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Our Journey and Our Thoughts Circa 2022
daniel martin katz
Computational Legal Studies
blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
edu | illinois tech - chicago kent law
lab | TheLawLab.com
page | DanielMartinKatz.com
michael j bommarito
blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
corp | licens.io
page | linkedin.com/in/bommarito
lab | TheLawLab.com
twitter | @computational twitter | @mjbommar
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WE ARE COMING
UPON AN
IMPORTANT
ANNIVERSARY
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THE ANNIVERSARY
OF DEATH OF A
PATRON SAINT
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THE PATRON
SAINT WHO
LEGEND HAS IT …
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WAS ABLE TO
CHASE ALL OF THE
SNAKES FROM THE
EMERALD ISLE
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THE ANNIVERSARY
IN QUESTION IS
17TH OF MARCH
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ST PATRICK’S DAY
DUBLIN CHICAGO
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WHILE THIS IS A
DAY FILLED WITH
REVELRY …
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IT IS A DAY THAT IS
ALSO IMPORTANT
ON A PERSONAL
BASIS …
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BECAUSE
MARCH 17, 2009
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IS THE DATE
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THAT OUTSIDE OF WEST HALL
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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WE DISCUSSED
STARTING A BLOG …
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A BLOG DEVOTED TO
RELEVANT EMERGING
TRENDS …
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A BLOG WHICH
WOULD BE CALLED
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COMPUTATIONALLEGALSTUDIES.COM
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SO I GUESS THIS IS
FULL CIRCLE FOR US
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BUT LET ME TAKE YOU
BACK TO 2009 …
CUT+PASTE SAFETY FIRST ICAIL 09
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AND SET THE SCENE …
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AFTER MANY
DECADES OF
INTELLECTUAL
EXCEPTIONALISM
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THE ACADEMIC FIELD
OF LAW WITNESSED
A VERY POSITIVE
EMERGING TREND …
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AN EFFORT TO ALIGN
WITH MAINSTREAM
MOVEMENTS INSIDE
BROADER
UNIVERSITIES
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AN ‘EMPIRICAL TURN’
WAS FINALLY COMING TO
LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP
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FA L L 2 0 0 8
W I T N E S S E D O N LY T H E 3 R D
C E L S CO N F E R E N C E
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AND THERE WAS REAL
MOMENTUM ON A
PATH TO MODERNITY …
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BECAUSE THE TENSION
HAD BEEN BUILDING
FOR SOME TIME
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B E CAU S E L AW
FAC E D A
C R E D I B I L I TY
R E VO LU T I O N
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W H E R E B Y
L AW Y E R S
J U D G E S
P O L I CY M A K E R S
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W E R E C R A F T I N G
L E G A L R U L E S
A N D D O C T R I N E S
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A N D
C R I T I Q U I N G
L E G A L R U L E S
A N D D O C T R I N E S
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W I T H O U T A N Y
E M P I R I CA L
F O C U S O N T H E
AC T UA L R E A L
WO R L D
P E R F O R M A N C E
O F T H E S E R U L E S
A N D D O C T R I N E S
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Legal Scholarship
Has become far more ‘empirical’ in nature
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IF WE LOOK AT
‘EMPIRICAL LEGAL
STUDIES’
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IT TYPICALLY TAKES
ON A PARTICULAR
PERSPECTIVE
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LAWYER AS POLICY
MAKER / APPELLATE
JUDGE …
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D E T E R M I N E ( A S
B E ST P O S S I B L E )
W H E T H E R A
PA RT I C U L A R
P O L I CY
I N T E RV E N T I O N
AC H I E V E S
T H E D E S I R E D
E N D S
TASK
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MODELING
APPROACH
CO U L D E M P LOY
T R A D I T I O N A L
Q UA N T I TAT I V E
S O C I A L S C I E N C E
M E T H O D S
( S U C H A S
R E G R E S S I O N )
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MODELING
APPROACH
O R M I G H T
I N VO K E M O R E
S O P H I ST I CAT E D
E CO N O M E T R I C
M E T H O D S
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EXAMPLE
METHODS
I N ST R U M E N TA L
VA R I A B L E S ,
P R O P E N S I TY
S CO R E
M ATC H I N G ,
R U B I N CAU S A L
M O D E L ,
R E G R E S S I O N
D I S CO N T I N U I TY,
D I F F E R E N C E I N
D I F F E R E N C E S ,
E TC .
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S I N C E M O ST P O L I CY
E VA LUAT I O N CA N N OT
R E A L LY B E U N D E RTA K E N
U N D E R R A N D O M I Z E D
CO N T R O L T R I A L ( R C T )
TY P E CO N D I T I O N S
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F O L K S O F T E N
L E V E R AG E
M E T H O D S TO T R Y
TO G E T SY N T H E T I C
V E R S I O N S O F R C T ’ S
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CAU S A L I N F E R E N C E
A P P R OAC H E S A R E B E ST
F O R A P P R O P R I AT E
P R O B L E M S / Q U E ST I O N S
W H E R E I D E N T I F Y I N G /
L I N K I N G CAU S E A N D
E F F E C T A R E K E Y
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AND THIS PERSPECTIVE
HAS MADE SIGNIFICANT
HEADWAY WITHIN THE
LEGAL ACADEMY …
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O N S S R N A LO N E , T H E R E
A R E T H O U S A N D S O F
E M P I R I CA L L E G A L
ST U D I E S TY P E PA P E R S
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https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?
form_name=journalBrowse&journal_id=2123644
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IT WAS AGAINST THIS
BACKDROP WHICH WE
ENTERED THE SCENE …
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GUIDED BY OUR BASIC
PREMISE WAS THAT
ADVANCES IN
COMPUTATIONAL
TECHNOLOGIES WERE
GOING TO SOMEHOW BE
IMPORTANT FOR LAW
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IT WAS A CALCULATED
BET THAT TURNED OUT
TO BE RIGHT …
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BUT IT TURNS OUT IT
WOULD SHOW UP IN
SEVERAL DIFFERENT
FLAVORS ON DIFFERENT
TIME LINES …
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THREE FLAVORS OF
COMPUTATIONAL LAW
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(1) SOCIAL SCIENCE WITH
COMPUTATIONAL OVERTONES
(2) SOCIAL PHYSICS WITH A LAW
AS TOPICAL DOMAIN
(3) USING COMPUTATIONAL
TECHNIQUES TO CREATE
#LEGALTECH APPLICATIONS
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(1) SOCIAL SCIENCE WITH
COMPUTATIONAL OVERTONES
(2) SOCIAL PHYSICS WITH A
LAW AS TOPICAL DOMAIN
(3) USING COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES
TO CREATE #LEGALTECH APPLICATIONS
SOCIAL SCIENCE
SCIENCE
ENGINEERING
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ALL OF WHICH MOVED
‘UP AND TO THE RIGHT’
(GRANTED GOOGLE NGRAMS IS
AN IMPERFECT MEASURE)
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BUT CHECK OUT THE OVERLAY
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THIS IS ONE THING
THAT DID NOT PLAY
OUT PRECISELY AS
WE EXPECTED …
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HOWEVER, THIS ALIGNS
PRETTY WELL WITH OUR
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
IN THE YEARS THAT
FOLLOWED
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TO A SIGNIFICANT EXTENT —
THE COMMERCIAL WORLD IS
FURTHER ALONG TOWARD
FIGURING THIS OUT …
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WHILE SOME MORE
ENLIGHTENED MEMBERS OF
THE ACADEMY ARE SLOWLY
CATCHING UP …
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OUR VIEW WAS STOP
ARGUING WITH
FOLKS WHO ARE JUST
GOING TO ARGUE …
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AND JUST GO DO IT !
