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Computational Legal Studies - Our Journey and Our Thoughts 2022

Computational Legal Studies - Our Journey and Our Thoughts 2022

Presentation at the 2022 Computational Legal Studies Conference at Singapore Management University

Daniel Martin Katz
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March 03, 2022
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  1. Our Journey and Our Thoughts Circa 2022
    daniel martin katz
    Computational Legal Studies
    blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
    edu | illinois tech - chicago kent law
    lab | TheLawLab.com
    page | DanielMartinKatz.com
    michael j bommarito
    blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
    corp | licens.io
    page | linkedin.com/in/bommarito
    lab | TheLawLab.com
    twitter | @computational twitter | @mjbommar

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  3. WE ARE COMING
    UPON AN
    IMPORTANT
    ANNIVERSARY

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  4. THE ANNIVERSARY
    OF DEATH OF A
    PATRON SAINT

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  5. THE PATRON
    SAINT WHO
    LEGEND HAS IT …

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  6. WAS ABLE TO
    CHASE ALL OF THE
    SNAKES FROM THE
    EMERALD ISLE

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  7. THE ANNIVERSARY
    IN QUESTION IS
    17TH OF MARCH

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  8. ST PATRICK’S DAY
    DUBLIN CHICAGO

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  9. WHILE THIS IS A
    DAY FILLED WITH
    REVELRY …

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  10. IT IS A DAY THAT IS
    ALSO IMPORTANT
    ON A PERSONAL
    BASIS …

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  11. BECAUSE
    MARCH 17, 2009

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  12. IS THE DATE

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  13. THAT OUTSIDE OF WEST HALL
    AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

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  14. WE DISCUSSED
    STARTING A BLOG …

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  15. A BLOG DEVOTED TO
    RELEVANT EMERGING
    TRENDS …

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  16. A BLOG WHICH
    WOULD BE CALLED

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  17. COMPUTATIONALLEGALSTUDIES.COM

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  18. View Slide

  19. SO I GUESS THIS IS
    FULL CIRCLE FOR US

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  20. View Slide

  21. BUT LET ME TAKE YOU
    BACK TO 2009 …
    CUT+PASTE SAFETY FIRST ICAIL 09

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  22. AND SET THE SCENE …

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  23. AFTER MANY
    DECADES OF
    INTELLECTUAL
    EXCEPTIONALISM

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  24. THE ACADEMIC FIELD
    OF LAW WITNESSED
    A VERY POSITIVE
    EMERGING TREND …

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  25. AN EFFORT TO ALIGN
    WITH MAINSTREAM
    MOVEMENTS INSIDE
    BROADER
    UNIVERSITIES

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  26. AN ‘EMPIRICAL TURN’
    WAS FINALLY COMING TO
    LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP

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  27. FA L L 2 0 0 8
    W I T N E S S E D O N LY T H E 3 R D
    C E L S CO N F E R E N C E

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  28. AND THERE WAS REAL
    MOMENTUM ON A
    PATH TO MODERNITY …

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  29. View Slide

  30. BECAUSE THE TENSION
    HAD BEEN BUILDING
    FOR SOME TIME

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  31. B E CAU S E L AW
    FAC E D A
    C R E D I B I L I TY
    R E VO LU T I O N

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  32. W H E R E B Y
    L AW Y E R S
    J U D G E S
    P O L I CY M A K E R S

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  33. W E R E C R A F T I N G
    L E G A L R U L E S
    A N D D O C T R I N E S

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  34. A N D
    C R I T I Q U I N G
    L E G A L R U L E S
    A N D D O C T R I N E S

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  35. W I T H O U T A N Y
    E M P I R I CA L
    F O C U S O N T H E
    AC T UA L R E A L
    WO R L D
    P E R F O R M A N C E
    O F T H E S E R U L E S
    A N D D O C T R I N E S

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  36. Legal Scholarship
    Has become far more ‘empirical’ in nature

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  37. View Slide

  38. View Slide

  39. View Slide

  40. IF WE LOOK AT
    ‘EMPIRICAL LEGAL
    STUDIES’

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  41. IT TYPICALLY TAKES
    ON A PARTICULAR
    PERSPECTIVE

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  42. LAWYER AS POLICY
    MAKER / APPELLATE
    JUDGE …

