Hacker’s guide to Rust Programming - ACCU 2018

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ACCU 2018 Hacker’s guide to Rust Programming Vigneshwer Dhinakaran | Mozilla TechSpeaker | @dvigneshwer

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Zen of Rust Memory Safety without Garbage Collection No runtime needed Rich Typesystem High level iterators Freedom from data race Welcoming Community

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Facts & Figures

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Speeding up crypto on Wire desktop apps https://medium.com/@wireapp/speeding-up-crypto-on-wire-desktop-apps-3ff37fc98c3f Up to 141× faster

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Tokio MiniHTTP The library is a proof-of-concept implementation of a simple HTTP/1.1 server using Tokio. http://aturon.github.io/blog/2016/08/11/futures/

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2016 -18 For the third year in a row, Rust is stackoverflow's most loved language https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2018/

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Friends of Rust Organizations running Rust in production. (https://www.rust-lang.org/en-US/friends.html)

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History: How did it all begin?

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Browsers Compete for performance & need Safety at its core

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Gradual adoption works.

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Rust is easy to learn!

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Variables

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Functions

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Flow control

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Flow control

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Looping

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Types

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Package Manager

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Ownership The act, state, or right of possessing something

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Garbage Collection Heap Memory new Circle(5) new Circle(5) new Circle(5)

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Referencing Now both bookingService and repairService hold a reference to vehicle

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Same implementation in Rust Doesn't compile!

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Ownership ● Rust moves ownership by default ● The owner has the right to destroy the thing it owns ● The memory is freed as soon as the owned variable goes out of it's scope ● Hence vehicle may already be destroyed at the point when it's passed to repair_service ● Rust catches these errors at compile time

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Borrowing The act, state, or right of possessing something

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Making it work in Rust Lending things is the key!

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Borrowing ● A reference is passed without transferring ownership ● One can borrow immutable (&) or mutable (&mut) but not both at the same time ● Shared ownership can be achieved through special pointers with runtime checks

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Mutability Rules ● All variables are immutable by default ● Only one mutable reference at a time ( But as many immutable &’s as you want ) ● Mutable references block all other access (The &mut must go out of scope before using other &’s )

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Safe memory management without GC

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High-level iterators Execution time : ~ 250 ms

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High-level iterators

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Rayon ~ 100 ms

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Struct ● Structs are like lightweight classes ● They can have fields ● They can be instantiated

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Struct But not partially !

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Struct Rust has option enum for such cases

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Struct Every Option is either Some and contains a value, or None, and does not. Which makes it explicit (No NullPointerExceptions!)

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Struct Every Option is either Some and contains a value, or None, and does not. Which makes it explicit (No NullPointerExceptions!)

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Struct can have methods

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Struct can have methods

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Traits ● Traits are Rust’s sole notion of interface ● Traits can be statically dispatched ● Traits can be dynamically dispatched ● Traits solve a variety of additional problems beyond simple abstraction

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Traits

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Traits

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Traits Traits can have default implementations

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Traits Traits can be written for foreign types implementations!

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Traits Traits can be written for foreign types implementations!

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Generics What if the app need SmartCarStore as well ?

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Generics Repetitive code

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Generics Type safety becomes questionable

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Generics Better :)

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Generics Can use trait bounds

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Generics Can pass any reference to anything that implements the Talk trait It has to be looked up in a vtable at run time ~ DYNAMIC DISPATCH

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Generics talk is now generic with a Talk trait bound

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Generics The compiler generates specialized code ~ Static Dispatch Zero -Cost Abstraction !!

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Enum Error can either be Critical or NonCritical at any one time

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Error Handling Variants may contain data of any other (mixed) types

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Error Handling Types can be generic In fact the std library uses a lot of generic enums

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Error Handling Enums can implement methods

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Error Handling Enums can implement traits

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Macros Macros allow us to abstract at a syntactic level

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Rust Web framework Nickel

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Web application framework Thin layer on top of pure http (Inspired by express.js)

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Web application framework Custom middleware

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Other Salient features ● Custom Middleware ● JSON Support ● Mounting ● Error Handling ● Encrypted Cookies ● Session Support

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Using Rust with Node.js

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Application to generate Fibonacci numbers /Cargo.toml ~ package.json https://github.com/RisingStack/node-with-rust /src/embed.rs

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Node.js Integration You are calling Rust from Node.js now!

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Deep dive into Neon project

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Getting Started

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Hello world native/Cargo.toml /native/src/lib.rs https://guides.neon-bindings.com/hello-world/

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Hello world lib/index.js Build & Run https://guides.neon-bindings.com/hello-world/

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call.scope eventHandler initObject init_obj init_prop set_prop Object::set setter JavaScript Rust V8 JavaScript GC’ed Heap Memory

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Rust Tools

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Tools ● rustup: the Rust toolchain installer ● rustfmt : the Rust code formatting tool ● rust-clippy : Rust code linter ● Cargo : package manager ● ...

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76 Community Photo credit: David McSpadden https://www.flickr.com/photos/familyclan/15535822737/

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77 RFC Process

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Summary

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When should you use Rust? ● Rewrite modules of your code that are computationally heavy (Complex math optimizations etc) ● For accessing the hardware(ex :- IOT applications, device drivers, GPU’s etc) ● Implementing advance concurrency paradigms ● Rust FFI calls are non-trivial, so be wise!

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What does Rust have to offer? ● Modern C/C++ replacement ● Memory Safety without Garbage Collection ● No runtime needed ● Rich Typesystem ● Strong Functional Programming influence

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Thanks! @dvigneshwer [email protected] https://tinyurl.com/accurust