はじめの一歩を踏み出すために：英語教育研究の入口

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͸͡ΊͷҰาΛ౿Έग़ͨ͢Ίʹɿ ӳޠڭҭݚڀͷೖޱ Ӝ໺ ݚʢ๺ւֶԂେֶʣ email: [email protected] ؔ੢ӳޠڭҭֶձୈ38ճKELESηϛφʔ ˏۙـେֶɾ౦େࡕΩϟϯύε ɹɹ2016.10. 1. ຊ೔ͷࢿྉ http://bit.ly/keles-seminar-38

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͸͡Ίʹ • ͸͡Ίͯͷӳޠڭҭݚڀɿ  ԡ͓͖͍͑ͯͨ͞ίπͱ  ϙΠϯτʢݚڀࣾʣ • ຊॻͷ಺༰ʹ৮Εͭͭɺຊॻ ʹؚΊΔ͜ͱͷͰ͖ͳ͔ͬͨ ͜ͱΛ͓࿩͠͠·͢ ݚڀ

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͸͡Ίʹ ʮݚڀʯͱ͸Կ͔ ݚڀ

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ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ Research is a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: a. a question, problem, or hypothesis b. data, and c. analysis and interpretation of data (Nunan, 1992, p. 3) question data interpretation

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ݚڀͷߏ੒ཁૉ question data interpretation ↓ ↓

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ݚڀͷߏ੒ཁૉ ݚڀ՝୊ʢ໰͍ʣ σʔλ ղऍʢ౴͑ʣ ↓ ↓

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question data interpretation → → ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ systematic

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ݚڀ՝୊ σʔλ ղऍ → → ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ ϧʔϧʢํ๏࿦ʣ

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ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ • ݚڀͱ͸ɺݚڀ՝୊ʢ໰͍ʣΛઃఆ͠ɺ ࠜڌͱͳΔσʔλΛूΊɺͦͷ౴͑Λ ಋ͖ग़͢ӦΈ • ্هͷ̏ཁૉͦΕͧΕʹ͍ͭͯҰఆͷ ໿ଋ͝ͱ͕͋Δ

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ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ ݚڀͷग़ൃ஍ͱ໨త஍ ޙड़ ग़ൃ஍ ໨త஍

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ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ݚڀ੒ՌΛͲ͜ʹؐݩ͢Δ͔ • ڭࢣʢݚڀऀʣݸਓ • ӳޠڭҭʢݚڀʣ෼໺શମ ໨త஍

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ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ڭࢣݸਓ΁ͷؐݩΛ໨ࢦ͢ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀ  ʢpractitioner researchʣ • ෼໺શମ΁ͷؐݩΛ໨ࢦ͢ • ֶज़తͳݚڀ  ʢacademic researchʣ

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ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͷ໨త • ࣗ෼ͷੜెͨͪʹ͍ͭͯͷཧղΛਂ Ίɺ࣮ફ্ͷ໰୊Λղܾ͢Δ • ڭࢣͱͯ͠ͷ੒௕

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ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ྫɿ • ࢼߦࡨޡͷ݁Ռɺࣗ෼ͷतۀ͕͏· ͍͘͘Α͏ʹͳͬͨ • ੜె͕΍ΔؾΛݟͤΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨ • ࣗ෼ͷ୲౰Ϋϥεͷ੒੷্͕͕ͬͨ

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ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ֶज़తͳݚڀͷ໨త • ӳޠڭҭʢݚڀʣ෼໺શମΛҰาલ ʹਐΊΔͨΊͷߩݙ • ࣗ෼ͷΫϥεҎ֎Ͱ΋໾ཱͭ஌ݟ • ଞͷจ຺Ͱ΋౰ͯ͸·Δ஌ݟ

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ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͱֶज़తͳݚڀ • ༏ྼ͸ͳ͍ • ໨త͕ҟͳΓɺํ๏࿦͕ҟͳΔ