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LexPredict.com
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I AM DAN KATZ
@ILLINOISTECH
@BUCERIUSLAW
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https://legaltechcenter.de/en/index.html
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2021-22 JONES DAY VISITING
PROFESSOR OF COMMERCIAL LAW AT
SINGAPORE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY
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NOW IT SHOULD BE SAID
THERE HAVE BEEN SOME
GATHERINGS ON THESE
TOPICS ALONG THE WAY
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WHICH HAVE BENN
MEANINGFUL IN
ADVANCING EITHER
THE COMMERCIAL OR
ACADEMIC SIDE OF
THESE IDEAS …
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2011
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2011
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BTW - I met Stephen
Wolfram’s Robot Presence
in Houston in 2011
He appeared at a
Computational Law
Conference Via Robot
(before that was cool)
(and asked
him about
Rule 90)
my own big
bang moment
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2013
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2014
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2014
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2015
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2015
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2016
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2016
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2017
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2017
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2017
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2018
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2019
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2020
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AI + LAW CONFERENCES
SINCE 1987
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STANFORD
CODEX FUTURE LAW
2013 - PRESENT
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SO I WOULD HAVE BEEN
REMISS IF I DID NOT
MENTION THESE …
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WHICH HAVE HELPED US GET
TO THIS EXCITING MOMENT !
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IT IS MY GREAT PLEASURE
TO BE HERE TODAY …
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THANKS TO ALL OF
THE ORGANIZERS
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I THINK THIS IS ONE OF THE
BEST COLLECTION OF
**TECHNICALLY INCLINED**
LAW + COMPUTATION
SCHOLARS EVER
ASSEMBLED …
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I HOPE IT IS ANNUAL
TRADITION ! **
**FULLY IN PERSON FOR 2023?
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OPENING
STATEMENT
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THIS JOURNEY
WE ARE ON IS A
TECHNICAL ONE
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I WANT TO SAY
SOMETHING ABOUT
THIS *TECHNICAL*
ASPECT I JUST
MENTIONED
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AS THIS FIELD
MATURES …
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IT IS INCUMBENT
UPON US …
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TO HELP PRESS
FORWARD ON
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LAW + COMPUTATION
THE ACTUAL
SCIENTIFIC /
ENGINEERING
EXERCISE
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AS OPPOSED TO THE
MERE COLLOQUIAL
USES OF
‘LAW + COMPUTATION’
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WE NEED TO CONTINUE
MEETINGS LIKE THIS ONE …
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WE NEED TO
PUSH FORWARD
ON THE
*TECHNICAL*
AGENDA …
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AND WE NEED TO DIRECT
FUNDERS, SCHOOLS,
FACULTY, STUDENTS, ETC.
TO SUPPORT KEY WORK
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BECAUSE TOO OFTEN THEY HAVE
BACKED THE WRONG HORSES AND
THEREBY STYMIED THE
ADVANCEMENT OF THE FIELD
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SO THIS IS ONE OF THE
CHARGES I WILL POSE
TO YOU HERE TODAY …
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YOU ARE ON THE ROAD
LESS TRAVELED …
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BUT IT IS ALSO A
PATH WITH GREAT
INTELLECTUAL
RETURNS
(AND PERSONAL
SATISFACTION) …
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BECAUSE IT IS
PRETTY OBVIOUS (TO
US AT LEAST) THAT
LAW NEEDS A
PRODUCTIVITY
REVOLUTION
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IN ORDER TO MEET
THE GOVERNANCE
CHALLENGES OF THE
21ST CENTURY …
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THIS IS
ULTIMATELY THE
PROBLEM WE
ARE SOLVING
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W H E T H E R YO U A R E A
L A R G E M U LT I N AT I O N A L
CO R P O R AT I O N , A
S M A L L B U S I N E S S O R
A N I N D I V I D UA L
C I T I Z E N …
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L AW H A S A
CO M P L E X I TY
C H A L L E N G E …
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IF YOU TAKE A STEP BACK
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THE REAL ANIMATING
DRIVER IN THE DEMAND
FOR UNITS OF LEGAL
PRODUCTION
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IS COMPLEXITY
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SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND
POLITICAL COMPLEXITY
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MANIFESTS ITSELF IN
OUR DOMAIN AS
LEGAL COMPLEXITY
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WHILE IT IS
SOMEWHAT HARD TO
PRECISELY DEFINE …
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VIRTUALLY EVERY WAY
YOU MIGHT CONSIDER IT
LEGAL COMPLEXITY
HAS GROWN
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DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, CORINNA
COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF & DIRK
HARTUNG, COMPLEX SOCIETIES AND THE
GROWTH OF THE LAW, 10 SCIENTIFIC
REPORTS 18737 (2020)
CORINNA COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF,
DIRK HARTUNG, MICHAEL BOMMARITO, &
DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, MEASURING LAW
OVER TIME: A NETWORK ANALYTICAL
FRAMEWORK WITH AN APPLICATION TO
STATUTES AND REGULATIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES AND GERMANY, FRONT.
PHYS. (2021 FORTHCOMING)
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SIGNIFICANT GROWTH IN LAWS AND REGULATIONS
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SO THE QUESTION IS
HOW TO MATCH THAT
COMPLEXITY WITH THE
APPROPRIATE
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COMPLEXITY
MITIGATION
TACTICS …
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MIXTURES OF PEOPLE,
PROCESS AND
TECHNOLOGY
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DESIGNING MORE
SCALABLE SYSTEMS
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BECAUSE THE LEGACY
MODEL HAS BEEN
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TO USE LOTS OF
LABOR
TO SOLVE
HIGH COMPLEXITY
PROBLEMS
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BUT THAT APPEARS
TO BE REACHING
ITS PRACTICAL
AND ECONOMIC
LIMITS
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THE APPROACH NEEDS
TO BE MORE
FUNDAMENTAL
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AND LEVERAGE THE BEST
OF SCIENCE AND TECH
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http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2017/03/-complexity-mitigation-strategies-
for-law-law-land-and-beyond-and-some-other-thoughts-on-hadfield-su.html#more
SOME THOUGHTS ON
LEGAL COMPLEXITY
MITIGATION STRATEGIES
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BOTTOM LINE IS MUCH OF
THIS ROAD RUNS RIGHT
THROUGH THESE IDEAS …
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BOTTOM LINE IS MUCH OF
THIS ROAD RUNS RIGHT
THROUGH THESE IDEAS …
LAW + COMPUTATION
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OVERVIEW OF
REMAINING
PRESENTATION
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1. Three Eras in Computation
2. Some Use Cases in Comp Law
3. Closing Statement
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The
Analog,
Digital,
Computational
Eras
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SINCE THIS IS AN
OVERVIEW TALK I
WANTED TO START AT
THE WIDEST POSSIBLE
VIEW ON THINGS …
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AND IF YOU TAKE THE
BROADEST VIEW …
WE HAVE BEEN ON
LONG JOURNEY
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FROM HUNTER
GATHERER SOCIETIES
TO A HIGHLY COMPLEX
GLOBAL ECONOMIC
SYSTEM(S)
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OVER THE PAST 5000+
YEARS WE HAVE
ENGAGED IN A
MASSIVE TRUST
SCALING EXERCISE
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ECONOMIC HISTORY TO
DATE CAN BE SEEN AS A
QUEST TO SCALE TRUST AND
LOWER TRANSACTION COSTS
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THIS HAS OFTEN BEEN
FACILITATED THROUGH
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
INSTITUTIONS
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WHETHER
TECHNOLOGICAL
OR OTHERWISE …
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WE HAVE DEVELOPED
VARIOUS FORMS OF
LEGAL INNOVATION
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MESOPOTAMIA
GREECE
ROME
MEDIEVAL
ERA
MERCHANT LAW
PRE ANALOG
ERA
THE
CORPORATION
MARITIME LAW
+ INSURANCE
HUNTER
GATHERERS
CODE OF
HAMMURABI
SOME EARLY TRANSACTION
ENHANCING INNOVATIONS AND
SOCIETIES
RENAISSANCE
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THREE
