๏ 3. CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭

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1. ྑ͍CSSίʔυͱ͸ • ಡΜͰɺ࠷୹࣌ؒͰཧղͰ͖Δ • ୈࡾऀ͕ಡΜͩͱ͖ʹ1ਓ͕ॻ͍͔ͨͷΑ͏ʹ • ϝϯςφϯε͢ΔଞͷਓͷͨΊʹɺະདྷͷࣗ෼ͷͨΊʹ

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ίʔσΟϯάن໿ • Google HTML/CSS Style Guide (Google) • idioma8c CSS (Nicolas Gallagher) • Code Guide by @mdo (Mark OBo) • CSS Guidelines (Harry Roberts) ໋໊نଇ΍ϑΥʔϚοτ

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ෆ٢ͳ೏͍ • ʮCode smells in CSSʯby Harry Roberts • h5p:/ /csswizardry.com/2012/11/code-smells-in-css/

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ελΠϧͷऔΓফ͠ BAD ! h2 { font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; } .no-boader { padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: none; }

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ελΠϧͷऔΓফ͠ GOOD ! h2 { font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: .5em; } .headline { padding-bottom: .5em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; }

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ϋʔυίʔσΟϯά BAD ! .userIcon { width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 20px; }

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ϋʔυίʔσΟϯά GOOD ! .userIcon { width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 50%; }

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2. طଘͷCSSઃܭख๏ ઌਓ͕ͨͪங͍ͨ CSSΛ্ख͘ॻ͘ ํ๏ • OOCSS • BEM • ITCSS

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OOCSS Object Oriented CSS by Nicole Sullivan

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ߏ଄ͱݟͨ໨ͷ෼཭ • CSSͷϓϩύςΟ͸େ͖͘2ͭͷ༻్ʹ෼ྨͰ͖Δ • ߏ଄ • display, float, width, margin, etc.. • ݟͨ໨ • background-color, font-weight, border-radius, etc..

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OK Cancel .button { display: inline-block; /* with other properties */ } .button--success { color: #fff; background-color: #2e6da4; } .button--danger { color: #fff; background-color: #d43f3a; }

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ίϯςϯπͱίϯςφͷ෼཭ • CSSͷηϨΫλ͸HTMLͷߏ଄ʹґଘ͢΂͖Ͱ͸ͳ͍ .list { padding: 12px; list-style: none; } .list-item { display: block; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; color: #757575; }

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A B C

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Create a component library of reusable "legos"

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BEM Block, Element, Modiﬁer by Yandex

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BEM • ϖʔδΛߏ੒͢Δཁૉͷ෼ׂͱɺͦͷཁૉͷ໊લΛܾΊΔͨΊ ͷࢦ਑ • Block: WebΞϓϦέʔγϣϯΛߏ੒͢Δཁૉ • Element: BlockΛߏ੒͢Δཁૉ • Modiﬁer: Block΍Elementͷ૷০ͷύλʔϯ΍ঢ়ଶ

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BEMͷϚʔΫΞοϓ

ΞΫςΟϒ
λϒ
λϒ

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.Tab { /* Block */ display: flex; align-items: center; } .Tab__item { /* Element */ display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex: 0 0 calc(100% / 3); height: 50px; color: #444; background-color: #eee; } .Tab__item--active { /* Modifier */ color: #fff; background-color: #444; }

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BEMͷ໋໊نଇ • MindBEMding • Block__Element • Block--Modiﬁer • Block__Element--Modiﬁer h"p:/ /csswizardry.com/2013/01/mindbemding-ge;ng-your-head-round-bem-syntax/

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ITCSS Inverted Triangle CSS by Harry Roberts

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ITCSS • ৄࡉ౓Λ͏·͘؅ཧ͠ɺϧʔϧηοτͷӨڹൣғΛ೺Ѳ͠΍͢ ͘͢Δ

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ৄࡉ౓άϥϑ • CSSͷෳࡶ౓ΛධՁ͢Δࢦඪ

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ৄࡉ౓άϥϑ • ԣ࣠: CSSϑΝΠϧ಺ͷͦͷϧʔϧηοτ͕ଘࡏ͢ΔҐஔ • ॎ࣠: ͦͷϧʔϧηοτͷৄࡉ౓Λࣔͨ͠ • ৄࡉ౓͕ӈ্͕ΓʹͳΔΑ͏ʹCSSΛॻ͘ • ҙਤ͠ͳ͍ελΠϧͷ্ॻ͖Λ๷͙