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࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀ • ϦϑϨΫςΟϒͳӳޠڭҭΛ ໨ࢦͯ͠ɿڭࢣͷޠΓ͕୓͘ तۀݚڀʢͻͭ͡ॻ๪ʣ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͷํ๏࿦΍ ࣄྫΛऩ࿥ ݚڀ

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࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀ • ΑΓΑ͍࣮ફݚڀΛߦ͏ͨΊ ͷ10ͷϙΠϯτʢ౻ా, 2016ʣ • ࣮ફݚڀΛߦ͏ͨΊͷϙΠϯ τͷ੔ཧͱࣄྫͷ঺հ https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-OpnEJKrYAdQzNRb1pDY0pQaUE/view ݚڀ

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ֶज़తͳݚڀ ݚڀ • ݚڀ੒ՌΛ෼໺શମʹؐݩ͢ΔͨΊʹ • ࣗ෼ͷݚڀͱଞͷݚڀʢઌߦݚڀʣ ͱͷؔ܎Λ໌֬ʹࣔ͢ • ݚڀ݁Ռ͕ଞͷจ຺ʹస༻ʢԠ༻ʣ ՄೳʹͳΔͨΊͷखଓ͖Λ౿Ή

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ݚڀͷग़ൃ஍ • ڭࢣɾֶशऀͱͯ͠ͷܦݧɾؔ৺ • େֶʢӃʣͷतۀ • ֶձ΍ݚڀձ • ݚڀࢽ΍࿦ू • ֓࿦ॻ • ؔ࿈ଞ෼໺ͷ৘ใ, etc.

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• Ͳ͕͜ग़ൃ஍఺Ͱ΋ߏΘͳ͍ • ࠷ॳͷڵຯɾؔ৺Λݚڀ՝୊ͷܗʹ  ·ͱΊΔ͜ͱ͕େ੾ ݚڀͷग़ൃ஍

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ݚڀͷ̏ཁૉ ݚڀ՝୊ʢ໰͍ʣ σʔλ ղऍʢ౴͑ʣ ݚڀ՝୊

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ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ 1. ͓ΑͦͷݚڀςʔϚΛܾΊΔ 2. ڵຯɾؔ৺ɺݚڀՁ஋ɺ࣮ߦՄೳੑΛ  ݕ౼͢Δ 3. ؔ࿈͢ΔݚڀʢઌߦݚڀʣΛूΊɺ  ಡΈɺ·ͱΊΔ ݚڀ՝୊

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ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ • ڵຯɾؔ৺ • ΍Γ͍ͨ͜ͱ • ݚڀՁ஋ • ΍Δ΂͖͜ͱɺٻΊΒΕ͍ͯΔ͜ͱ • ࣮ߦՄೳੑ • ΍ΕΔ͜ͱ

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ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ • ઌߦݚڀͷ·ͱΊ 1. ݚڀςʔϚ͕ͲͷΑ͏ͳ੾ΓޱͰ  ѻΘΕ͖͔ͯͨ 2. Կ͕ௐࠪ͞ΕɺԿ͕൑໌͠ɺԿ͕  Θ͔͍ͬͯͳ͍͔ 3. ཧ࿦తܽؕɺํ๏࿦త໰୊͸ͳ͍͔

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ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ • Α͍ݚڀ՝୊ • ઌߦݚڀͰॏཁͩͱࢦఠ͞Ε͍ͯΔ ͷʹे෼ௐࠪ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍΋ͷ • ઌߦݚڀʹ໰୊͕͋ΓɺͦΕΛղܾ ͢Δ΋ͷ

