Geocomputation for Widening Participation in Higher Education

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GEOCOMPUTATION FOR WIDENING PARTICIPATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION Alex Singleton Paul Longley Oliver O'Brien Department of Geography and Centre for Advance Spatial Analysis , University College London

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0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 THE HE PROBLEM: ACCEPTANCES 1962 - 2003

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Professional & Technical Administrators & Managers Clerical & Armed Forces Manual OCCUPATIONAL GROUP: 1968-1978

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 V Unskilled IV Partly Skilled IIIN Skilled non- Manual IIIM Skilled Manual II Intermediate I Professional SOCIAL CLASS: 1980 - 2001

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Higher managerial and professional occupations Lower managerial and professional occupations Intermediate occupations Small employers and own account workers Lower supervisory and technical occupations Semi-routine occupations Routine occupations SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP: 2002 - 2007

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WIDENING PARTICIPATION • Government have set 50% participation target • Standard fees - ~£1500 • Topup fees - Up to a cap of ~£3000 • Can only be charged if university signs “access agreement” - States how the money will be used to “widen participation” • University performance indicators (State School Students, NS-SEC, Neighbourhood) • WP Funding - POLAR

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PROBLEM • How to reach those students who are unlikely to attend HE? • University recruitment often un-systematic • lack spatial decision support tools • What data are available? • LOTS!

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SOLUTION • Give stakeholders of HE better access to data! • Simple to use • Simple to use • Simple to use • Simple to use • Simple to use! • Data • Record for every state school pupils in England • Spatial reference • Attainment / demographic attributes

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STARTING POINT Very busy cartography Google API

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REVISED CARTOGRAPHY / DISPLAY Google Maps OpenStreetMap Google’s Terrain Layer Hillshading + Network London Profiler Schools Atlas

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CONTEXTUAL DATA • Spatial Location - proﬁle of schools • Geodemographics • Deprivation classiﬁcation • POLAR • Model school catchments

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Physical Geography Music

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OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database mySQL DB PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI OpenLayers (.js) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading AJAX Requests OSM Tiles PVCs (.kml) OAC R ArcGIS Google Chart API Tiles Chart Cache Architecture Diagram

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql Mapnik OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade) Shapeﬁles Tiles PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Network Layer

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools Mapnik OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) PerryGeo Hillshading Shapeﬁles Hillshading Layer PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Tiles OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Choropleth Layers Tiles OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database mySQL DB DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading OAC School Statistics PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Tiles OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database mySQL DB DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading PVCs (.kml) OAC R ArcGIS School Catchment Areas PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Tiles OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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KDE / PVC Run: bandwidth 200 - 2000m Until: Single polygon Else: Reduce conﬁdence 10% Run: bandwidth 200 - 2000m Until: Single polygon

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database mySQL DB DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading PVCs (.kml) OAC R ArcGIS Serving Tiles PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Tiles OpenLayers (.js) OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database mySQL DB DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading PVCs (.kml) OAC R ArcGIS Other Tile Sources PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Tiles OSM Tiles OpenLayers (.js) OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database mySQL DB DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading AJAX Requests PVCs (.kml) OAC R ArcGIS Google Chart API Chart Cache PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Tiles OSM Tiles OpenLayers (.js) Showing the Statistics OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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great_britain.osm (.xml) PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS osm2pgsql NASA’s SRTM DEMs GDAL Tools UKBorders English MSOAs and Postcodes DCSF. gov.uk National Pupil Database mySQL DB DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR OAC Mapnik Shapeﬁles OSM Tiling Script (.py) Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS Color Brewer PerryGeo Hillshading AJAX Requests PVCs (.kml) OAC R ArcGIS Google Chart API Chart Cache OSM Tiles Tiles OpenLayers (.js) PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Showing Catchments OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade)

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Version One

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SCHOOL SELECTION

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SCHOOL PROFILES

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AREA PROFILES

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Version Two

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3 WEBSITES • HE / Widening Participation • Choosing a school • Atlas website

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Individuals Individual level schools data Output Areas Output Area Classiﬁcation CAS Wards POLAR HE Participation rates Surface Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Network Street network data LSOA Index multiple deprivation

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Map display and controls Tile processing areal and network data KDE / PVA automation for school catchment areas Processing SRTM data in terrain relief Charts API