質とスピード / Quality and Speed

by Takuto Wada

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࣭ͱεϐʔυ ࿨ా୎ਓ !U@XBEB 0DU !&0'

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UXBEB U@XBEB UXBEB ࿨ా୎ਓ

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ۀքͰͷཱͪҐஔಠΓา͖͢Δελϯυ

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" $ ΑΖ͓͘͠ئ͍͠·͢ "

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༩͑ΒΕͨ࣌ؒʹରͯ͠΍Δ΂͖͜ͱ͕ଟ͗͢Δ৔߹ɺ Ͳ͏͢΂͖͔ ʢ˞ͪͳΈʹਖ਼ղ͸Bʣ B είʔϓΛ࡟Δ C ΋ͬͱਓΛ૿΍͢ D ϦϦʔε೔ΛԆظ͢Δ E ඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Δ ʰΞδϟΠϧαϜϥΠʱQ ߥͿΔ࢛ఱԦ͕͋ΒΘΕͨʂ

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඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Ε͹εϐʔυ͸ಘΒΕΔʁ w୹ظతʹ͸ಘΒΕΔ wதظతʹ͸ٯޮՌʹͳΔ w௕ظతʹ͸க໋ইʹͳΔ

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ͦ΋ͦ΋ ͜͜Ͱ͍͏ ʮ඼࣭ʯͱ͸ʁ

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඼࣭ͱ͸Կ͔

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l඼࣭ͱ͸୭͔ʹ ͱͬͯͷՁ஋Ͱ͋Δz (FSBME8FJOCFSH

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Accessibility Adaptability Administrability Analyzability Auditability Availability Calibrability Changeability Compatibility Configurability Exploitability Extensibility Flexibility Functionality Installability Integrability Internationalizability Interoperability Learnability Maintainability Marketability Maturity Modifiability Operability Personalizability Portability Recoverability Reliability Replaceability Reusability Scalability Security Sensitivity Stability Suitability Supportability Testability Traceability Transactionality Understandability Upgradeability Usability ... and lots more!

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ʮ඼࣭ʯ͸ ͳʹ΍Β೉ͦ͠͏Ͱɺ ͪΐͬͱාͦ͏ʹݟ͕͑ͪ

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lʮ඼࣭ʯͬͪΎ͏͔ Β೉͘͠ฉ͑ͯ͜·͏ Μ΍ɻʮ࣭ʯͱݴ͑͹ օΘ͔ͬͯ͘ΕΔɻz ग़యࣦ೦ɻςϨϏ͔ϥδΦͷΠϯλϏϡʔ൪૊ΑΓ

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඼࣭

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඼࣭

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lࢲͨͪͷମʹ͸ɺԿ͔ʮྑ ͍΋ͷʯΛݟൈ͘ೳྗ͕ͦ ͳΘ͍ͬͯΔz IUUQTUNUNTIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ

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28"/ 2VBMJUZXJUIPVUBOBNF

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XXXJUNFEJBDPKQJNBSUJDMFTOFXTIUNM

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IUUQTXXXKVTFPSKQEFQBSUNFOUBMQPJOUIUNM ङ໺Ϟσϧ

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ʢ͓٬༷͔Βʣݟ͑Δ඼࣭ͱݟ͑ͳ͍඼࣭ w֎෦඼࣭ͱ಺෦඼࣭ wར༻࣌ͷ඼࣭ͱ੡඼඼࣭ wػೳཁ݅ͱඇػೳཁ݅

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External Quality: Correctness, Usability, Efficiency, Reliability, Integrity, Adaptability, Accuracy, Robustness Internal Quality: Maintainability, Flexibility, Portability, Re-usability, Readability, Testability, Understandability ֎෦඼࣭ͱ಺෦඼࣭