RECENT
ERAS
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WE COULD DIVIDE UP THE
PAST ~150 YEARS INTO
THREE SEPARATE ERAS
ANALOG
ERA
DIGITAL
ERA
COMPUTATIONAL
ERA
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TELEGRAPH
TELEPHONES
INTERNET
LONG TAIL COMMERCE
(MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
CRYPTO
INFRASTRUCTURE
ANALOG
ERA
DIGITAL
ERA
COMPUTATIONAL
ERA
INTERNET
OF THINGS
FIAT
CURRENCY
EARLY
COMPUTERS
GLOBALIZATION
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
AUTOMOBILE
CREDIT
CARDS
CHARGE
CARDS
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
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IN THE THREE MOST
RECENT ERAS THERE ARE
A VARIETY OF TRENDS
WHICH ULTIMATELY LEAD
US TO THE PRESENT …
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EACH ERA LAYERS UPON
THE PRIOR PERIODS …
ANALOG
ERA
DIGITAL
ERA
COMPUTATIONAL
ERA
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AND AT EACH
TRANSITION THERE WAS
A REQUIRED EFFORT TO
TRANSITION OUR
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
INSTITUTIONS
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FACILITATED IN PART BY
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
AND ACADEMIC
RESEARCH +
DEVELOPMENT
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TELEGRAPH
TELEPHONES
INTERNET
LONG TAIL COMMERCE
(MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
CRYPTO
INFRASTRUCTURE
ANALOG
ERA
DIGITAL
ERA
COMPUTATIONAL
ERA
INTERNET
OF THINGS
FIAT
CURRENCY
EARLY
COMPUTERS
GLOBALIZATION
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
AUTOMOBILE
CREDIT
CARDS
CHARGE
CARDS
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
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ANALOG ERA
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TELEGRAPH
TELEPHONES
ANALOG
ERA
EARLY
COMPUTERS
AUTOMOBILE
CHARGE
CARDS
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AT&T WAS ACTUALLY -
AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND
TELEGRAPH COMPANY
NETWORKED
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
FOR THOSE WHO MIGHT
NOT REMEMBER
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MORSE AND THE
TELEGRAPH
COULD QUICKLY
PASS MESSAGES
OVER LONG
GEOGRAPHIC
DISTANCES
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MORSE AND THE
TELEGRAPH
THIS INVENTION
INCREASED THE
ACCURACY AND
SPEED OF
INFORMATION
FLOW
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TELEPHONE WAS
A CONTINUATION
OF THESE TRENDS
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL'S TELEPHONE
PATENT DRAWING, MARCH 7, 1876
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AUTOMOBILES
FURTHER
REDUCED THE
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
INDIVIDUALS
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THE EARLIEST COMPUTING
HUMANS WERE
THE ORIGINAL
COMPUTERS
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ANALOG COMPUTING MACHINE AT THE LEWIS FLIGHT
PROPULSION LABORATORY CIRCA 1949 (VIA
WIKIPEDIA)
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ANALOG_COMPUTER
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DIGITAL ERA
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TELEGRAPH
TELEPHONES
INTERNET
LONG TAIL COMMERCE
(MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
ANALOG
ERA
DIGITAL
ERA
FIAT
CURRENCY
EARLY
COMPUTERS
GLOBALIZATION
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
AUTOMOBILE
CREDIT
CARDS
CHARGE
CARDS
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ANALOG COMPUTING
BECOMES DIGITAL
COMPUTING …
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ANALOG COMPUTING MACHINE AT THE LEWIS FLIGHT
PROPULSION LABORATORY CIRCA 1949 (VIA
WIKIPEDIA)
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ANALOG_COMPUTER
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EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTING
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/
HISTORY_OF_COMPUTING_HARDWARE#EARLY_DIGITAL_COMPUTER_CHARACTERISTICS
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EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTING
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HARVARD_MARK_I
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EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTING
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HARVARD_MARK_I
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PERSONAL COMPUTING
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MOORE’S
LAW
!
WE OBTAIN MASSIVE GAINS
IN PROCESSOR SPEED
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WE OBTAIN MASSIVE
DECREASES IN DATA
STORAGE COSTS
Kryder’s
Law
!
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AND THEN WE GO NANO …
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COMPUTERS
BECOME
CONNECTED
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlJku_CSyNg
THIS IS WHAT MUCH OF THE BLOCKCHAIN
CONVERSATION SOUNDS LIKE TODAY
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AMONG THE TRANSITIONS,
WE SEEK TO TAKE OUR
PHYSICAL MARKETPLACES
AND MOVE THEM INTO THE
DIGITAL SPHERE …
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WE ARE ABLE TO LEVERAGE THE
INTERNET TO EXPAND COMMERCE BY
LOWERING THE TRANSACTION COSTS
ASSOCIATED WITH FINDING BUYERS
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“ TRADITIONAL RETAIL ECONOMICS DICTATE THAT
STORES ONLY STOCK THE LIKELY HITS, BECAUSE SHELF
SPACE IS EXPENSIVE. BUT ONLINE RETAILERS (FROM
A M A Z O N T O I T U N E S ) C A N S T O C K V I R T U A L L Y
EVERYTHING, AND THE NUMBER OF AVAILABLE NICHE
PRODUCTS OUTNUMBER THE HITS BY SEVERAL ORDERS
OF MAGNITUDE. THOSE MILLIONS OF NICHES ARE THE
LONG TAIL, WHICH HAD BEEN LARGELY NEGLECTED
UNTIL RECENTLY IN FAVOR OF THE SHORT HEAD OF
HITS.”
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BUT TO DO SO WE HAD TO GRAFT
OUR ANALOG INSTITUTIONS FOR
AN ONLINE DIGITAL WORLD …
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COMPUTATIONAL
ERA
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THE WORLD ECONOMIC
FORUM CALLS THIS THE
‘FOURTH INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION’
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WE WOULD CALL IT THE
COMPUTATIONAL AGE …
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IN OTHER WORDS, THIS IS
NO LONGER THE DIGITAL
AGE BUT RATHER THE EARLY
COMPUTATIONAL AGE
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TELEGRAPH
TELEPHONES
INTERNET
LONG TAIL COMMERCE
(MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
CRYPTO
INFRASTRUCTURE
ANALOG
ERA
DIGITAL
ERA
COMPUTATIONAL
ERA
INTERNET
OF THINGS
FIAT
CURRENCY
EARLY
COMPUTERS
GLOBALIZATION
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
AUTOMOBILE
CREDIT
CARDS
CHARGE
CARDS
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INDEED HERE IS
THE KATZ,
BOMMARITO +
ZELNER BLOG
WHICH HAS BEEN
RUN SINCE 2009
(FEEL FREE TO SET
THIS AS YOUR
HOMEPAGE)
HTTPS://COMPUTATIONALLEGALSTUDIES.COM/
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SOME OF THE
EMERGING ELEMENTS
(INCLUDING COMBINATIONS THEREOF)
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CRYPTO
INFRASTRUCTURE
INTERNET
OF THINGS
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
+
+
ETC.
+
{ }
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OF COURSE THERE IS
A SENSE IN WHICH
THE LAW / LEGAL
INSTITUTIONS
ARE ALREADY
‘COMPUTATIONAL’
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NAMELY, YOU CAN
THINK OF EVERY
INDIVIDUAL AND/OR
PROCESS AS A FORM OF
COMPUTATION …
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INDEED THERE ARE VIEWS AT
THE BOUNDARY OF PHYSICS
AND PHILOSOPHY WHICH
EXPLORE THE NOTION OF
‘UNIVERSAL COMPUTATION’
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No content
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“ …. The third interpretation, which of course is
more controversial, arises if we imagine that the
universe is itself a computer and that what it's
doing is performing a computation. If this is the
case, these numbers say how big that
computation is — how many ops have been
performed on how many bits within the horizon
since the universe began. That, of course, is
more controversial, and since publishing this
paper I've received what is charitably described
as "hate mail" from famous scientists.”
https://www.edge.org/conversation/seth_lloyd-the-computational-universe
Seth Lloyd, MIT Physics
Interview on Edge.org
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OUTSIDE OF THE CONTEXT
OF BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS …
MOST INSTITUTIONS
PERFORM WHAT MIGHT BE
CALLED COMPUTATION
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ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE
BEEN GUIDED BY OR
CONSTRAINED BY RULES
(NORMS AS WELL) …
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THE RISE OF
COMPUTATIONAL AGE
IS IN PART ABOUT
RECONSIDERING THE
ROLE OF HUMAN
CENTRIC EXPERTISE …
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AND PERHAPS THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF
VARIOUS RULES …
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No content
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SO I VIEW THIS AS THE
BROAD ARC HERE …
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COMPUTATIONAL
Chaos +
Complexity
Process +
Predictability
Reinvention +
Value Creation
ANALOG
DIGITAL
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SO HOW LAW WILL FIT IT ?