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  43. D E T E R M I N E ( A S
    B E ST P O S S I B L E )
    W H E T H E R A
    PA RT I C U L A R
    P O L I CY
    I N T E RV E N T I O N
    AC H I E V E S
    T H E D E S I R E D
    E N D S
    TASK

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  44. MODELING
    APPROACH
    CO U L D E M P LOY
    T R A D I T I O N A L
    Q UA N T I TAT I V E
    S O C I A L S C I E N C E
    M E T H O D S
    ( S U C H A S
    R E G R E S S I O N )

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  45. MODELING
    APPROACH
    O R M I G H T
    I N VO K E M O R E
    S O P H I ST I CAT E D
    E CO N O M E T R I C
    M E T H O D S

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  46. EXAMPLE
    METHODS
    I N ST R U M E N TA L
    VA R I A B L E S ,
    P R O P E N S I TY
    S CO R E
    M ATC H I N G ,
    R U B I N CAU S A L
    M O D E L ,
    R E G R E S S I O N
    D I S CO N T I N U I TY,
    D I F F E R E N C E I N
    D I F F E R E N C E S ,
    E TC .

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  47. S I N C E M O ST P O L I CY
    E VA LUAT I O N CA N N OT
    R E A L LY B E U N D E RTA K E N
    U N D E R R A N D O M I Z E D
    CO N T R O L T R I A L ( R C T )
    TY P E CO N D I T I O N S

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  48. F O L K S O F T E N
    L E V E R AG E
    M E T H O D S TO T R Y
    TO G E T SY N T H E T I C
    V E R S I O N S O F R C T ’ S

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  49. CAU S A L I N F E R E N C E
    A P P R OAC H E S A R E B E ST
    F O R A P P R O P R I AT E
    P R O B L E M S / Q U E ST I O N S
    W H E R E I D E N T I F Y I N G /
    L I N K I N G CAU S E A N D
    E F F E C T A R E K E Y

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  50. AND THIS PERSPECTIVE
    HAS MADE SIGNIFICANT
    HEADWAY WITHIN THE
    LEGAL ACADEMY …

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  51. O N S S R N A LO N E , T H E R E
    A R E T H O U S A N D S O F
    E M P I R I CA L L E G A L
    ST U D I E S TY P E PA P E R S

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  52. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?
    form_name=journalBrowse&journal_id=2123644

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  54. IT WAS AGAINST THIS
    BACKDROP WHICH WE
    ENTERED THE SCENE …

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  55. GUIDED BY OUR BASIC
    PREMISE WAS THAT
    ADVANCES IN
    COMPUTATIONAL
    TECHNOLOGIES WERE
    GOING TO SOMEHOW BE
    IMPORTANT FOR LAW

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  56. IT WAS A CALCULATED
    BET THAT TURNED OUT
    TO BE RIGHT …

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  57. BUT IT TURNS OUT IT
    WOULD SHOW UP IN
    SEVERAL DIFFERENT
    FLAVORS ON DIFFERENT
    TIME LINES …

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  58. THREE FLAVORS OF
    COMPUTATIONAL LAW

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  59. (1) SOCIAL SCIENCE WITH
    COMPUTATIONAL OVERTONES
    (2) SOCIAL PHYSICS WITH A LAW
    AS TOPICAL DOMAIN
    (3) USING COMPUTATIONAL
    TECHNIQUES TO CREATE
    #LEGALTECH APPLICATIONS

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  60. (1) SOCIAL SCIENCE WITH
    COMPUTATIONAL OVERTONES
    (2) SOCIAL PHYSICS WITH A
    LAW AS TOPICAL DOMAIN
    (3) USING COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES
    TO CREATE #LEGALTECH APPLICATIONS
    SOCIAL SCIENCE
    SCIENCE
    ENGINEERING

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  61. ALL OF WHICH MOVED
    ‘UP AND TO THE RIGHT’
    (GRANTED GOOGLE NGRAMS IS
    AN IMPERFECT MEASURE)