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ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷ඼࣭Λ֎෦ࢦඪͰಛ௃͚ͮΔਓ͸ଟ ͍ɻਖ਼͍͜͠ͱΛ͢Δɺόά͕ͳ͍ɺ଎͍ɺͳͲͩɻ ͕ͩɺͦΕΒ͸ΑΓਂ͍ݪҼͷ঱ঢ়ʹ͗͢ͳ͍ɻ ຊॻͰઆ໌͢Διϑτ΢ΣΞͷ඼࣭͸಺෦඼࣭Ͱ͋ Δɻ಺෦඼࣭Λ࡞ΓࠐΜͩ݁Ռͱͯ͠ɺ֎෦඼࣭ͱ͠ ͯఆٛ͞ΕΔಛੑͷ࣮ݱʹۙͮ͘͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ಺෦ ඼࣭͸݁ՌͰ͸ͳ͘ݪҼͰ͋Γɺྑ͍ιϑτ΢ΣΞ͕ උ͍͑ͯΔ΂͖΋ͷͩɻ ʰϨΨγʔίʔυ͔Βͷ୤٫ʱQ

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Ͱ͸ͲͷΑ͏ͳ ɹ಺෦඼࣭Λ ٘ਜ਼ʹ๋͛ͨͷ͔

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อकੑ Maintainability

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Joseph P. Cavano and James A. McCall. A framework for the measurement of software quality. In software quality assurance workshop on Functional and performance issues, pages 133–139, 1978. IUUQTXXXUIPNBTBMTQBVHIPSHQVCGOEJMJUZIUNM $BWBOPBOE.D$BMM`T2VBMJUZ'BDUPST

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#PFIN #SPXO BOE-JQPXT2VBMJUZ$IBSBDUFSJTUJDT IUUQTXXXUIPNBTBMTQBVHIPSHQVCGOEJMJUZIUNM

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#PFIN #SPXO BOE-JQPXT2VBMJUZ$IBSBDUFSJTUJDT IUUQTXXXUIPNBTBMTQBVHIPSHQVCGOEJMJUZIUNM

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.BJOUBJOBCJMJUZʢอकੑʣΛߏ੒͢Δ΋ͷ w5FTUBCJMJUZςετ༰қੑ w6OEFSTUBOEBCJMJUZཧղ༰қੑ w.PEJpBCJMJUZมߋ༰қੑ

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อकੑΛ ٘ਜ਼ʹ๋͛Δͱ Ͳ͏ͳΔ͔

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ݱ৔͔ΒͷதܧͰ͢

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ർฐ͖ͬͨ͠ݱ৔

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IUUQTXXXqJDLSDPNQIPUPTPLJOBXBTPCB ߥΈ͖ͬͨίʔυ

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ര஄ॲཧͷΑ͏ͳϦϦʔε

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNOFLPZBTUBUVT

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNHBPHBP@TUBUVT

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อकੑΛ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Ε͹εϐʔυ͸ಘΒΕΔʁ w୹ظతʹ͸ಘΒΕΔ wதظతʹ͸ٯޮՌʹͳΔ w௕ظతʹ͸க໋ইʹͳΔ

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ੈͷதʹ͸ɺ࣌ؒΛ༏ઌ͢ΔͨΊͳΒ඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹͰ͖Δͱ ৴͓ͯ͡Δഐ΋͍ΔΑ͏͕ͩɺͦΕ͸ؒҧ͍ͩɻ ͨͱ͑ͲΜͳʹ୹ظతʹ։ൃ଎౓Λ޲্ͤͨ͞ͱͯ͠΋ɺ඼ ࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Δ͜ͱͰ੒ཱ͍ͯ͠ΔऔΓ૊ΈͳͷͰ͋Ε͹ɺ ͦΕ͸·΍͔͠Ͱ͔͠ͳ͍ɻҰ࣌తͳࡨ֮ʹऴΘΔͩΖ͏ɻ ඼࣭Λམͱ͢͜ͱ͸ɺౙͷפ͕͞ݫ͍͔͠Βͱ͍ͬͯ೩͑͞ ͔Δ౛ͰδϟάϦϯά͢ΔΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͩɻ͔֬ʹ΄ΜͷҰॠ ख͸Թ·Δ͔΋͠ΕΜɻ͕ͩɺ͍ͣΕ੾Γই΍ͻͲ͍ՐইΛ ෛ͏͜ͱʹͳΔͰ͋Ζ͏ɻ ʰΞδϟΠϧαϜϥΠʱQ ϚελʔηϯηΠᐌ͘