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THERE IS AT LEAST TWO
DIMENSIONS TO THIS …
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HOW COMPUTATIONAL
METHODS MIGHT ASSIST
EXISTING SYSTEMS?
HOW LAW MIGHT BE
IMPLEMENTED IN NEW
COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS?
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I WOULD DIFFERENTIATE
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS
FROM OTHER QUANT
METHODS IF THEY
ORIGINATE IN COMP SCI
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PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
MACHINE LEARNING
NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING
NETWORK SCIENCE
EXAMPLES
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No content
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SOME USE CASES
[Analog, Digital, Computational]
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I WILL DISCUSS A
FEW EXAMPLES OF
USE CASES WHERE
COMPUTATION IS
OR COULD BE
INCREASINGLY
BROUGHT TO BEAR
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THESE ARE
EXAMPLES COVER
BOTH PRIVATE &
PUBLIC LAW
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AND ARE EITHER
DESCRIPTIVE
EXERCISES OR
FOCUSED ON
IMPLEMENTATION
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No content
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(1)
CONTRACTS /
TRANSACTIONS
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No content
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WHAT IS A
CONTRACT ?
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A WAY FOR LAWYERS TO
MAKE MONEY ***
NEGOTIATING OVER EPSILON
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HEY LISTEN — I KID … :) **
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A CONTRACT IS A PROMISE
OR A SET OF PROMISES FOR
THE BREACH OF WHICH THE
LAW GIVES A REMEDY, OR THE
PERFORMANCE OF WHICH
THE LAW IN SOME WAY
RECOGNIZES AS A DUTY.
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 1
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1L LAW SCHOOL
CONTRACTS
BIG THEMES /IDEAS
OFFER
ACCEPTANCE
CONSIDERATION
DURESS
FRAUD
CAPACITY
PUBLIC POLICY
UNCONSCIONABILITY
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ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS
INCOMPLETE
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
(SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
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INCOMPLETE
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
(SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS
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PARTIES CAN REACH A
WIDE RANGE OF
ARRANGEMENTS OTHER
THAN THOSE *NOT*
PERMITTED BY LAW
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INCOMPLETE
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
(SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS
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THERE IS A LONG STANDING
INCOMPLETENESS PROBLEM
‘CONTRACTS CANNOT SPECIFY
WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN EVERY
POSSIBLE CONTINGENCY’
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_contracts
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THERE IS A LONG STANDING
INCOMPLETENESS PROBLEM
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THIS IS IN A SENSE BOTH A
BENEFIT AND A LIMIT
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INCOMPLETE
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
(SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
(BOTH GOOD/BAD)
ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS
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CONTRACTS EXIST
RELATIVE TO THE
BACKGROUND
LEGAL RULES
(DEFAULT RULES)
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No content
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ANALOG CONTRACT LIMITS
SUBJECT TO INTERPRETATION
(PROBLEM NEVER GOES AWAY TOTALLY)
EXPENSIVE TO DRAFT
(CLAUSE BANKS, TEMPLATES DO REDUCE COSTS)
RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
(TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)
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TENDENCY TO
CONVERGE ON
TERMS WHICH HAVE
BEEN INTERPRETED
OR TO LEAVE TERMS
ALONE THAT HAVE
SEEMED TO WORK
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NOTE — IN THEORY,
WE COULD AGREE
TO AN INTERPRETER
(INCLUDING A
MACHINE OR
ALGORITHM AS
INTERPRETER)
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Slide 262 text
ANALOG CONTRACT LIMITS
SUBJECT TO INTERPRETATION
(PROBLEM NEVER GOES AWAY TOTALLY)
EXPENSIVE TO DRAFT
(CLAUSE BANKS, TEMPLATES DO REDUCE COSTS)
RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
(TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)
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CLAUSE BANKS,
TEMPLATES AND
OTHER
STREAMLINING
METHODS CAN BE
USED TO REDUCE
COSTS
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ANALOG CONTRACT LIMITS
SUBJECT TO INTERPRETATION
(PROBLEM NEVER GOES AWAY TOTALLY)
EXPENSIVE TO DRAFT
(CLAUSE BANKS, TEMPLATES DO REDUCE COSTS)
RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
(TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)
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RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
(TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)
WE WILL COME
BACK TO THIS IN A
MOMENT
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No content
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THE
CONTRACT
LIFECYCLE
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STARTING
EARLY IN THE
CONTRACT
LIFECYCLE
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WE HAVE DIGITIZED
CONTRACTS IN THE
SENSE THAT THEY ARE
BORN VIA COMPUTERS
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BUT IN A COMMERCIAL
CONTEXT CONTRACTS
ARE NOT ALWAYS
TAKE IT OR LEAVE IT
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INSTEAD THEY ARE THE
BY PRODUCT OF
NEGOTIATION
BETWEEN PARTIES
(AND THEIR LAWYERS)
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ON THE PATH TO AGREEMENT
THEY CAN TRADE DRAFTS
BACK AND FORTH …
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AND WHAT IS THE
PURPOSE OF THE
NEGOTIATION?
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LETS CALL IT
‘RISK TRANSFER
TENNIS’
15-LOVE
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TRADITIONALLY
HUMAN REASONERS
(LAWYERS) ARE THE
COMPUTERS OF
LEGAL RISKS
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BUT MANY
ORGANIZATION
PROVIDE (ANALOG)
ASSISTANCE TO
GUARDRAIL THIS
PROCESS
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SO WHAT IS IT THAT IS
PROVIDED TO GUIDE
THESE HUMANS IN
THEIR COMPUTATION?
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CONTRACT PLAYBOOKS
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WHAT IS A
CONTRACT
PLAYBOOK ?
Slide 280
Slide 280 text
MIXTURE OF
RULES AND DATA
REGARDING HOW TO
NEGOTIATE AN
AGREEMENT
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Slide 281 text
BUT WHAT IF WE WANT
TO IMPLEMENT A
COMPUTATIONAL
VERSION OF THIS IDEA
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WE WOULD NEED
DATA EXHAUST
Slide 283
Slide 283 text
AND WHERE IS THE DATA
EXHAUST FROM THIS
NEGOTIATION PROCESS ?
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MS WORD AND EMAIL ARE
OFTEN THE CONTRACT
NEGOTIATION PLATFORMS
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SO THE FRONTIER HERE IS
Slide 286
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Need to
connect
‘moves’ to
language
CONTRACT ALPHAGO ?
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Self Negotiation
Legal Turing Test ?
(Remember we can and
should still have humans
audit the results)
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GOING TO TAKE YOU IN
THE DIRECTION OF
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
+
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
+
RULES ENGINE
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CONTRACTS
Slide 291
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WHAT ARE SOME
EXAMPLES OF DATA
IN CONTRACTS ?
Slide 292
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TOKENS
CLAUSES
DEFINITIONS
Slide 293
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PARTIES
COUNTERPARTIES
3RD PARTIES
GEOPOLITICAL ENTITIES
OTHER NAMED ENTITIES
Slide 294
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LATENT OR EXPLICIT
ENTAILMENT
(GRAPH DATA)
BOTH WITHIN A DOCUMENT
AND ACROSS DOCUMENTS
Slide 295
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No content
Slide 296
Slide 296 text
BUT CONTRACTS ARE
OBVIOUSLY MORE
THAN JUST DATA …
Slide 297
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CONTRACTS SPECIFY
A HIGHER ORDER
RANGE OF
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ENTITIES
Slide 298
Slide 298 text
CONTRACTS
FEATURE
DATA,
RULES,
REFERENCES,
COMPUTATIONS,
OBLIGATIONS,
ETC.