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ITCSSͷελΠϧ෼ׂ • Se$ngs: શମͷઃఆ΍ΧϥʔύϨοτ΍ϑΥϯταΠζΛSass ͳͲͷม਺Λ࢖ͬͯఆٛ • Tools: Mixin ΍ Func4on • Generics: ελΠϧͷϦηοτ (e.g. normalize.css) • Base: ཁૉηϨΫλΛ࢖ͬͨϧʔϧηοτΛఆٛ

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ITCSSͷελΠϧ෼ׂ • Objects: ૷০Λؚ·ͳ͍ϨΠΞ΢τͷύλʔϯ • Components: ૷০ΛؚΜͩUIͷ1ཁૉ (Objectsʹ૷০Λ͋ͯΔ ͱ) • U5li5es: ൚༻Ϋϥε Se#ng -> U*li*es ͷॱʹৄࡉ౓͕ߴ͘ͳΔ

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3. CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭ ݸਓͷײ૝Ͱ͢

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Q. ʮͲ͏͢Ε͹յΕͳ͍CSS͕ॻ͚Δͷʁʯ

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A. σβΠϯཧղ

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CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭ • ʮσβΠϯͷҙਤʯ͕Θ͔Ε͹ࣗવͱηϨΫλ໊͕ܾ·Δ • σβΠϯͷҙਤΛਖ਼͘͠ཧղͯ͠ॻ͔ΕͨCSS͸ഁ୼͠ͳ͍

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CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭͸ɺ ໋໊نଇͰ͸ͳ͘ σβΠϯཧղͱελΠϧͷ෼ׂཻ౓

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ECSSIST Extensible CSS Idealis0c Structure Theory by morishi*er h"ps:/ /medium.com/@morishi"er/extensible- css-idealis8c-structure-theory-36bd892d3a50

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ʮCSSͷઃܭख๏ͳΜ͍ͯΖ͍ Ζ͋Δ͚Ͳɺࣗ෼ࣗ਎ͷߟ͑ ΍νʔϜͷ։ൃମ੍ɺσβΠ ϯϓϩηεʹ߹Θͤͯௐ੔͠ ͍ͯ͘΋ͷͩͱࢥ͏ɻʯ h"p:/ /morishi"er.hatenablog.com/entry/ 2016/07/29/204642

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2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ʢ·ͱΊʣ • ྑ͍CSSίʔυΛॻͨ͘Ίʹ • ίʔσΟϯάن໿ɺCSSͷෆ٢ͳ೏͍ • طଘͷCSSઃܭख๏ • OOCSS, BEM, ITCSS • CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭ • σβΠϯཧղͱελΠϧͷ෼ׂཻ౓

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Agenda 1. CSSͷ໰୊఺ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍͠࢓༷ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ

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CSSͷ৽͍͠࢓༷ 1. Flexible Box Layout 2. CSS Custom Proper9es for Cascading Variables 3. tabatkins / specs

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1. Flexible Box Layout • a.k.a Flexbox • ݩʑ͸XULͱ͍͏UIݴޠ͕ϕʔε • ॊೈͳϨΠΞ΢τΛՄೳʹ͢ΔͨΊͷ࢓༷

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Flexboxͷϒϥ΢βରԠঢ়گ

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FlexboxͷϞσϧ

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FlexίϯςφͱFlexΞΠςϜ

FlexΞΠςϜ

• display: flex Λࢦఆ͢Δͱͦͷཁૉ͸FlexίϯςφʹͳΔ • Flexίϯςφͷࢠཁૉ͕FlexΞΠςϜ

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FlexίϯςφͷϓϩύςΟ • flex-direction: ϝΠϯ࣠ͷ޲͖ • flex-wrap: ϝΠϯ࣠ͷऴ఺ʹୡͨ͠ͱ͖ʹંΓฦ͔͢Ͳ͏͔ • justify-content: ϝΠϯ࣠ʹରͯ͠ͷ੔ྻ • align-items: Ϋϩε࣠ʹରͯ͠ͷ੔ྻ • etc..