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IUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNBSUJDMFTJTRVBMJUZXPSUIDPTUIUNM อकੑͷ௿͕͞΋ͨΒ͢΋ͷ ͻͱͭͻͱͭͷมߋʹ ༨ܭͳ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔ

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Ͱ͸ εϐʔυΛམͱͤ͹ อकੑ͸্͕Δʁ

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNESJMMCJUTTUBUVT

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNWPMVOUBTTUBUVT

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IUUQTPTBIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ

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ͭ·Γ τϨʔυΦϑͰ͸ ͳ͍

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNLBU[DIBOHTUBUVT

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2VBMJUZJT'SFF඼࣭Ξοϓ͸ίετΞοϓ͔μ΢ϯ͔ ίετΞοϓઆ ίετμ΢ϯઆ

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IUUQTTQFBLFSEFDLDPNTIJNBTIJNBTUBSURVBMJUZSFBMGSFFDBNQBJHO 2VBMJUZJT'SFF㲈඼࣭࣮࣭ແྉ

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࣭ εϐʔυ యܕతͳޡղ നؙ෇͖໼ҹෛͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ͸ݮΔɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ͸૿͑Δ

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ܦӦతͳཁٻʹ߹Θͤͯɺ༩͑ΒΕͨ։ൃظ͔ؒΒॊೈʹԚ͞ͱ ଎͞Λબ୒͢Δͱ͍͏Α͏ͳث༻ͳܳ౰͸΄ͱΜͲෆՄೳͩͱ͍ ͑·͢ɻ͜Ε͸ɺۃΊͯجૅతͳͱ͜ΖͰ͋Ε͹ଟগ͸Ͱ͖Δ͔΋ ͠Ε·ͤΜ͕ɺ࣮ࡍʹ͸ɺιʔείʔυ͕Ԛͯ͘஗͍ਓ΋͍Ε ͹ɺ៉ྷͰ଎͍ਓ΋ଟ͍͘·͢ɻ ʰΤϯδχΞϦϯά૊৫࿦΁ͷট଴ʱQ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟͷਆ࿩

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඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Δͷ͸ɺޮՌతͳίϯτϩʔϧํ๏Ͱ͸ͳ ͍ɻ඼࣭͸੍ޚม਺Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ ௿඼࣭Λड͚ೖΕΔ͜ͱͰɺϓϩδΣΫτ͕଎͘ͳΔ͜ͱ ͸ͳ͍ɻߴ඼࣭Λཁٻ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺϓϩδΣΫτ͕஗͘ͳ Δ͜ͱ΋ͳ͍ɻ Ή͠Ζ඼࣭ΛߴΊΔ͜ͱͰɺσϦόϦʔ͕ߴ଎ʹͳΔ͜ͱ ͕ଟ͍ɻ඼࣭ج४ΛԼ͛ͯ͠·͏ͱɺσϦόϦʔ͕஗͘ ͳΓɺ༧ଌͰ͖ͳ͘ͳͬͯ͠·͏ɻ ʰΤΫετϦʔϜϓϩάϥϛϯάʱQ

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࠷ߴͷ։ൃऀ͕͍ͪ͹Μ͖Ε͍޷͖ͳ։ൃऀͰ͋Δ͜ͱ ʹؾ͍ͮͨͱ͖ɺࢲ͸ͼͬ͘Γͨ͠ɻ଎͍ϓϩάϥϚʔ ͸ࡶͳϓϩάϥϚʔͩͱࢥ͍͔ͬͯͨΒͩɻ ͕ͩɺ࣮ࡍ͸ਖ਼൓ରͩͬͨɻࢲ͕ձͬͨதͰ࠷଎ͷϓϩ άϥϚʔ͸ɺίʔυΛѻ͍΍͍͢Α͏ʹอͭ͜ͱʹಛʹ ஫ҙΛ෷͍ͬͯͨɻ ʰϨΨγʔίʔυ͔Βͷ୤٫ʱQ