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ݚڀͷछྨ छྨ Ξϓϩʔν ໨త ୳ࡧʗݕূ จݙݚڀ 1. ઌߦݚڀΛ੔ཧ͠಺༰Λݕ౼͢Δ ࣮ূݚڀ ࣭తݚڀ 1. จ຺Λߟྀͯ͠ࣄ৅Λଊ͑Δ ୳ࡧܕ ݕূܕ 2. จ຺Λߟྀͯ͠ࢀՃऀͷม༰Λଊ͑Δ 3. ࢀՃऀͷܦݧ΍ೝࣝΛଊ͑Δ 4. ઌߦݚڀͷର৅֎ͷࣄ৅Λ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δ 5. ݚڀͷ৴ጪੑΛߴΊΔ ྔతݚڀ 1. ࣄ৅ͷಛ௃΍܏޲Λྔతʹهड़͢Δ 2. ࣄ৅ͷؔ࿈ੑΛଊ͑Δ 3. ࣄ৅ͷࠩҟ΍ҼՌؔ܎Λଊ͑Δ Ӝ໺ଞʢ2016, p. 8ʣ

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୳ࡧͱݕূ • ୳ࡧܕͷݚڀ • ઌߦݚڀ͕஝ੵ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ςʔϚ • ؍࡯΍ฉ͖औΓͳͲʹΑΓஸೡʹ  σʔλΛऩू͠ɺͦͷத͔ΒԿΒ͔ ͷํ޲ੑΛݟग़͢͜ͱΛ໨ࢦ͢

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୳ࡧͱݕূ • ݕূܕͷݚڀ • ઌߦݚڀ͕஝ੵ͞Εɺ݁Ռʹ͍ͭͯ ͋Δఔ౓༧ଌͷཱͯΒΕΔςʔϚ • ʮԾઆʯΛઃఆͯͦ͠ΕΛݕূ͢Δ

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ݚڀ՝୊ͷϨϕϧ ݚڀ՝୊ͷϨϕϧ ݚڀ՝୊ͷܗࣜ ݚڀ՝୊ͷछྨ Ϩϕϧ1ɿ  ɹʮԿʯΛ໰͏՝୊ ̋̋ͱ͸Կ͔ʁ ୳ࡧܕ Ϩϕϧ̎ɿ ɹؔ࿈ੑΛ໰͏՝୊ AͱBʹ͸ؔ࿈͕͋Δ͔ʁ ୳ࡧܕɾݕূܕ Ϩϕϧ̏ɿ ɹҼՌؔ܎Λ໰͏՝୊ AΛߦ͏ͱB͕ੜ͡Δ͔ʁ ݕূܕ Ӝ໺ଞʢ2016, p. 67ʣ

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σʔλͱղऍ • ݚڀ՝୊ʹ߹ͬͨσʔλΛूΊΔ • σʔλͷछྨʹ߹ͬͨ෼ੳɾղऍΛ  ߦ͏

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σʔλऩू๏ • ࣄྫݚڀʢcase studyʣ • ؍࡯΍ฉ͖औΓʹΑΓਂ͘ௐࠪ͢Δ • ௐࠪݚڀʢsurvey studyʣ • հೖΛߦΘͣʹσʔλΛऩू͢Δ • ࣮ݧݚڀʢexperimental studyʣ • հೖΛߦ͍ͳ͕ΒσʔλΛऩू͢Δ

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෼ੳɾղऍ • σʔλ෼ੳͱ͸ɺूΊͨσʔλΛղऍ Մೳͳܗʹཁ໿͢Δ͜ͱ • σʔλͷछྨʹΑͬͯཁ໿ํ๏͕  ҟͳΔ

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σʔλͷछྨ • ࣭తσʔλ • ϑΟʔϧυɾϊʔπ΍ΠϯλϏϡʔͷ จࣈى͜͠ͳͲɺ਺஋ԽΛ൐Θͳ͍ ʢݴޠʣσʔλ • ྔతσʔλ • ௐࠪର৅Λ਺஋ʹΑͬͯදͨ͠  σʔλ

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σʔλͷཁ໿ • ࣭తΞϓϩʔν • ࣭తσʔλΛҙຯతʹཁ໿͢Δ • ྔతσʔλ • ྔతσʔλΛ౷ܭతʹཁ໿͢Δ

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࣭తݚڀ • σʔλ෼ੳͱղऍ • ෼ੳͱղऍΛߦ͖དྷ͢Δ • ίʔσΟϯάͱΧςΰϦʔԽ • จ຺ͷॏࢹͱް͍هड़  ʢthick descriptionʣ • స༻Մೳੑʢtransferabilityʣ

