2nd-layerٕज़ʢϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʣ 5BLBZB
*NBJ
$&0!'SPOUJFS
1BSUOFST
--$

$PGPVOEFS
BOE
$50!6OJUFE
#JUDPJOFST
*OD +#" ೔ຊϒϩοΫνΣʔϯڠձ
 

ࣗݾ঺հ ϑϩϯςΟΞύʔτφʔζ߹ಉձࣾ ୅දCEO United Bitcoiners Inc. ڞಉ૑ۀऀˍऔక໾CTO ϚελϦϯάϏοτίΠϯɺ຋༁ऀ୅ද ੈքͰॳΊͯͷɺ೔ຊޠʹΑΔϏοτίΠϯɾϒϩοΫνΣʔϯ ͷৄࡉٕज़ॻ 2016/7/14ग़൛ ిࢠॻ੶൛(kindle)΋ ΦʔϓϯΤσΟγϣϯ൛ https://www.bitcoinbook.info ౦ژେֶ٬һݚڀһ 

ࣗݾ঺հ όοΫάϥ΢ϯυ ৽ׁେֶେֶӃɹૉཻࢠཧ࿦෺ཧɹത࢜(ཧ) ΧΧΫίϜ ݕࡧΤϯδϯ։ൃɹݕࡧαʔόΫϥελߏஙӡ༻ɹେن໛σʔλॲཧɹػցֶशɹ ը૾ೝࣝ σʔλλϫʔגࣜձࣾɹ୅දऔక໾ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ 2015೥2݄ʹJoseph PoonͱThaddeus DryjaʹΑͬͯఏҊ͞ ΕͨϏοτίΠϯ্ͷηΧϯυϨΠϠʔٕज़ औҾख਺ྉΛ҆͘͢Δ͜ͱͱૹۚ଎౓Λ଎͘͢Δ͜ͱΛ໨ తͱ͍ͯ͠Δ “νϟωϧ”ͱ͍͏̎ऀؒૹۚܦ࿏ʹΑΔP̎PωοτϫʔΫ Ͱ͋Γɺෳ਺ͷνϟωϧΛܦ༝ͯ͠ૹۚ͢Δ νϟωϧऔҾ૬खɺૹۚ஥հऀΛ৴༻͢Δඞཁ͕ͳ͍ 

ϏοτίΠϯͷ εέʔϦϯά໰୊ εέʔϦϯά໰୊ ඵؒऔҾ਺͕̓݅ఔ౓ 1MB / 256byte /10෼/60ඵ = 6.8औҾຖඵ Segwit (Segregated Witness)༗ޮԽޙɺ̍ϒϩοΫʹ̍MBΑΓೖΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨͨΊɺඵؒऔҾ਺ ͸લΑΓվળ ϒϩοΫνΣʔϯαΠζͷ૿େ ̍̒̌GBऑ (2018/3/7ݱࡏ) τϥϯβΫγϣϯख਺ྉͷߴಅ ૹ෇͞ΕΔτϥϯβΫγϣϯͷ਺͕૿͑ΔͱɺϚΠφʔ͸ΑΓख਺ྉͷߴ͍τϥϯβΫγϣϯ͔Β ϒϩοΫʹऔΓࠐ΋͏ͱ͢Δ ࠷ۙ͸̍ճͷૹۚ͋ͨΓ5ԁऑ(1satoshi/byte) 2017೥12݄͸ϐʔΫͰ̍ճͷૹۚ͋ͨΓ4000ԁఔ౓ͷͱ͖΋͋ͬͨ 

No content

160GB 

4.6tx/sec 

4000ԁ͘Β͍/tx 

͍Ζ͍Ζͳղܾࡦ ΦϯνΣʔϯεέʔϦϯά औҾຖʹϒϩοΫνΣʔϯʹॻ͖ࠐΉ͜ͱΛલఏͱͯ͠ɺॲཧೳ ྗͷ૿ڧΛ͢ΔεέʔϦϯάํ๏ ΦϑνΣʔϯεέʔϦϯά ϒϩοΫνΣʔϯʹॻ͖ࠐΉճ਺ΛݮΒ͢͜ͱͰɺॲཧೳྗͷ૿ ڧΛ͢ΔεέʔϦϯάํ๏ ϒϩοΫνΣʔϯͷར఺Λ׆༻ͭͭ͠ɺϒϩοΫνΣʔϯͱ͸૬ ޓ࡞༻Λසൟʹ͠ͳ͍ॲཧ૚Λઃ͚ͯૹۚॲཧΛ࣮ߦ͢Δ 