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  62. View Slide

  63. View Slide

  64. BUT CHECK OUT THE OVERLAY

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  66. THIS IS ONE THING
    THAT DID NOT PLAY
    OUT PRECISELY AS
    WE EXPECTED …

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  67. HOWEVER, THIS ALIGNS
    PRETTY WELL WITH OUR
    PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
    IN THE YEARS THAT
    FOLLOWED

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  68. TO A SIGNIFICANT EXTENT —
    THE COMMERCIAL WORLD IS
    FURTHER ALONG TOWARD
    FIGURING THIS OUT …

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  69. WHILE SOME MORE
    ENLIGHTENED MEMBERS OF
    THE ACADEMY ARE SLOWLY
    CATCHING UP …

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  70. OUR VIEW WAS STOP
    ARGUING WITH
    FOLKS WHO ARE JUST
    GOING TO ARGUE …

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  71. AND JUST GO DO IT !

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  72. View Slide

  73. View Slide

  74. View Slide

  75. View Slide

  76. LexPredict.com

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  77. View Slide

  78. View Slide

  79. View Slide

  80. View Slide

  81. I AM DAN KATZ
    @ILLINOISTECH
    @BUCERIUSLAW

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  82. View Slide

  83. https://legaltechcenter.de/en/index.html

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  84. 2021-22 JONES DAY VISITING
    PROFESSOR OF COMMERCIAL LAW AT
    SINGAPORE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY

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  86. NOW IT SHOULD BE SAID
    THERE HAVE BEEN SOME
    GATHERINGS ON THESE
    TOPICS ALONG THE WAY

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  87. WHICH HAVE BENN
    MEANINGFUL IN
    ADVANCING EITHER
    THE COMMERCIAL OR
    ACADEMIC SIDE OF
    THESE IDEAS …

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  88. 2011

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  89. 2011

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  90. BTW - I met Stephen
    Wolfram’s Robot Presence
    in Houston in 2011
    He appeared at a
    Computational Law
    Conference Via Robot
    (before that was cool)
    (and asked
    him about
    Rule 90)
    my own big
    bang moment

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  91. 2013

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  92. 2014

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  93. 2014

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  94. 2015

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  95. 2015

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  96. 2016

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  97. 2016

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  98. 2017

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  99. 2017

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  100. 2017

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  101. 2018

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  102. 2019

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  103. 2020

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  104. AI + LAW CONFERENCES
    SINCE 1987

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  105. STANFORD
    CODEX FUTURE LAW
    2013 - PRESENT

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  106. View Slide

  107. SO I WOULD HAVE BEEN
    REMISS IF I DID NOT
    MENTION THESE …

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  108. WHICH HAVE HELPED US GET
    TO THIS EXCITING MOMENT !

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  109. IT IS MY GREAT PLEASURE
    TO BE HERE TODAY …

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  110. THANKS TO ALL OF
    THE ORGANIZERS

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  111. I THINK THIS IS ONE OF THE
    BEST COLLECTION OF
    **TECHNICALLY INCLINED**
    LAW + COMPUTATION
    SCHOLARS EVER
    ASSEMBLED …

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  112. I HOPE IT IS ANNUAL
    TRADITION ! **
    **FULLY IN PERSON FOR 2023?

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  113. View Slide

  114. OPENING
    STATEMENT

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  115. THIS JOURNEY
    WE ARE ON IS A
    TECHNICAL ONE

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  116. I WANT TO SAY
    SOMETHING ABOUT
    THIS *TECHNICAL*
    ASPECT I JUST
    MENTIONED

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  117. AS THIS FIELD
    MATURES …

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  118. IT IS INCUMBENT
    UPON US …

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  119. TO HELP PRESS
    FORWARD ON

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  120. LAW + COMPUTATION
    THE ACTUAL
    SCIENTIFIC /
    ENGINEERING
    EXERCISE

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  121. AS OPPOSED TO THE
    MERE COLLOQUIAL
    USES OF
    ‘LAW + COMPUTATION’

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  122. WE NEED TO CONTINUE
    MEETINGS LIKE THIS ONE …

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  123. WE NEED TO
    PUSH FORWARD
    ON THE
    *TECHNICAL*
    AGENDA …