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࣭తݚڀ • σʔλऩू๏ɺ෼ੳ๏ͱ΋ʹଟ༷ • ํ๏࿦ͷཧղʹ͸ɺ࣮ࡍͷݚڀʹ  ଟ͘৮ΕΔ͜ͱ͕ඞཁ • Ӝ໺ଞʢ2016ʣͷୈ5ষΛࢀর  ʢݚڀࣄྫ΋ؚΊͨղઆ͕͋Δʣ

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ྔతݚڀ • σʔλ෼ੳ • هड़౷ܭͱਪଌ౷ܭ • ແ࡞ҝநग़ɺແ࡞ҝׂ෇ͷॏཁੑ

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• ໨ͷલͷσʔλʢඪຊʣ͔ΒΑΓେ͖ͳจ຺ ʢ฼ूஂʣΛਪఆ͢Δ • ඪຊͰ؍࡯͞ΕΔࠩɾؔ܎͕ɺ฼ूஂ͔Βͷ ඪຊநग़࣌ͷޡࠩͰੜ͡Δ֬཰ʢp ஋ʣΛ  ܭࢉ͢Δ • p ஋͕ج४஋ʢྟք஋ʣҎԼͰ͋Ε͹ʮ༗ҙʯ Ͱ͋ΔʢޡࠩͰ͸ͳ͍ʣͱ൑அ͢Δ ਪଌ౷ܭʢ༗ҙੑݕఆʣ

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• ૬ؔ෼ੳͷ৔߹ɺඪຊͰݟΒΕΔ૬͕ؔແ૬ ؔʢ૬ؔθϩʣͷ฼ूஂ͔Βͷඪຊநग़࣌ͷ ޡࠩͰੜ͡Δ֬཰ʢp ஋ʣΛܭࢉ͢Δ ਪଌ౷ܭʢ༗ҙੑݕఆʣ

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฼ूஂ ඪɹຊ ਪఆ σʔλղੳ Σ, F, t, p... ฼ूஂͱඪຊ

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• ͋ΔඪຊͰಘΒΕͨ୅ද஋ʢe.g., ฏۉʣ ͱ฼ूஂͷ୅ද஋ͱͷࠩ ඪຊޡࠩ

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฼ूஂ  μ = 15.3 ඪຊA  M = 14.7 ඪຊB  M = 15.9 ඪຊC  M = 15.2 ඪຊD  M = 15.4 ඪຊE  M = 15.1

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฼ूஂ  μ = 14.7 ඪຊA  M = 14.7 ࣮ࡍ͸ M = μ ͱͯ͠ਪఆ

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• ඪຊͷαΠζ͕େ͖͚Ε͹େ͖͍΄Ͳɺ ඪຊޡࠩ͸খ͘͞ͳΔ • ͭ·Γਪఆͷਫ਼౓͕ߴ͘ͳΔ ඪຊޡࠩ

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• ແ࡞ҝநग़ʢrandom samplingʣ • ඪຊ͔Β฼ूஂΛਪଌ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Մೳͳͷ ͸ɺແ࡞ҝநग़ͷ͓͔͛ • ແ࡞ҝׂ෇ʢrandom assignmentʣ • ෳ਺ͷάϧʔϓΛ࡞Δͱ͖ɺແ࡞ҝׂ෇ʹΑͬ ͯάϧʔϓؒͷ౳࣭ੑΛ୲อ͢Δ ແ࡞ҝநग़ɾແ࡞ҝׂ෇

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• ໰୊఺ • ӳޠڭҭʹ͓͚Δྔతݚڀͷେ൒͸ແ࡞ҝ நग़Λߦ͍ͬͯͳ͍ • ࣮ࡍͷΫϥεΛ࢖͏४࣮ݧݚڀͰ͸ɺແ࡞ҝ ׂ෇΋ߦΘΕͳ͍ ແ࡞ҝநग़ɾແ࡞ҝׂ෇