Slide 299
Slide 299 text
CONTRACTS WANT TO
BE COMPUTABLE …
Slide 300
Slide 300 text
BECAUSE CONTRACTS
ARE ALREADY
(PARTIALLY)
COMPUTABLE …
Slide 301
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No content
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https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
Slide 303
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https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
Slide 304
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https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
Slide 305
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https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
this clause calls for a computation
Slide 306
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https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
this clause is also an obligation
Slide 307
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https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
but …
it requires both internal
and external data
Slide 308
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No content
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Slide 309 text
https://www.bls.gov/cpi/
Notice the combo of
rules and data here
Slide 310
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https://www.bls.gov/cpi/
The explicit rules are the computations called for in the
text
The implicit rules are the ones that the human reasoner
used to ‘entail’ or link the passages of text (internal to
document) as well as recognize that the CPI was a ‘named
entity’ external to the document
Slide 311
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No content
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Slide 312 text
CONTRACTS WANT TO
BE COMPUTABLE …
Slide 313
Slide 313 text
CONTRACTS WANT TO
BE ABLE TO PUSH AND
PULL DATA ….
stored
legal
work
product
Slide 314
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No content
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Slide 315 text
WHAT IS LIBOR ?
Slide 316
Slide 316 text
THERE WAS A
LIBOR
MANIPULATION
SCANDAL
THE RATE IS
GOING TO
SUNSET
Slide 317
Slide 317 text
$200 - 400 TRILLION OF
NOTIONAL VALUE IS TIED
TO THE LIBOR RATE
Slide 318
Slide 318 text
46
Slide 319
Slide 319 text
IF CONTRACTS
WERE
STRUCTURED DATA
OBJECTS THEN
THINGS LIKE THIS
WOULD NOT BE SO
DIFFICULT …
Slide 320
Slide 320 text
r-bank%Offered%Rate%is%the%
st%rates%es9mated%by%each%
nks%in%London%that%it%would%
it%to%borrow%from%other%
y%abbreviated%to%LIBOR,%or%
%ICE%LIBOR%(for%
Exchange%Libor).”%
t%is%LIBOR?%
Slide 321
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“EY estimates that EACH bank will need
to spend $300m+ over the next three
years …"
Slide 322
Slide 322 text
https://www.artificiallawyer.com/2022/02/10/how-elevate-
worked-with-clifford-chance-on-its-libor-project/
Slide 323
Slide 323 text
UP NEXT IT IS
TIME FOR SOFR
Slide 324
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No content
Slide 325
Slide 325 text
AS WE HAVE ARRIVED TO
THE ‘DIGITAL ERA’ AND PUT
THINGS ONLINE WE OFTEN
DID LITTLE TO RETHINK THE
UNDERLYING EXERCISE …
Slide 326
Slide 326 text
FOR EXAMPLE,
EVEN TODAY
CONTRACTS ARE
ANALOG OBJECTS
STORED IN A
DIGITAL MEDIUM
Slide 327
Slide 327 text
CHAOS +
COMPLEXITY
Slide 328
Slide 328 text
CHAOS +
COMPLEXITY
PROCESS +
PREDICTABILITY
Slide 329
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Contract Management Dashboard
Open Contracts for Review
150 11.7%
compared to 170 this time last year
Contracts by Type
NDA’s
Master
Service
Agreements
Contracts Reviewed (YTD)
1798 9.3.%
compared to 1983 this time last year
Inputed Risk Mitigated
$6.4M 30.0%
compared to $5M this time last year
Average Cycle Time (YTD)
19 days 26.7%
compared to 15 days last year
Total Value of All Contracts
$600.2M 29.6%
compared to $500M this time last year
Software
Licenses
Sales
Agreements
602
426
246
312
Global Filters
from 01/01/2017
Status
to 12/31/2017
Practice
Matter Type
0
7
13
20
26
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Average Contract Cycle Time
Agreement Name Agreement Type Days Since Receipt
Division
Contracts by Complexity
Low Medium High
48%
37%
15%
Contracts Awaiting Review
NDA
Software License
NDA
Sales Agreement
MSA
John Smith HR Packet
MS
Jane Jones HR Packet
Widget Agreement
Acme Services
HR
IT
HR
Sales Team
IT
3
29
8
37
56
Slide 330
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BUT WHAT ABOUT A
MORE VALUABLE
VERSION OF THE
DRAFTING EXERCISE ?
Slide 331
Slide 331 text
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
CONTINGENCY
STORED ON
BLOCKCHAIN
RAW SENSOR
DATA
(PRIVATE OR PUBLIC)
PREPROCESSED
AND SERVED UP
AI BOT
REGULARLY
CHECK FOR
CONTINGENCY
SATISFACTION
IF CONTINGENCY
IS SATISFIED INITIATE
PAYMENT OR START
AUDIT PROTOCOL OR
PROCEED TO FINAL
HUMAN APPROVAL
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No content
Slide 333
Slide 333 text
THE LATE STAGE OF THE
CONTRACT LIFECYCLE
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No content
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IN AN INSTITUTIONAL
ENVIRONMENT NEED TO
BE TRANSLATED INTO
POLICIES
PROCEDURES
Slide 336
Slide 336 text
AS NOTED EARLIER
ANALOG CONTRACTS
FEATURE
{RULES, OBLIGATIONS}
Slide 337
Slide 337 text
RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
(TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)
Slide 338
Slide 338 text
HOW ARE THESE
RIGHTS /
OBLIGATIONS
MANAGED POST
EXECUTION ?
Slide 339
Slide 339 text
WHICH ARE OVERSEEN
BY FORMAL SYSTEMS
CONTROLS
REPORTING
Slide 340
Slide 340 text
OFTEN LEVERAGING
AUDITING
COMPLIANCE
Slide 341
Slide 341 text
EXAMPLE:
WE AGREE TO DELETE
YOUR DATA WITHIN
24 MONTHS OF THE
TERMINATION OF
THIS AGREEMENT
POLICIES
PROCEDURES
CONTROLS
REPORTING
AUDITING
COMPLIANCE
Slide 342
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No content
Slide 343
Slide 343 text
(2)
DISPUTE
RESOLUTION
Slide 344
Slide 344 text
RICHARD SUSSKIND
HIGHLIGHTS THIS
QUESTION OF THE
COURT AS PLACE OR
COURT AS A SERVICE
Slide 345
Slide 345 text
AT LEAST AS IT PERTAINS
TO COMMERCIAL COURTS —
THEY ARE A SERVICE
Slide 346
Slide 346 text
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
AS A SERVICE
#DRAAS
Slide 347
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S O M E CO U N T R I E S
U N D E R STA N D T H I S
A S PA RT O F T H E I R
I N D U ST R I A L
ST R AT E GY …
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https://www.ft.com/content/e2e3c1e2-1e5c-4341-9901-d45aad16ab7b
“There is another platform which sits hidden within nearly every
piece of infrastructure in the UK economy — and many beyond
our borders. It is called English law.
English law is an asset of enormous value. It
underpins the UK’s place at the heart of a number of
global markets, among them those for derivatives,
commodities, energy and trade finance. English law is
selected because it is trusted to deal with complex outcomes in
a fair manner; this trust is taken for granted.”
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“Due to the globalisation and digitisation of business
models, an increasing proportion of transactions and
contracts are now internationally mobile—i.e. their
governing law and the jurisdiction to which they are
subject are chosen by those transacting based on their
attractiveness to those parties.
Historically, English law has been a popular
choice of governing law for many types of
internationally mobile transactions. In 2019, it
governed around £250bn of global mergers and
acquisitions, and 40% of global corporate
arbitrations.