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  124. AND WE NEED TO DIRECT
    FUNDERS, SCHOOLS,
    FACULTY, STUDENTS, ETC.
    TO SUPPORT KEY WORK

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  125. BECAUSE TOO OFTEN THEY HAVE
    BACKED THE WRONG HORSES AND
    THEREBY STYMIED THE
    ADVANCEMENT OF THE FIELD

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  126. SO THIS IS ONE OF THE
    CHARGES I WILL POSE
    TO YOU HERE TODAY …

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  127. YOU ARE ON THE ROAD
    LESS TRAVELED …

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  128. BUT IT IS ALSO A
    PATH WITH GREAT
    INTELLECTUAL
    RETURNS
    (AND PERSONAL
    SATISFACTION) …

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  129. BECAUSE IT IS
    PRETTY OBVIOUS (TO
    US AT LEAST) THAT
    LAW NEEDS A
    PRODUCTIVITY
    REVOLUTION

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  130. IN ORDER TO MEET
    THE GOVERNANCE
    CHALLENGES OF THE
    21ST CENTURY …

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  131. View Slide

  132. THIS IS
    ULTIMATELY THE
    PROBLEM WE
    ARE SOLVING

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  133. W H E T H E R YO U A R E A
    L A R G E M U LT I N AT I O N A L
    CO R P O R AT I O N , A
    S M A L L B U S I N E S S O R
    A N I N D I V I D UA L
    C I T I Z E N …

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  134. L AW H A S A
    CO M P L E X I TY
    C H A L L E N G E …

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  135. IF YOU TAKE A STEP BACK

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  136. THE REAL ANIMATING
    DRIVER IN THE DEMAND
    FOR UNITS OF LEGAL
    PRODUCTION

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  137. IS COMPLEXITY

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  138. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND
    POLITICAL COMPLEXITY

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  139. MANIFESTS ITSELF IN
    OUR DOMAIN AS
    LEGAL COMPLEXITY

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  140. WHILE IT IS
    SOMEWHAT HARD TO
    PRECISELY DEFINE …

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  141. View Slide

  142. VIRTUALLY EVERY WAY
    YOU MIGHT CONSIDER IT
    LEGAL COMPLEXITY
    HAS GROWN

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  143. DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, CORINNA
    COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF & DIRK
    HARTUNG, COMPLEX SOCIETIES AND THE
    GROWTH OF THE LAW, 10 SCIENTIFIC
    REPORTS 18737 (2020)
    CORINNA COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF,
    DIRK HARTUNG, MICHAEL BOMMARITO, &
    DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, MEASURING LAW
    OVER TIME: A NETWORK ANALYTICAL
    FRAMEWORK WITH AN APPLICATION TO
    STATUTES AND REGULATIONS IN THE
    UNITED STATES AND GERMANY, FRONT.
    PHYS. (2021 FORTHCOMING)

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  144. SIGNIFICANT GROWTH IN LAWS AND REGULATIONS

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  145. SO THE QUESTION IS
    HOW TO MATCH THAT
    COMPLEXITY WITH THE
    APPROPRIATE

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  146. COMPLEXITY
    MITIGATION
    TACTICS …

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  147. MIXTURES OF PEOPLE,
    PROCESS AND
    TECHNOLOGY

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  148. DESIGNING MORE
    SCALABLE SYSTEMS

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  149. BECAUSE THE LEGACY
    MODEL HAS BEEN

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  150. TO USE LOTS OF
    LABOR
    TO SOLVE
    HIGH COMPLEXITY
    PROBLEMS

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  151. BUT THAT APPEARS
    TO BE REACHING
    ITS PRACTICAL
    AND ECONOMIC
    LIMITS

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  152. THE APPROACH NEEDS
    TO BE MORE
    FUNDAMENTAL

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  153. AND LEVERAGE THE BEST
    OF SCIENCE AND TECH

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  154. http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2017/03/-complexity-mitigation-strategies-
    for-law-law-land-and-beyond-and-some-other-thoughts-on-hadfield-su.html#more
    SOME THOUGHTS ON
    LEGAL COMPLEXITY
    MITIGATION STRATEGIES

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  155. BOTTOM LINE IS MUCH OF
    THIS ROAD RUNS RIGHT
    THROUGH THESE IDEAS …