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• ݚڀ݁ՌͷҰൠԽՄೳੑʢgeneralizabilityʣ ͕୲อ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ • ݚڀ݁ՌΛଞͷจ຺ʹస༻ʢԠ༻ʣՄೳʹ͢ Δͱ͍͏ɺֶज़తͳݚڀͷେલఏ͕ຬͨ͞Ε ͍ͯͳ͍ ແ࡞ҝநग़ɾແ࡞ҝׂ෇

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• ӳޠڭҭݚڀͰ͸ɺ࠷ޙʹʮڭҭతࣔࠦʯΛ ड़΂Δ͜ͱ͕ظ଴͞ΕΔ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍ • ୯Ұͷݚڀ͔ΒࣔࠦΛड़΂ͯ΋Α͍ͷ͔ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

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• ྔతݚڀ • ҰൠԽՄೳੑ͕୲อ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍৔߹ɺຊདྷ ͳΒݚڀ݁Ռ͸ҰൠԽͰ͖ͳ͍ • ಉ͜͡ͱΛผͷจ຺Ͱߦͬͯ΋ɺಉ݁͡Ռ͕ ಘΒΕΔอূ͸ͳ͍ • ࠶ݱੑʢreproducibilityʣ໰୊ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

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• ࣭తݚڀ • ݚڀ݁Ռ͕จ຺ʹґଘ͢ΔͨΊɺͦ΋ͦ΋ ҰൠԽ͸ߦΘͳ͍ • ް͍هड़Λߦ͏͜ͱͰɺݚڀ݁Ռ͕ผͷจ ຺Ͱ΋౰ͯ͸·Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ͷ൑அΛಡऀʹ ҕͶΔ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

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• ӳޠڭҭݚڀʹ͓͍ͯɺ୯Ұͷݚڀ͔Βա౓ ͳҰൠԽʢڭҭతࣔࠦʣΛߦ͏ͷ͸ෆద੾ • Ͱ͸Ͳ͏͢Δʁ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

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• ݚڀͷݶքΛਅ伨ʹड͚ࢭΊɺڭҭతࣔࠦ͸ Ͱ͖Δ͚ͩ conservative ͳ΋ͷʹཹΊΔ • େ͖ͳڭҭతࣔࠦ͸ɺݸʑͷݚڀͰ͸ͳ͘ɺ ෳ਺ͷؔ࿈ݚڀͷ݁ՌΛ·ͱΊͨܗͰߦ͏ • ݚڀͷ౷߹ʢresearch synthesisʣͱ  ϝλ෼ੳʢmeta-analysisʣ • ௥ࢼʢreplicationʣͷॏཁੑ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

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͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ

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͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ • ݚڀ੒Ռͷݸਓ΁ͷؐݩΛ໨తͱ࣮ͨ͠ફͱ ͯ͠ͷݚڀ • ݚڀ੒ՌͷҰൠԽΛ໨తͱֶͨ͠ज़తͳݚڀ • ͨͩ͠୯Ұͷݚڀ͔ΒͷҰൠԽ͸೉͍͠

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͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ • ֶज़తͳݚڀΛߦ͏ͷ͸͔ͳΓେม • ӳޠڭࢣ͸ݚڀΛߦ͏ඞཁ͕͋Δͷ͔

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͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ • ඞཁ͸ͳ͍ɺ͚ͩͲ… • ֶज़తͳݚڀΛ͢Δڭࢣ͕૿͑Δ͜ͱ͕  ݚڀͷ஝ੵʹͭͳ͕Γ • ͦͷ݁ՌϑΟʔϧυશମͷൃలʹߩݙͰ͖Δ

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ݚڀҎ֎ͷબ୒ࢶ • ֶज़తݚڀΛߦ͏ͷ͸೉͍͠৔߹͸ɺ࣮ફత ͳݚڀʹ௅ઓͯ͠ΈΔ • ͦΕ΋೉͍͠৔߹ɺʮݚڀʯ͸ߦΘͣʹ࣮ફ ͷه࿥Λ͚ͭͯΈΔ • ୳ڀత࣮ફʢexploratory practiceʣ