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FlexΞΠςϜͷϓϩύςΟ • flex-grow: FlexΞΠςϜͷ৳ͼ۩߹ • flex-shrink: FlexΞΠςϜͷॖΈ۩߹ • flex-basis: FlexΞΠςϜͷॳظϝΠϯαΠζΛࢦఆ • align-self: FlexΞΠςϜͷΫϩε࣠ʹରͯ͠ͷ੔ྻ • etc..

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FlexboxͷϓϩύςΟΛ֮͑Δίπ • FlexboxͷϞσϧΛཧղ͢Δ • Flexίϯςφ͔FlexΞΠςϜͷϓϩύςΟͳͷ͔Λҙࣝ

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Flexboxͷόά • ಛʹIE, Safariʹଟ͍ • h,ps:/ /github.com/philipwalton/ﬂexbugs • Flexboxͷόά·ͱΊ • ※ใࠂ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍όά΋ଟ͍

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2. CSS Custom Proper/es for Cascading Variables • ҎԼ Custom Proper-es • ϓϩύςΟͷ஋Λม਺ͱͯ͠؅ཧ͢Δ͘͠Έ • CSSͷʮந৅ԽͰ͖ͳ͍໰୊ʯͷͻͱͭͷղܾࡦ

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Custom Proper,es ϒϥ΢βରԠঢ়گ

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Custom Proper,esͷఆٛͱ࢖༻ :root { --thumbnailSize: 40px; --mainColor: #55acee; } .logo { fill: var(--mainColor); } .thumbnail { width: var(--thumbnailSize, 32px); height: var(--thumbnailSize, 32px); border-radius: 100%; }

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Custom Proper,esΛ࢖͏্Ͱͷ஫ҙ఺ • Custom Proper-es΋ΧεέʔσΟϯάͷର৅ • var()ؔ਺ͷ࣮ߦͷλΠϛϯά

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Custom Proper,esͷΧεέʔσΟϯά

λΠτϧ

:root { --textColor: red; } #title { --textColor: green; } h1 { --textColor: blue; } h1 { color: var(--textColor); /* green */ }

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var()ؔ਺ͷ࣮ߦͷλΠϛϯά

λΠτϧ

:root { --textColor: red; } #title { --textColor: blue; } section { color: var(--textColor); } h1 { color: inherit; /* red */ } var()ؔ਺ͷධՁ͸ܧঝΑΓ΋ઌʹߦΘΕΔ

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3. tabatkins / specs • by Tab Atkins Jr. • in CSSWG, Google • Flexboxͱ͔CustomProper?esͷΤ σΟλ • ࣗ෼ͷϦϙδτϦʹCSSͷ࢓༷ΛఏҊ

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3. tabatkins / specs • Nes%ng • will-change • font-display • @apply • @extend • etc...

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Ͱ΋·ͩ·ͩ࢖͑ͳ͍ΜͰ͠ΐʁ

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࢖͑·͢ʂ ͦ͏ɺPostCSS ͳΒͶɻ

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3. CSSͷ৽͍͠࢓༷ʢ·ͱΊʣ • Flexbox • ॊೈͳϨΠΞ΢τͷͨΊͷ࢓༷ • Custom Proper1es • CSSͰม਺Λ࢖͏ͨΊͷػߏ • tabatkins / specs • GoogleΤϯδχΞͷఏҊ

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Agenda 1. CSSͷ໰୊఺ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍͠࢓༷ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ

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4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ • ϓϦϓϩηοαʔͷར༻͕౰ͨΓલͷ࣌୅ʢҟ࿦͸ೝΊΔʣ • Sass, Less, Stylus, etc • ʮந৅Խɾߏ଄Խ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍໰୊ʯͷղܾࡦ • ࠷దԽ • minify, Ϋϩεϒϥ΢βରԠ, ϓϩύςΟͷιʔτ, etc • ϦϯλʔͱϑΥʔϚολʔ

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PostCSSͰશ෦Ͱ͖ΔΑʂ

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PostCSS ͱ͸ • by Andrey Sitnik • Transforming styles with JS plugins • PostCSSࣗମ͸CSSύʔαʔ • ASTΛૢ࡞͢ΔAPIΛఏڙ • ASTͷૢ࡞͸શͯϓϥάΠϯ͕୲౰