͍Ζ͍Ζͳղܾࡦ ΦϯνΣʔϯଆ ผͷϒϩοΫνΣʔϯʹॲཧΛԡ͠΍Δ αΠυνΣʔϯ/υϥΠϒνΣʔϯ τϥϯβΫγϣϯͷσʔλͷҰ෦Λผ࿮ʹԡ͠΍Δ SegWit (Segregated Witness) ϒϩοΫαΠζΛେ͖͘͢Δ ϏοάϒϩοΫ ϒϩοΫͷ఻ୡํ๏ͷվળɺGraphen τϥϯβΫγϣϯͷαΠζΛখ͘͢͞Δ γϡϊΞॺ໊(Schnorr Signature) ࢖Θͳ͍τϥϯβΫγϣϯεΫϦϓτΛল͘ɺ Graftroot ΦϑνΣʔϯଆ ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫ Ethereum(ϥΠσϯωοτϫʔΫɺϚΠΫϩϥΠσϯ ωοτϫʔΫ) 

#MPDLDIBJO
DPOOFDUFE
UP
#JUDPJO ;DBTI

#MPDLDIBJO &UIFSFVN
#MPDLDIBJO #JUDPJO

#MPDLDIBJO ʜ -JHIUOJOH
/FUXPSL "UPNJD
4XBQ 1BZQBM 7JTB $PTNPT #MPDLDIBJO
DPOOFDUFE
UP
TPNF
CMPDLDIBJOT 3BJEFO
/FUXPSL ΦϯνΣʔϯଆ ΦϑνΣʔϯଆ 4JEFDIBJO ϒϩοΫνΣʔϯ֎ ֤ٕज़ͷؔ࿈Πϝʔδ *OUFSMFEHFS 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ ಛ௃Λ̍ͭ̍ͭઆ໌͠·͢ɻ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ جຊతͳΞΠσΞ̍ ຖճऔҾΛϒϩοΫνΣʔϯʹॻ͖ࠐΉͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺ֤औҾͷ݁Ռͱͯ͠ਖ਼ຯͷ͓ۚΛ࠷ޙ ʹૹΔ ྫ 1. A͞Μ͕B͞Μʹ1000ԁିͨ͠ 2. B͞Μ͕A͞Μʹ500ԁ෼͝൧୅Λग़ͨ͠ 3. ݁ہɺB͞Μ͸A͞Μʹ500ԁฦͨ͠ ͜ΕΛͰ͖ΔΑ͏ʹ͢ΔೋऀʹΑΔ࠷খߏ੒୯ҐΛνϟωϧͱ͍͏ɻ νϟωϧ͸HTLC(Hashed Time Lock Contractɺϋογϡ෇੍͖࣌ؒݶίϯτϥΫτ)Λ࢖ͬͯ ࡞Δ ࠷ऴঢ়ଶΛϒϩοΫνΣʔϯʹॻ͖ࠐΉ·Ͱ͸ɺ྆ऀͷ߹ҙͷ্Ͱঢ়ଶͷߋ৽Λ͢Δ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ جຊతͳΞΠσΞ̍ νϟωϧΛ࡞ͬͨยํͷਓ͕ѱਓͰɺࣗ෼ͷૹۚΛͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱʹ͍͕ͨͨ͠Ίʹɺ࠷ऴ ঢ়ଶͰ͸ͳ͍΋ͷΛҰํతʹϒϩοΫνΣʔϯʹॻ͖ࠐΜͩΒͲ͏͢Δͷʁ ࠷ऴঢ়ଶͰ͸ͳ͍τϥϯβΫγϣϯʹ͸ɺѱਓଆʹର͢Δࢿۚ࢖༻੍࣌ؒݶ͕͔͔ͬ ͍ͯ·͢ɻ ରͯ͠ɺળਓଆ͸ѱਓଆ͔Β΋ΒͬͨγʔΫϨοτΩʔΛ࠷ऴঢ়ଶͰ͸ͳ͍τϥϯβ Ϋγϣϯʹରͯ͠࢖͏ͱɺνϟωϧ্ʹ͋ͬͨѱਓͷࢿۚΛ௚ͪʹશͯୣ͑ΔΑ͏ʹ ͳ͍ͬͯ·͢ɻ γʔΫϨοτΩʔ͸࠷ऴঢ়ଶʹ྆ऀ͕߹ҙ͢Δࡍʹɺ྆ऀ͕औΓަΘ̍͢ݸલͷ ΋ͷΛແޮԽ͢ΔͨΊͷΩʔ ͜ͷΑ͏ͳϖφϧςΟʔ͕͋ΔͨΊɺѱਓଆʹ͸૬खΛཪ੾ΔΠϯηϯςΟϒ͕ͳ͍ ѱਓଆͷཪ੾Γʹର͙ͯ͢͠ʹϖφϧςΟʔΛߦ࢖Ͱ͖ΔΑ͏ʹɺτϥϯβΫγϣϯΛৗ ʹ؂ࢹ͓͔ͯ͠ͳ͚Ε͹͍͚ͳ͍ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ جຊతͳΞΠσΞ̎ ϒϩοΫνΣʔϯ΁ͷෛՙΛԼ͛ɺख਺ྉΛ҆͘͢ΔͨΊɺνϟωϧΛෳ਺ ͭͳ͍Ͱૹۚ͢Δ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ ஥հऀ͕͓ۚΛ౪ΊΔͷͰ͸ʁ ஥հऀBob͕͓ۚΛಘΔͨΊʹ͸ϓϨΠϝʔδͱݺ͹ΕΔจࣈྻ͕ͳ͍ͱ͍͚ ͳ͍ Bob͸͓ۚΛ஥հ͢Δͱ͍͏໿ଋ͸͢Δ͕ɺ໿ଋͨ࣌͠఺Ͱ͸ϓϨΠϝʔδΛ ϋογϡԽͨ͠ϓϨΠϝʔδϋογϡ͔࣋ͬͯ͠ͳ͍ͨΊɺ͓ۚΛ౪Ίͳ͍ ͜ΕΛ࣮ߦ͢ΔͨΊʹHTLCΛ࢖͏ ૹۚऀ डۚऀ "MJDF #PC $BSPM 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ ૹۚऀ डۚऀ "MJDF #PC $BSPM $BSPM
ϓϨΠϝʔδ
3 $BSPM
ϓϨΠϝʔδϋογϡ
) 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ ૹۚऀ डۚऀ "MJDF #PC $BSPM $BSPM