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୳ڀత࣮ફ • Allright (2003) ͕ఏএ • ໰୊ղܾͰ͸ͳ͘ݱঢ়ཧղΛ໨తͱͨ͠׆ಈ • ࣋ଓՄೳͳܗͰͷ׆ಈ • ࣮ફͷهड़ʢه࿥ʣͱͦΕʹ͍ͭͯͷ಺লʢϦ ϑϨΫγϣϯʣͷه࿥

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୳ڀత࣮ફ • ʮݚڀʯͰ͸ͳ͍ͨΊൃදػձ͸ݶΒΕΔ • த෦஍۠ӳޠڭҭֶձʢCELESʣͰ͸࣮ફใࠂ ͱͯ͠ͷ୳ڀత࣮ફ͕ใࠂ͞Ε͍ͯΔ • ࠓޙଞֶձͰ΋૿͑Δ͜ͱΛظ଴

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• ͸͡Ίͯͷӳޠڭҭݚڀɿ  ԡ͓͖͍͑ͯͨ͞ίπͱ  ϙΠϯτʢݚڀࣾʣ • ݚڀͷํ๏࿦ʹ͍ͭͯɺଟ͘ ͷ࣮ྫΛ঺հ͠ͳ͕Βղઆ͠ ͍ͯ·͢ ओͳࢀߟจݙ

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• ֎ࠃޠڭҭݚڀϋϯυϒοΫ • ࣭తɾྔతݚڀͷ྆ํʹ͍ͭ ͯஸೡʹղઆ͞Ε͍ͯ·͢ ओͳࢀߟจݙ

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શମͷ·ͱΊ

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શମͷ·ͱΊ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͱֶज़తͳݚڀ • ݚڀͷ̏ཁૉʢݚڀ՝୊ɺσʔλɺղऍʣ • ҰൠԽͱڭҭతࣔࠦͷ೉͠͞ • ݚڀͷ஝ੵͷॏཁੑ • ୳ڀత࣮ફͷՄೳੑ Ken Urano [email protected] http://bit.ly/keles-seminar-38

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• Allright, D. (2003). Exploratory Practice: rethinking practitioner research in language teaching. Language Teaching Research, 7, 113–141. doi:10.1191/1362168803lr118oa • ౻ా୎࿠. (2016). ΑΓΑ͍࣮ફݚڀΛߦ͏ͨΊͷ10ͷϙΠϯτ. ୈ46ճத෦஍۠ӳޠڭ ҭֶձࡾॏେձɾӳޠڭҭݚڀ๏ηϛφʔ. Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/ file/d/0B-OpnEJKrYAdQzNRb1pDY0pQaUE/view • Nunan, D. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge University Press. • ஛಺ཧɾਫຊಞ (ฤ). (2014). ʰ֎ࠃޠڭҭݚڀϋϯυϒοΫ: ݚڀख๏ͷΑΓྑ͍ཧղ ͷͨΊʹ (վగ൛)ʱ౦ژ: দദࣾ. • Ӝ໺ݚɾ࿱ཧཅҰɾాத෢෉ɾ౻ా୎࿠ɾ∁໦ѥرࢠɾञҪӳथ. (2016). ʰ͸͡Ίͯͷ ӳޠڭҭݚڀ: ԡ͓͖͍͑ͯͨ͞ίπͱϙΠϯτʱ౦ژ: ݚڀࣾ. • ٢ాୡ߂ɾۄҪ݈ɾԣߔਈҰ࿠ɾࠓҪ༟೭ɾ༄੉ཅհ (ฤ). (2009). ʰϦϑϨΫςΟϒͳ ӳޠڭҭΛ໨ࢦͯ͠: ڭࢣͷޠΓ͕୓͘तۀݚڀʱ౦ژ: ͻͭ͡ॻ๪. Ҿ༻จݙ