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ίʔυΛॻ͘଎͞ͱίʔυͷ͖Ε͍͞ʹؔ࿈͕͋Δͱೝ ࣝͨ͋͠ͱͰ΋ɺࢲ͸ͦͷͭͷ͍͋ͩͷҼՌؔ܎Λݟͭ ͚Δͷʹ࣌ؒΛཁͨ͠ɻ ίʔυͷ඼࣭Λߴ͘อ͍ͬͯͨʮʹ΋ؔΘΒͣʯ଎͍ͷͰ ͸ͳ͍ɻίʔυͷ඼࣭Λߴ͘อ͍ͬͯͨʮ͔Βͦ͜ʯ଎͍ ͷͩɻ ͜ͷ͜ͱΛཧղͨ͠Βɺιϑτ΢ΣΞ։ൃʹର͢Δݟํ͕ มΘͬͨɻ ʰϨΨγʔίʔυ͔Βͷ୤٫ʱQQ

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࣭ εϐʔυ ίʔυͷ඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͔ͨ͠Β଎͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ നؙ෇͖໼ҹෛͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ͸ݮΔɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ͸૿͑Δ

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࣭ εϐʔυ ίʔυͷ඼࣭Λߴ͘อ͍ͬͯͨʮ͔Βͦ͜ʯ଎͍ ໼ҹਖ਼ͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ΋૿͑Δɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ΋ݮΔ

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Ͱ͸ εϐʔυ͔Β࣭΁ ͷӨڹ͸Ͳ͏͔

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࣭ εϐʔυ Ͱ͸εϐʔυ͔Β࣭΁ͷӨڹ͸Ͳ͏͔

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ϓϩηε඼࣭Լ͛Δͱखॱϛε౳ʹΑΓख໭Γ͕ൃੜ͠σϦόϦ΁ͷϦʔυ λΠϜ͕௕͘ͳΔ ಺෦඼࣭͛͞ΔͱόάͷൃੜɺίʔυϨϏϡʔͷࢦఠɺٕज़తෛ࠴ʹΑΔ࣮ ૷ͷෳࡶ͞ͳͲʹΑΓख໭Γ΍଎౓௿ԼΛট͖ɺσϦόϦ΁ͷϦʔυλΠϜ ͕௕͘ͳΔ ֎෦඼࣭͛͞Δͱ69όάΛ͏Έɺຊདྷݕূ͍ͨ͜͠ͱ͕ݕূͰֶ͖ͣͼ· ͰͷϦʔυλΠϜ͕௕͘ͳΔɻো֐ൃੜʹΑΓɺͦΕͷରԠʹऴΘΕϦιʔ ε͕ރׇ͠ຊདྷ΍Δ΂͖͜ͱͷ଍͔ͤʹͳΓɺϦʔυλΠϜ͕௕͘ͳΔ ར༻࣌ͷ඼࣭͛͞ΔͱɺΧελϚʔαϙʔτ͕සൃͦ͠ͷରԠʹ૊৫ͷύ ϫʔ͕࣋ͬͯߦ͔ΕϦʔυλΠϜ͕௕͘ͳΔ 2$%ͷτϨʔυΦϑͳΜͯຊ౰͸ແ͔ͬͨΜͩ IUUQJLFZIBUFCMPKQFOUSZ

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IUUQJLFZIBUFCMPKQFOUSZ εϐʔυΛམͱ͢ͱԾઆݕূϓϩηε͕ճΒͳ͍

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඼࣭͸ѱ͍ͱجຊతʹख໭ΓΛੜΉͷͰ଎౓ʹ௓Ͷ ฦΔɻख໭ͬͯΔ࣌ؒ͸ֶͼΛ͏·ͳ͍࣌ؒɻ඼࣭ ΛԼ͛Δͱ͍͏൑அ͸ֶͼͷ଎౓௿ԼΛڐ༰͢Δͱ ͜ͱɻ ैདྷͷమ൘ ͩͱޡղ͞Ε͍ͯͨ ͩͬͨ඼࣭ͯͯ͢ ଎౓͋͛Α͏͸඼࣭͸ྼԽ͢Ε͹ख໭Γ͕ൃੜ͢Δ ͚ͩͰɺ݁ہ͸ϦʔυλΠϜͷ૿Ճʹ௓ͶฦΔͷͰ ΍Ί·͠ΐ͏ɻ 2$%ͷτϨʔυΦϑͳΜͯຊ౰͸ແ͔ͬͨΜͩ IUUQJLFZIBUFCMPKQFOUSZ