The most successful platforms of the 21st century have
been digital platforms, and their value is directly
related to the size of their user base. However,
English law suffers from a market failure
known as the free-rider problem where no
entity acts as the ‘platform operator’ to grow
the user base of English law and maximise
the benefits. Such a ‘platform operator’ should
invest in growing the user base and consider how to
monetise the value of the platform. This can be
delivered through a combination of technological,
judicial, professional and industry expertise, alongside
government involvement.”
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https://www.difccourts.ae/
“The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC)
is designed to be a financial free zone offering a
unique, independent legal and regulatory framework
in order to create an environment for growth,
progress and economic development in the UAE
and the wider region.”
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S I N G A P O R E A S A G LO B A L H U B
F O R A R B I T R AT I O N
http://www.arbitration.qmul.ac.uk/research/2018/
“The 2018 Queen Mary University
of London and White & Case
International Arbitration Survey
ranked Singapore as the third most
preferred international arbitration
seat in Asia seat (and 3rd Globally)”
Slide 352
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No content
Slide 353
Slide 353 text
BUT FOLLOWING THE
BROADER THEME …
Slide 354
Slide 354 text
ANALOG
DIGITAL
COMPUTATIONAL
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
DESIGNED AND
IMPLEMENTED AS A
SOFTWARE PLATFORM
(WE CAN STILL HAVE HUMAN IN LOOP)
PAPER RECORDS/DOCS
IN PERSON PROCESSES
LIGHTLY STORED CASE METADATA
DIGITAL DOCS / FILINGS
VIRTUAL PROCESSES
ENRICHED OR FULL SCOPE DATA
Slide 355
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No content
Slide 356
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THERE IS A MODERN
VERSION OF
LEX MERCATORIA
Slide 357
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HOW DO DISTANT STRANGERS PAY
EACH OTHER VIA THE INTERNET?
PETER THIEL AND ELON MUSK
PAYPAL IN 2000
Slide 358
Slide 358 text
ONLINE COMMERCE REQUIRES
LOW FRICTION METHOD
FOR RESOLVING
DISPUTES
SECURE
PAYMENT
Slide 359
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No content
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Slide 360 text
No content
Slide 361
Slide 361 text
EBAY
Slide 362
Slide 362 text
(BECAUSE IT COMBINES
IDEAS FROM THE DIGITAL
AND COMPUTATIONAL ERA)
MODRIA COULD BE
CALLED AN EARLY
COMPUTATIONAL
ERA COMPANY
Slide 363
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MODRIA WAS
RECENTLY SOLD TO
TYLER TECH
https://www.tylertech.com/solutions-products/modria
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TYLER TECH IS THE
LARGEST PLAYER IN
COURT INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY SPHERE
https://www.tylertech.com/solutions-products/modria
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CAN’T WE HAVE
MORE SCALABLE
VERSION OF THE
JUSTICE SYSTEM?
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CAN WE USE
VASTLY
ALTERNATIVE
DELIVERY MODELS?
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FIRST WE WILL
GET CHATBOTS …
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No content
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?
Meet Ellie a Virtual Therapist developed at USC
THE FIRST TRUE ROBOT
LAWYER/JUDGE
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THE ACADEMIC
COMMUNITY NEEDS TO
PLAY A *CONSTRUCTIVE*
ROLE IN HELPING
IMPLEMENT SUCH SYSTEMS
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BECAUSE CRITIQUES ARE EASY
TO LODGE BUT THEN YOU
SIMPLY LEAVE THE STATUS
QUO WHERE MOST ARE PRICED
OUT OF JUSTICE SYSTEM
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(3)
EXPLORING
JUDICIAL
DECISIONS /
STATUTORY
DEVELOPMENT
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THESE ARE
DESCRIPTIVE
OFFERINGS
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FROM A DATA
PERSPECTIVE, LAW
SYSTEMS FEATURE
SEQUENTIALLY
PRODUCED
DOCUMENTS
FEATURING
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TEXT/LANGUAGE
CITATIONS
DOC STRUCTURE
ETC.
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THUS, THERE ARE A VARIETY
OF MODELING OR
REPRESENTATIONAL CHOICES
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( L E G A L ) D O C U M E N T S CA N
A L S O B E M O D E L E D U S I N G
N E T WO R K S C I E N C E
( A N D / O R N L P )
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A L E G A L D O C U M E N T
E X A M P L E
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A L E G A L D O C U M E N T
E X A M P L E
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ST I L L E A R LY STAG E S B U T S U C H
A P P R OAC H E S H AV E B E E N
A P P L I E D TO L E G A L DATA
( RT ≠ E N D O R S E M E N T )
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J U D I C I A L C I TAT I O N A N A LY S I S
David G. Post and Michael B. Eisen. "How long is the
coastline of the law? Thoughts on the fractal nature of
legal systems." The Journal of Legal Studies 29 (2000):
545-584.
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J U D I C I A L C I TAT I O N A N A LY S I S
Thomas A. Smith "The web of law."
San Diego L. Rev. 44 (2007): 309.
Smith (2007)
U.S. Supreme Court
Smith (2007)
U.S. Law Reviews
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J U D I C I A L C I TAT I O N A N A LY S I S
“In this article we offer a study of how a new
methodological technique—network analysis—
can help scholars measure how legally central a
case is at the Supreme Court.
James H. Fowler, Timothy R. Johnson, James F. Spriggs II,
Sangick Jeon, Paul J. Wahlbeck, Network Analysis and the
Law: Measuring the Legal Importance of Supreme Court
Precedents, Political Analysis, 15 (3): 324–346 (July 2007)
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J U D I C I A L
C I TAT I O N
A N A LY S I S
S I X D E G R E E S O F
M A R B U R Y V M A D I S O N
Bommarito II, M. J., Katz, D. M., Zelner, J. L.,
& Fowler, J. H. (2010). Distance measures
for dynamic citation networks. Physica A:
Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,
389(19), 4201-4208.
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By J. B. Ruhl,1 Daniel Martin Katz,2,3
Michael J. Bommarito II2,3
Complexity science has spread from its
origins in the physical sciences into
biological and social sciences (1). In-
creasingly, the social sciences frame
policy problems from the financial
system to the food system as complex
adaptive systems (CAS) and urge policy-
makers to design legal solutions with
CAS properties in mind. What is often
poorly recognized in these initiatives
is that legal systems are also complex
adaptive systems (2). Just as it seems
unwise to pursue regulatory measures
while ignoring known CAS properties
of the systems targeted for regulation,
so too might failure to appreciate
CAS qualities of legal systems yield
policies founded upon unrealistic as-
sumptions. Despite a long empirical
studies tradition in law, there has
been little use of complexity science.
With few robust empirical studies of
legal systems as CAS, researchers are
left to gesture at seemingly evident
assertions, with limited scientific sup-
port. We outline a research agenda to
help fill this knowledge gap and ad-
vance practical applications.
Legal systems exhibit what com-
plexity scientists identify as hallmark
elements of CAS (1). The diverse in-
stitutions (e.g., legislatures, agencies,
and courts); norms (e.g., due process,
equality, and fairness); actors (e.g.,
legislators, bureaucrats, and judges);
and instruments (e.g., regulations,
injunctions, and taxes) are intercon-
nected through stochastic processes
(e.g., trials, negotiations, and rule-
makings) with feedback mechanisms
(e.g., appeals to higher courts and ju-
dicial review of legislation). These are all em-
bedded in hierarchical and nonhierarchical
network architectures (e.g., cross-references
(e.g., emergence of common-law doctrines
or codified statutory law). Agents typically
exercise bounded rationality, have only par-
tial information, and are able to exercise
only varying degrees of control on overall
system behavior (2).