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PostCSSͷॲཧͷྲྀΕ

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ϓϦϓϩηοαʔͱͯ͠ͷPostCSS • ݴޠ֦ு༻ϓϥάΠϯ • cssnext, precss, atcss, etc

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cssnext ະདྷͷCSSͷߏจΛࠓͷϒϥ΢β͕ղऍͰ͖Δ Α͏ʹτϥϯεύΠϧ͢ΔPostCSSϓϥάΠϯू h"p:/ /cssnext.io/

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Custom Proper,es input: :root { --fontSize-m: 18px; } p { font-size: var(--fontSize-m); } output: p { font-size: 18px; }

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Custom media queries input: @custom-media --small-viewport (max-width: 600px); @media (--small-viewport) { /* styles for small viewport */ } output: @media (max-width: 600px) { /* styles for small viewport */ }

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Custom selectors input: @custom-selector :--heading h1, h2, h3; article :--heading { margin-bottom: 2em; } output: article h1, article h2, article h3 { margin-bottom: 2em; }

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@apply input: :root { --truncate: { white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } p { @apply --truncate; } output: p { white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; }

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@extend input: .error { color: red; } .serious-error { @extend .error; } output: .error, .serious-error { color: red; }

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ϓϦϓϩηοαʔͱͯ͠PostCSSΛ࢖͏ϝϦοτ • ඞཁͳػೳ͚ͩΛબ୒Ͱ͖Δ • ΧελϚΠζ͕༰қ • ύϑΥʔϚϯε

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ඞཁͳػೳ͚ͩΛબ୒ • ʮSass࢖ͬͯΔ͚Ͳ@importͱม਺͚ͩ͋Ε͹͍͍Θʔʯ • ʮmixinͱ͔extend͸؅ཧͰ͖ͳ͍͔Β࢖ͬͯͳ͍ʯ • PostCSSͳΒඞཁͳϓϥάΠϯ͚ͩΛ௥ՃͰ͖Δ

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ΧελϚΠζ͕༰қ • ։ൃऀ͸PostCSSͷϓϥάΠϯΛ࡞Δ͜ͱͰࣗ༝ʹCSSʹม׵ॲ ཧΛՃ͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ • 1ͭ1ͭͷϓϥάΠϯ͸খ͍͞ͷͰίϯτϦϏϡʔτ΋͠΍͍͢ • SassʹίϯτϦϏϡʔτͰ͖·͔͢ʁ

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ύϑΥʔϚϯε PostCSS: 42 ms Rework: 68 ms (1.6 times slower) libsass: 77 ms (1.9 times slower) Less: 142 ms (3.4 times slower) Stylus: 200 ms (4.8 times slower) Stylecow: 259 ms (6.2 times slower) Ruby Sass: 877 ms (21.0 times slower) h"ps:/ /github.com/postcss/benchmark

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ͦͷଞPostCSSϓϥάΠϯ

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Autopreﬁxer Can I UseͷσʔλΛࢀরͯ͠ ϕϯμʔϓϦϑΟοΫεΛࣗಈ Ͱ෇༩͢Δπʔϧ h"ps:/ /github.com/postcss/autopreﬁxer

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cssnano CSSͷminifyπʔϧ h"ps:/ /github.com/ben-eb/cssnano

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stylelint ϞμϯCSSϦϯλʔ h"ps:/ /github.com/stylelint/stylelint

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stylefmt stylelintͷϧʔϧΛݩʹCSSΛ ϑΥʔϚοτ h"ps:/ /github.com/morishi"er/stylefmt

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PostCSS.parts h"p:/ /postcss.parts

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4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔʢ·ͱΊʣ • PostCSSͱ͸ • Node.js੡CSSύʔαʔ • cssnext • ະདྷͷγϯλοΫεΛτϥϯεύΠϧ • ଞͷPostCSSϓϥάΠϯ • Autopreﬁxer, cssnano, stylelint, stylefmt, etc..

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Agenda 1. CSSͷ໰୊఺ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍͠࢓༷ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ

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Thanks :D Any ques)ons? @morishi(er_