ϓϨΠϝʔδϋογϡ
) ᶃϓϨΠϝʔδϋογϡ)ૹ෇ UY
XJUI
)
OFFE
3
UP
VTF UY
XJUI
)
OFFE
3
UP
VTF ᶄ59
XJUI
)ૹ෇ UY
XJUI
)
OFFE
3
UP
VTF ᶅ59
XJUI
)ૹ෇ ᶆϓϨΠϝʔδ3ૹ෇ 3 ᶇϓϨΠϝʔδ3ૹ෇ 3 $BSPM

ϓϨΠϝʔδ
3 ໿ଋ͸͢Δ͚Ͳ౪Ίͳ͍ Carol͸ R͕͋Δ͔Β ड͚औΕΔ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ Carol͕ҙ஍ѱͰɺϓϨΠϝʔδRΛ͘Εͳ͔ͬͨΒBob͸Carolʹ͓ۚΛୣΘΕͯऴΘ Γʁ ڠྗతνϟωϧΫϩʔζʹ͢Δ৔߹ɺ૬ख͔Βࢧ෷͍தͷ΋ͷ(in-flight HTLC)ͷϓ ϨΠϝʔδRΛ΋ΒΘͳ͍ͱԠ͡ͳ͍Α͏ʹ͢Δ Carol͕ͣͬͱRΛ౉ͣ͞ҰํతʹνϟωϧΫϩʔζ͓ۚ͠Λ࢖ͬͨ৔߹ɺϓϨΠ ϝʔδR͸ύϒϦοΫϒϩοΫνΣʔϯ্Ͱެ։͞ΕΔͨΊɺͦΕΛ࢖ͬͯBob ͸Alice͔Β͓ۚΛಘΔɻͨͩ͠ɺ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔɻ Carol͕ͣͬͱRΛ౉ͣ͞ɺ͔͠΋͓ۚΛ࢖Θͳ͔ͬͨ৔߹ɺBob͸͋Β͔͡Ίઃ ఆ͓͍ͯͨ࣌ؒ͠Ҏ߱ʹͳΕ͹͓ۚΛऔΓ໭ͤΔ༏ઌݖ͕͋Δɻͨͩ͠ɺ͕࣌ؒ ͔͔Δɻ ૹۚऀ डۚऀ "MJDF #PC $BSPM 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʁ ϊʔυ ϊʔυ ϊʔυ*% ϊʔυ νϟωϧ ϊʔυ νϟωϧ νϟωϧ νϟωϧ ϊʔυ ϊʔυ*% ϊʔυ*% ϊʔυ*% ϊʔυ νϟωϧ ϊʔυ*% νϟωϧ ϊʔυ ϊʔυ*% ͷେ͖͞͸νϟωϧʹ৐͍ͬͯΔϏοτίΠϯͷྔ 

ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫ ϊʔυϓϩδΣΫτҰཡ $PNQBOZ
0SHBOJ[BUJPO -JHIUOJOH
-BCT .*5
%$* #MPDLTUSFBN "$*/2 CDPJOPSH /BZVUB OPUIJOH 1SPEVDU
/BNF MOE MJU MJHIUOJOHE FDMBJS QMBTNB QUBSNJHBO MOXBMMFU
$PNNJUPST 5IBEEFVT
%SZKB
+PTFQI
1PPO
0MBPMVXB
0TVOUPLVO 5IBEEFVT
%SZKB 3VTUZ
3VTTFM
$ISJTUJBO
%FDLFS 1JFSSF.BSJF
1BEJPV
'BCSJDF
%SPVJO
EQBE $ISJTUPQIFS
+F⒎SFZ OBZVUBVFOP "OUPO
,VNBJHPSPET LJ -BOHVBHF (P (P $ 4DBMB /PEF
KT $ 4DBMB pSTU
DPNNJU
+45        MBTUFTU
DPNNJU
+45        HJUIVC IUUQT HJUIVCDPN MJHIUOJOHOFU XPSLMOE IUUQT HJUIVCDPN NJUEDJMJU IUUQT HJUIVCDPN &MFNFOUT1SPK FDUMJHIUOJOH IUUQT HJUIVCDPN "$*/2FDMBJS IUUQT HJUIVCDPN CDPJOPSH QMBTNB IUUQT HJUIVCDPN OBZVUBDP QUBSNJHBO IUUQT HJUIVCDPN CUDPOUSBDU MOXBMMFU PUIFST BOESPJE
BQQ 

ςετωοτ ࢲͷϊʔυ: btctest.lnetwork.tokyo (160.16.233.215) 

ϝΠϯωοτ ϦΞϧͳ͓͕ۚྲྀΕΔϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫ 2018೥3݄22೔ 

ϝΠϯωοτ 2018೥4݄24೔ 

ࢲͷϊʔυ: btc.lnetwork.tokyo (153.126.136.98) pubkey: 028dcc199be86786818c8c32bffe9db8855c5fca98951eec99d1fa335d841605c2 

ٕज़ৄࡉ ٕज़ৄࡉʹ͍ͭͯ͸ͪ͜ΒΛࢀর͍ͩ͘͞(ӳޠ) 2017೥6݄ʹΠεϥΤϧͷςϧΞϏϒͰࢲ͕࿩ͨ࣌͠ ͷࢿྉ https://www.slideshare.net/takayaimai/lightning- network-in-tel-aviv-israel ࠷৽࣮૷͔Β͸গ͠ဃ཭͕͋Γ·͕͢ɺجຊతͳಈ࡞ ݪཧ͸ಉ͡Ͱ͢ɻ 

஫໨͍ͯ͠Δ ϥΠτχϯάٕज़̍ 

஫໨͍ͯ͠Δ ϥΠτχϯάٕज़̍ AMP: Atomic Multi-Path Payments(ΞτϛοΫෳ਺ܦ࿏ࢧ෷͍) ݱঢ় ૹۚऀ͔Βडۚऀ΁ͷૹۚܦ࿏͸̍ͭ ྫ͑͹ɺ100ԁΛૹΓ͍ͨ৔߹ɺૹۚऀ͔Βडۚऀ΁ͷܦ࿏ͷશͯͷνϟωϧ͕100ԁૹۚՄೳͰͳ͍ͱ ͍͚ͳ͍ ໰୊఺ ·ͱ·͓ͬͨۚΛૹΕͳ͍ ̍ສԁͳͲ͋Δఔ౓·ͱ·͓ͬͨۚ͸ɺϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫΛ࢖Θͳ͍΄͏͕͍͍ͱ͸ࢥ͍ ·͢ νϟωϧʹଟ͘ͷ͓ۚΛஔ͍͓ͯ͘ͷ͸ࢿ͕ۚ๛͔ͳਓ -> தԝूݖԽ 1ͭͷૹۚܦ࿏ʹґଘͯ͠͠·͏ ૹۚܦ࿏্ͷϊʔυ͕ૹۚதʹ൓Ԡ͠ͳ͘ͳΔͳͲ໰୊͕ى͖ͨ৔߹ɺૹ్͕ۚதͰࢭ·ͬͯ͠·ͬ ͯಈ͔ͳ͘ͳΔͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ͳ͍͕ɺૹۚ׬ྃ·Ͱ͕͔͔࣌ؒͬͯ͠·͏ 