Efforts to integrate CAS approaches to
regulated systems may flounder if complex
adaptive characteristics of the legal system it-
self are not taken into account. For example,
although natural-resources policy theorists
have advocated for a new field of adaptive
management based on an understanding
and judicial systems (4). CAS approaches
can allow modeling of interconnections in
this system of systems that can be difficult to
capture in simple models (1). Minor changes
in network structure may lead to cascade ef-
fects throughout the systems. By leveraging
traditional methods, it is difficult to isolate
instability and systemic risk in other social
systems from instability and systemic risk in
the legal system. Regulatory system failure
was a factor in the 2008 financial crisis (5)
and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (6).
THEORY, ANALYSIS, APPLICATION
Application of informatics and big-data–
styled research to law offers many potential
benefits for conventional empirical legal
studies. The CAS framework is neither an
extension of nor a replacement for that ap-
proach but a different way of envisioning
systems in which agent strategies and sys-
SCIENCE AND LAW
Harnessing legal complexity
Bring tools of complexity science to bear on improving law
U.S. Supreme Court term
Percentage of cases contained within giant component
Giant component (%)
60
1805 1810
1810
1815 1820
1820
1825 1830
1830
1835
50
40
30
20
10
0
United States Supreme Court citation network (1805–1835)
Cases are represented as nodes, citations between cases as edges. Emergence of a giant [connected] component after
1815, a hallmark phenomenon in complex systems, represents a transition from jurisprudential reliance on foreign
to domestic law following the War of 1812 (4). We include all cases that had been cited at least once over the Court’s
history (1791–2015). For figure code and data, see https://github.com/mjbommar/legal-complexity-science.
on March 30, 2017
http://science.sciencemag.org/
Downloaded from
J.B. Ruhl, Daniel Martin Katz &
Michael Bommarito, Harnessing
Legal Complexity, 355 Science
1377 (2017)
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Katz, et al (2011)
American Legal Academy
Katz & Stafford (2010)
American Federal Judges
Smith (2007)
U.S. Supreme Court
Lupu, et al (2012)
EU Ct of Human Rights
Post & Eisen (2000)
NY Ct of Appeals
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T H E R E H AV E B E E N A
N U M B E R O F E F F O RT S TO
A P P LY N E T WO R K S C I E N C E
A P P R OAC H E S TO CO U RT S
A R O U N D T H E WO R L D . . .
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Lupu, Y., & Voeten, E. (2012). Precedent
in international courts: A network
analysis of case citations by the
European court of human rights.
British Journal of Political Science,
42(2), 413-439.
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Winkels, R., & de Ruyter, J. Survival of the fittest:
network analysis of dutch supreme court cases. In
International Workshop on AI Approaches to the
Complexity of Legal Systems (pp. 106-115).
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. (2011)
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Lettieri, N., Faro, S., Malandrino, D., Faggiano, A., & Vestoso,
M. (2015). Network, Visualization, Analytics. A Tool
Allowing Legal Scholars to Experimentally Investigate EU
Case Law. In AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal
Systems (pp. 543-555). Springer, Cham.
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Martin Gelter and Mathias Siems. "Networks, Dialogue or One-
Way Traffic: An Empirical Analysis of Cross-Citations between
Ten of Europe's Highest Courts." Utrecht L. Rev. 8 (2012): 88.
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Fjelstul, Joshua C. "The evolution of European Union law: A
new data set on the Acquis Communautaire." European
Union Politics (2019): 1465116519842947.
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Coupette, C. (2019). Juristische Netzwerkforschung:
Modellierung, Quantifizierung und Visualisierung
relationaler Daten im Recht. Mohr Siebeck.
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A L S O T H E R E I S T H E
A P P L I CAT I O N O F
N E T WO R K S C I E N C E TO
STAT U TO R Y M AT E R I A L S
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H E R E A R E J U ST A F E W O F
T H E E F F O RT S TO DAT E
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Boulet, Romain, Pierre Mazzega, and Daniele
Bourcier. "A network approach to the French system
of legal codes—part I: analysis of a dense network."
Artificial Intelligence and Law 19.4 (2011): 333-355.
Boulet, Romain, Pierre Mazzega, and Danièle
Bourcier. "Network approach to the French
system of legal codes part II: the role of the
weights in a network." Artificial Intelligence
and Law 26.1 (2018): 23-47.
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Koniaris, Marios, Ioannis Anagnostopoulos, and Yannis
Vassiliou. "Network Analysis in the Legal Domain: A
complex model for European Union legal sources."
Journal of Complex Networks 6.2 (2017): 243-268.
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M. Bommarito. & D. Katz. A
Mathematical Approach to the
Study of the United States Code.
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and
its Applications, 389(19),
4195-4200 (2010).
D. Katz & M. Bommarito. Measuring the
complexity of the law: the United
States Code. Artificial intelligence and
law, 22(4), 337-374. (2014)
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H E R E W E
I N V E ST I G AT E D A
S I N G L E
S N A P S H OT O F
T H E 2 0 1 0 CO D E
I N A N E F F O RT TO
E X P LO R E I T S
CO M P L E X I TY
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CO R P O R AT I O N S , A N D A N Y CO M M U N I TY C H E ST, F U N D, O R F O U N DAT I O N , O R G A N I Z E D A N D O P E R AT E D E XC LU S I V E LY
F O R R E L I G I O U S , C H A R I TA B L E , S C I E N T I F I C , T E ST I N G F O R P U B L I C S A F E TY, L I T E R A RY, O R E D U CAT I O N A L P U R P O S E S , O R
TO F O S T E R N AT I O N A L O R I N T E R N AT I O N A L A M AT E U R S P O R T S C O M P E T I T I O N ( B U T O N LY I F N O PA R T O F I T S
AC T I V I T I E S I N VO LV E T H E P R OV I S I O N O F AT H L E T I C FAC I L I T I E S O R E Q U I P M E N T ) , O R F O R T H E P R E V E N T I O N O F
C R U E LTY TO C H I L D R E N O R A N I M A L S , N O PA RT O F T H E N E T E A R N I N G S O F W H I C H I N U R E S TO T H E B E N E F I T O F A N Y
P R I VAT E S H A R E H O L D E R O R I N D I V I D UA L , N O S U B STA N T I A L PA RT O F T H E AC T I V I T I E S O F W H I C H I S CA R RY I N G O N
P R O PAG A N DA , O R OT H E R W I S E AT T E M P T I N G , TO I N F LU E N C E L E G I S L AT I O N ( E XC E P T A S OT H E R W I S E P R OV I D E D I N
S U B S E C T I O N ( H ) ) , A N D W H I C H D O E S N OT PA RT I C I PAT E I N , O R I N T E RV E N E I N ( I N C LU D I N G T H E P U B L I S H I N G O R
D I ST R I B U T I N G O F STAT E M E N T S ) , A N Y P O L I T I CA L CA M PA I G N O N B E H A L F O F ( O R I N O P P O S I T I O N TO ) A N Y CA N D I DAT E
F O R P U B L I C O F F I C E .
E X E M P T I O N F R O M TA X O N
CO R P O R AT I O N S , C E RTA I N T R U ST S ,
E TC .
( 3 )
L I ST O F E X E M P T O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
( C )
§ 5 0 1
T I T L E 2 6 I N T E R N A L R E V E N U E CO D E
PA RT I . G E N E R A L R U L E
S U B T I T L E A I N CO M E TA X E S
C H A P T E R 1 . N O R M A L TA X E S A N D S U RTA X E S
S U B C H A P T E R F. E X E M P T O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
T E X T UA L CO N T E N T I N
A H I E R A R C H I CA L T R E E
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C I TAT I O N N E T WO R K
E X A M P L E :
TA X E VA S I O N
T I T L E 2 6 -
TA X
C I T E S
T I T L E 1 8 -
C R I M E S &
C R I M I N A L P R O C E D U R E
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No content
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+
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M. Bommarito. & D. Katz. A Mathematical Approach to the Study of
the United States Code. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its
Applications, 389(19), 4195-4200 (2010).