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ͭͷΩʔϝτϦΫε wϦʔυλΠϜ wσϓϩΠස౓ w.553 ฏۉम෮࣌ؒ wมߋࣦഊ཰ IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ

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࣭ εϐʔυ ຊ౰ͷؔ܎ɹ ໼ҹਖ਼ͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ΋૿͑Δɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ΋ݮΔ

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ຊ౰ͷؔ܎ɹ w಺෦඼࣭͕εϐʔυΛੜΈ wεϐʔυֶ͕ͼͷϧʔϓΛੜΈ wֶͼͷϧʔϓ͕֎෦඼࣭ʢҰݩత඼࣭ ͱັྗ඼࣭ʣΛੜΈ w֎෦඼࣭͕ڝ૪ྗΛੜΈ wڝ૪ྗ͕ച্ΛੜΈ wച্͕಺෦඼࣭ΛҭΉ

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ʮ࣭WTεϐʔυʯͱ͍͏֓೦͸ࠜຊతʹؒҧ͍ͬͯΔͱࢥ͏ɻ ͩͬͯૉૣ͘։ൃΛ͠ͳͯ͘͸؀ڥɺ͋Δ͍͸ࣗ෼ͷ؀ڥͷཧղ ͷมԽʹιϑτ΢ΣΞ͕͍ͭͯ͜Εͣɺιϑτ΢ΣΞ͕ղܾ͢΂ ͖໰୊͕ղܾͰ͖ͳ͘ͳΓɺඞવతʹ࣭͕མͪͯ͠·͏ɻ ٯʹɺ࣭ͷߴ͍ιϑτ΢ΣΞΛॻ͔ͳͯ͘͸ɺͳʹ͔͋Δ౓ʹΠ ϯϑϥ่͕յ͠ɺૉૣ͘։ൃΛ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͘ͳͬͯ͠· ͏ɻΠϯϑϥͷ่յ͸ɺ΍ΔؾΛ࡟͙ͷͰಛʹ͕ͨͪѱ͍ɻ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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lQFSGFDUzJTBWFSC OPUBOBEKFDUJWF ,FOU#FDL

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࣭WTεϐʔυͱ͍͏ೋ཯എ൓ͷؔ܎͸ɺ ہॴతͳ΋ͷͰ͔͠ͳ͍ɻ େҬతʹ͸ɺยํΛ٘ਜ਼ʹͨ͠৔߹ɺ஌Β ͵͏ͪʹ΋͏Ұͭ΋٘ਜ਼ʹ͍ͯ͠Δͱ͍͏ ͜ͱΛ͓๨Εͳ͘ɻ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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Ͳ͏΍ͬͯݸਓͷ ࣭Λ্͛Δͷ͔