஫໨͍ͯ͠Δ ϥΠτχϯάٕज़̍ AMP: Atomic Multi-Path Payments(ΞτϛοΫෳ਺ܦ࿏ࢧ෷͍) ղܾํ๏ ̍ճͷૹۚΛɺෳ਺ͷૹۚܦ࿏ʹ෼ׂͯ͠ૹΔ ྑ͍఺ ૹۚܦ࿏ͷબ୒ࢶ͕΋ͬͱ૿͑ɺϥΠχϯάωοτϫʔΫશମͷϦιʔεΛ͏·͘࢖͑Δ νϟωϧʹେ͖ͳ͓ۚΛஔ͍͓͔ͯͳͯ͘΋ɺϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʹߩݙͰ͖Δ ѱ͍఺ ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫશମͰͷૹۚॲཧ਺͸૿͑ΔͨΊɺ෼ׂ਺Λେ͖͗͘͢͠ΔͱϥΠτ χϯάωοτϫʔΫ͕๞࿨ͯ͠͠·͏ 

஫໨͍ͯ͠Δ ϥΠτχϯάٕज़̍ AMP: Atomic Multi-Path Payments(ΞτϛοΫෳ਺ܦ࿏ࢧ෷͍) ਐల۩߹ ΞτϛοΫੑͷఆٛ΍࠷దͳ࣮૷ํ๏ʹ͍ͭͯɺlightning-devϝʔϦϯάϦετͰٞ࿦த ·ͩϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫRFCʹ͸ͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍ ͜Ε͸ɺݸਓతʹScaling Bitcoin Workshop 2017 @ Stanford Univ. ʹఏҊ͍ͯͨ͠΋ͷ(࢒೦ͳ͕ΒτʔΫ ʹ͸࠾༻͞Ε·ͤΜͰ͕ͨ͠ɻɻ) https://github.com/takaya-imai/packetization_for_paymentchannel 

஫໨͍ͯ͠Δ ϥΠτχϯάٕज़̎ εϚϗΞϓϦΛϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʹ डۚ΋Ͱ͖Δ lnwallet http://lightning-wallet.com 

஫໨͍ͯ͠Δ ϥΠτχϯάٕज़̎ ໘ന͍఺ τϥϯβΫγϣϯͷ؂ࢹόοΫΤϯυ͕࣮૷ͯ͋͠Γɺ؂ࢹͷ෼ࢄҕ೚͕Ͱ͖Δ ୯७ʹ͸ɺεϚϗΞϓϦ͸ϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫʹࢀՃͰ͖·ͤΜ εϚϗͷి஑͕੾ΕΔɺΠϯλʔωοτʹ઀ଓͰ͖ͳ͘ͳΔͳͲͯ͠ɺτϥϯβΫγϣϯͷ؂ࢹ͕ Ͱ͖ͳ͘ͳΔͨΊɻ ૹ͚ۚͩͰ͋Ε͹Ͱ͖·͕͢ɺϥΠτχϯάωοτϫʔΫͷҰ෦ͱͯ͠ૹۚܦ࿏ʹߩݙ͢Δʹ͸ૹ ۚͱडۚͷ྆ํ͕ඞཁ ݱঢ়·ͩ׬શͳ෼ࢄҕ೚Ͱ͸ͳ͍Ͱ͢ ؂ࢹͷ෼ࢄҕ೚Λड͚ΔଆʹͱͬͯͷΠϯηϯςΟϒ͕͢Ͱʹ࣮૷ͯ͋͠Δ εϚϗ্ͷτϥϯβΫγϣϯσʔλ͕յΕͯ͠·ͬͨ౳ͳ͘ͳͬͯ͠·ͬͨͱ͖ͷͨΊʹɺόοΫΞοϓΛ औ͓ͬͯ͘͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ ͜ΕΒΛߦ͏ͷ͕ɺOlympusαʔόͰ͢ɻ εϚϗΞϓϦϋϯζΦϯΛ΍͍ͬͯΔͷͰɺͦ͜Ͱਐల۩߹͸ެ։͍͖ͯ͠·͢ɻ 

ڵຯ͕͋Δํ͸͝ࢀՃ͍ͩ͘͞ɻ 

ϏοτίΠϯɾϒϩοΫνΣʔϯεΫʔϧ΍ͬͯ·͢
͝ڵຯ͋Δํ͸ࢀՃ͍͚ͨͩΕ͹ͱࢥ͍·͢ɻ 

fin.