+
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No content
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N O W A D D
T I M E
DY N A M I C S
A N D YO U G E T
A N OT H E R
P E R S P E C T I V E
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DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, CORINNA
COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF & DIRK
HARTUNG, COMPLEX SOCIETIES AND THE
GROWTH OF THE LAW, 10 SCIENTIFIC
REPORTS 18737 (2020)
CORINNA COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF,
DIRK HARTUNG, MICHAEL BOMMARITO, &
DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, MEASURING LAW
OVER TIME: A NETWORK ANALYTICAL
FRAMEWORK WITH AN APPLICATION TO
STATUTES AND REGULATIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES AND GERMANY, FRONT.
PHYS. (2021)
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SIGNIFICANT GROWTH IN LAWS AND REGULATIONS
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J U D I C I A L
C I TAT I O N
N E T WO R K S
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Citation Networks
are Acyclic Digraphs
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Nodes = Cases Decided by the Supreme Court
Directed Edges = Citations between Cases
The Supreme Court Citation Network
Oregon v. Elstad
470 U.S. 298 (1985)
Miranda v. U.S.
384 U.S. 436 (1966)
TIME
Dickerson v. U.S.
530 U.S. 428 (2000)
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Views of the SCOTUS Citation Network
Radial
Layout
SCOTUS
Citation
Network
Horizontal
Layout
SCOTUS
Citation
Network
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There has
Cases Decided by
the Supreme Court
Citations in the
Current Year
Citations from
prior years
watch video at https://vimeo.com/9427420
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https://vimeo.com/9427420
watch video at
https://vimeo.com/9427420
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(4)
IMPLEMENTATION
OF LAW (AS CODE)
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THIS IDEA OF
LAW AS CODE …
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THIS IS TRICKY AND
DETAILED SUBJECT …
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THERE IS A
THEORETICAL
IDEA OF
LAW AS CODE
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THERE IS A THEORETICAL
IDEA OF
LAW AS CODE
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THERE IS ALSO THE MORE
MODEST IDEA OF
LEVERAGING PRINCIPLES
FROM PROGRAMMING
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BUT EVEN MORE
COMPELLING IS
CODE AS LAW
https://www.slideshare.net/mjbommar/university-
of-houston-law-and-computation-workshop
#COMPUTATIONALLAW
#IMPLEMENTATION
#ENGINEERING
(IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIVATE LAW OR PUBLIC LAW)
MIKE BOMMARITO TALK FROM 2011
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ALTHOUGH THERE
HAVE BEEN EFFORTS …
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AUTOMATIC
EMBEDDING OF
STATUTES HAS
PROVEN
CHALLENGING …
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BUT SOMEHOW
SOMEWAY
ORGANIZATIONS
HAVE TO INGEST
LEGAL RULES …
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HERE IS THE LEGACY
APPROACH …
(SAME WORKFLOW VIA PAPER)
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GOVT.
STATUTE OR
REGULATION
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GOVT.
STATUTE OR
REGULATION
REVIEWED BY A
LAWYER WHO
MIGHT
PRODUCE A
MEMO ?
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GOVT.
STATUTE OR
REGULATION
REVIEWED BY A
LAWYER WHO
MIGHT
PRODUCE A
MEMO ?
MEMO
TRANSLATED BY
COMPLIANCE
OFFICERS TO A
POLICY /
PROCEDURE
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GOVT.
STATUTE OR
REGULATION
REVIEWED BY A
LAWYER WHO
MIGHT
PRODUCE A
MEMO ?
MEMO
TRANSLATED BY
COMPLIANCE
OFFICERS TO A
POLICY /
PROCEDURE
OVERSIGHT /
REPORTING
MIGHT FOLLOW
(TYPICALLY VIA
SPREADSHEET)
LAW AS POLICY MANUAL
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WHEN THE EXECUTION
LAYER FOR BUSINESSES WAS
PEOPLE + NATURAL
LANGUAGE …
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THEN THE UNDER OR
MISSPECIFICATION OF
LAW WAS NOT NEARLY
AS PROBLEMATIC …
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HERE IS THE LIGHTLY
DIGITAL APPROACH …
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GOVT.
STATUTE OR
REGULATION
REVIEWED
BY A LAWYER
WHO MIGHT
PRODUCE A
MEMO ?
MEMO
TRANSLATED BY
COMPLIANCE
OFFICER TO A
POLICY /
PROCEDURE
CONSUMED BY A
BUSINESS ANALYST
WHO CREATES
TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS
IMPLEMENTED BY
ENGINEER IN
SOME SYSTEM
(AND MONITORED
VIA REPORTING)
WE ATTEMPT TO IMPLEMENT LAW
INTO SOME SYSTEM OF RECORD
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PLENTY OF OPPORTUNITY TO
GET ‘LOST IN TRANSLATION’
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REMEMBER THIS IS FOR A
*SINGLE* LAW/REGULATION AT
GIVEN MOMENT OF TIME
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HOWEVER, TIME DOES
*NOT* STAND STILL
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IN THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT
LAWS/REGULATIONS CHANGE,
THEY GROW MORE INTERDEPENDENT
Daniel Martin Katz, Corinna Coupette, Janis Beckedorf & Dirk Hartung, Complex Societies and the Growth of the Law, 10 Scientific Reports 18737
(2020) < Nature Research >
Corinna Coupette, Janis Beckedorf, Dirk Hartung, Michael Bommarito, & Daniel Martin Katz, Measuring Law Over Time: A Network Analytical
Framework with an Application to Statutes and Regulations in the United States and Germany, 9 Front. Phys. 658463 (2021) < Frontiers in Physics >
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WITH EACH *CHANGE* IN
LAW/REGULATION AND THE
CYCLE MAY START ANEW …
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BTW HOW DO YOU
KNOW THERE HAS
BEEN A CHANGE TO A
LAW OR REGULATION ?
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PARTICULARLY IF YOU
ARE GLOBAL COMPANY
OPERATING IN
JURISDICTIONS
AROUND THE WORLD
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REQUIRES
POLICY
SURVEILLANCE
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POLICY
SURVEILLANCE
COULD BE EITHER
ANALOG
DIGITAL
COMPUTATIONAL
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THERE IS INCREASING
INTEREST IN BOTH THE
ACADEMIC AND
COMMERCIAL SPHERE
IN THESE VERY
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
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SOME EXAMPLES
IMPLEMENTATION OF
CCPA / GDPR BY DESIGN
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MULTI STAKEHOLDER
PLATFORM WHICH
ALLOWS ORGANIZATIONS
TO ENGAGE IN
REGULATION LIFECYCLE
MANAGEMENT
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ketch.com
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No content
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HOW WOULD THEY KNOW
WHICH DATA OBJECTS
ARE PROBLEMATIC ?
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WHERE DO I GET
THESE RULE SETS ?
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3RD PARTY MARKETPLACE FOR
RULE SETS WHICH CAN FUSE
WITH CLASSIC DATA MODELS
EXAMPLES
CONCUR
MAILCHIMP RULE SET
RULE SET
+
DATA MODEL
DATA MODEL
+
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ABILITY TO SELL
RULESETS HELPS
*AMORTIZE* THE
INVESTMENT IN
RULESET
DEVELOPMENT
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CLOSING STATEMENT
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I THINK WE ARE
WORKING TO TRY
TO CONTRIBUTE TO
THE IMPROVEMENT
OF THE LAW …
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I VIEW THIS PATH
TOWARD
COMPUTATIONAL
LAW AS A GRAND
ENGINEERING
EXERCISE
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WHERE WE WORK
TO MAKE MORE
LAW MORE FIT FOR
PURPOSE …
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TO HELP SOLVE THE
COMPLEX
GOVERNANCE
CHALLENGES OF THE
21ST CENTURY …
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Our Journey and Our Thoughts Circa 2022
daniel martin katz
Computational Legal Studies
blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
edu | illinois tech - chicago kent law
lab | TheLawLab.com
page | DanielMartinKatz.com
michael j bommarito
blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
corp | licens.io
page | linkedin.com/in/bommarito
lab | TheLawLab.com
twitter | @computational twitter | @mjbommar