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ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷ։ൃʹ࠷ॳ͔Β࠷ޙ·ͰؔΘΔͱ͍͏ܦݧ͸ͱͯ ΋وॏͩͬͨΜ͡Όͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻͳͥͳΒɺϓϩδΣΫτ։࢝ ࣌ͷμϝͳσβΠϯͷͬ͠΃ฦ͠ΛɺޙͰࣗ෼ͰϞϩʹड͚Δ͔ Βͩɻ ౰ॳ΅͘͸ɺ΄ͱΜͲߟ͑ͣίʔυΛʮΞϯμʔΤϯδχΞϦϯ άʯ͍ͯͨ͠ɻޙʑ͜ΕΛա౓ʹमਖ਼ͯ͠͠·͍ɺશͯΛʮΦʔ όʔΤϯδχΞϦϯάʯ͠࡞ΓࠐΈ͗ͯ͢͠·ͬͨɻ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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ϑΣΠεϒοΫͰಇ͖ͩͨ͜͠Ζʹ͸طʹͦΕͳΓͷܦݧ͕͋ͬ ͨͷͰɺ΅͕͘σβΠϯͨ͠γεςϜ͸֓Ͷγϯϓϧ͞ͱચ࿅͞ Λஸ౓Α݉͘Ͷඋ͍͑ͯͨͱࢥ͏͠ɺଞͷΤϯδχΞͷσβΠϯ ͷ໰୊఺΋ɺൺֱత͙͢ʹؾͮ͘͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɻ͜Ε΋࠷ॳͷ਺ ೥ͰഓΘΕͨ൑அྗͷ͓͔͛ͩɻ ͜ͷʮ൑அྗʯ͸ɺϓϩάϥϚʔʹͱͬͯඇৗʹॏཁͳͷ͕ͩɺ ͦ͏؆୯ʹڭ͑ΒΕΔ΋ͷͰ΋ͳ͍ɻ΅͕͘஌ΔݶΓɺ൑அྗΛ ͚ͭΔҰ൪ͷํ๏͸ɺࣗ෼Ͱઃܭͨ͠γεςϜΛ௕͍ؒϝϯς͢ Δ͜ͱͩͱࢥ͏ɻ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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Ұ൪ॏཁͰҰ൪΍͔͍ͬͳεΩϧ͸γεςϜΛઃܭ ͢ΔͨΊͷ൑அྗͩɻ ݶΓͳ͘γϯϓϧͳσβΠϯ BTTJNQMFBT QPTTJCMFCVUOPUTJNQMFS ͱ͍͏ͷ͸ͳ͔ͳ͔ڭ͑ ΒΕΔ΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺେํܦݧΛॏͶ֮ͯ͑Δ΋ͷ ͩɻ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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ଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ ͍ͭདྷΔͷ͔

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ςετࣗಈԽͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ʮճʯ IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ ͓ΑͦճͰखಈςετͱࣗಈԽ͞Εͨ ςετͷίετ͕ٯస͢Δ

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"1IJMPTPQIZPG4PGUXBSF%FTJHO IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ

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once a code base turns to spaghetti, it is nearly impossible to fix. the payoff for good (or bad) design comes pretty quickly, so there's a good chance that the tactical approach won't even speed up your first release. good design eventually pays for itself, and sooner than you might think. IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ "1IJMPTPQIZPG4PGUXBSF%FTJHO

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಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ ೥ޙͱ͔Ͱ͸ͳ͘ ϲ݄Ҏ಺ʹݱΕΔ IUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNBSUJDMFTJTRVBMJUZXPSUIDPTUIUNM ಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ϲ݄Ҏ಺ʹݱΕΔ

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อकੑΛ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Ε͹εϐʔυ͸ಘΒΕΔʁ w୹ظతʹ͸ಘΒΕΔ wϲ݄ޙʹ͸ٯޮՌʹͳΔ w௕ظతʹ͸க໋ইʹͳΔ

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͝ਗ਼ௌ͋Γ͕ͱ͏͍͟͝·ͨ͠ w ʮ඼࣭ͱεϐʔυ͸τϨʔυΦϑͷؔ܎ʹ͋Δʯ͸େ͖ ͳޡղ w ʮ඼࣭ʯͷ໊ͷ΋ͱʹ٘ਜ਼ʹ͞ΕΔͷ͸಺෦඼࣭ͷಛʹ อकੑʢςετ༰қੑɺཧղ༰қੑɺมߋ༰қੑʣ w ࣮ࡍʹ͸อकੑΛߴΊΕ͹εϐʔυ͸্͕Δ͠ɺอकੑ Λམͱͤ͹εϐʔυ͸Լ͕Δɻ w εϐʔυΛམͱͯ͠΋อकੑ͸্͕Βͳ͍͠ɺϦʔυλ ΠϜ͕௕͘ͳΕ͹Ծઆݕূϓϩηε͕ճΒͳ͍ w ಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ҙ֎ͱૣ͘ ϲ݄Ҏ ಺ ΍ͬͯ͘Δ