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  156. BOTTOM LINE IS MUCH OF
    THIS ROAD RUNS RIGHT
    THROUGH THESE IDEAS …
    LAW + COMPUTATION

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  157. View Slide

  158. OVERVIEW OF
    REMAINING
    PRESENTATION

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  159. 1. Three Eras in Computation
    2. Some Use Cases in Comp Law
    3. Closing Statement

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  160. View Slide

  161. The
    Analog,
    Digital,
    Computational
    Eras

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  162. SINCE THIS IS AN
    OVERVIEW TALK I
    WANTED TO START AT
    THE WIDEST POSSIBLE
    VIEW ON THINGS …

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  163. AND IF YOU TAKE THE
    BROADEST VIEW …
    WE HAVE BEEN ON
    LONG JOURNEY

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  164. FROM HUNTER
    GATHERER SOCIETIES
    TO A HIGHLY COMPLEX
    GLOBAL ECONOMIC
    SYSTEM(S)

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  165. OVER THE PAST 5000+
    YEARS WE HAVE
    ENGAGED IN A
    MASSIVE TRUST
    SCALING EXERCISE

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  166. ECONOMIC HISTORY TO
    DATE CAN BE SEEN AS A
    QUEST TO SCALE TRUST AND
    LOWER TRANSACTION COSTS

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  167. THIS HAS OFTEN BEEN
    FACILITATED THROUGH
    THE DEVELOPMENT OF
    INSTITUTIONS

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  168. WHETHER
    TECHNOLOGICAL
    OR OTHERWISE …

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  169. WE HAVE DEVELOPED
    VARIOUS FORMS OF
    LEGAL INNOVATION

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  170. MESOPOTAMIA
    GREECE
    ROME
    MEDIEVAL
    ERA
    MERCHANT LAW
    PRE ANALOG
    ERA
    THE
    CORPORATION
    MARITIME LAW
    + INSURANCE
    HUNTER
    GATHERERS
    CODE OF
    HAMMURABI
    SOME EARLY TRANSACTION
    ENHANCING INNOVATIONS AND
    SOCIETIES
    RENAISSANCE

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  171. View Slide

  172. THREE
    RECENT
    ERAS

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  173. WE COULD DIVIDE UP THE
    PAST ~150 YEARS INTO
    THREE SEPARATE ERAS
    ANALOG
    ERA
    DIGITAL
    ERA
    COMPUTATIONAL
    ERA

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  174. TELEGRAPH
    TELEPHONES
    INTERNET
    LONG TAIL COMMERCE
    (MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
    CRYPTO
    INFRASTRUCTURE
    ANALOG
    ERA
    DIGITAL
    ERA
    COMPUTATIONAL
    ERA
    INTERNET
    OF THINGS
    FIAT
    CURRENCY
    EARLY
    COMPUTERS
    GLOBALIZATION
    PERSONAL
    COMPUTERS
    AUTOMOBILE
    CREDIT
    CARDS
    CHARGE
    CARDS
    ARTIFICIAL
    INTELLIGENCE

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  175. IN THE THREE MOST
    RECENT ERAS THERE ARE
    A VARIETY OF TRENDS
    WHICH ULTIMATELY LEAD
    US TO THE PRESENT …

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  176. EACH ERA LAYERS UPON
    THE PRIOR PERIODS …
    ANALOG
    ERA
    DIGITAL
    ERA
    COMPUTATIONAL
    ERA

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  177. AND AT EACH
    TRANSITION THERE WAS
    A REQUIRED EFFORT TO
    TRANSITION OUR
    PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
    INSTITUTIONS

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  178. FACILITATED IN PART BY
    PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
    AND ACADEMIC
    RESEARCH +
    DEVELOPMENT

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  179. TELEGRAPH
    TELEPHONES
    INTERNET
    LONG TAIL COMMERCE
    (MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
    CRYPTO
    INFRASTRUCTURE
    ANALOG
    ERA
    DIGITAL
    ERA
    COMPUTATIONAL
    ERA
    INTERNET
    OF THINGS
    FIAT
    CURRENCY
    EARLY
    COMPUTERS
    GLOBALIZATION
    PERSONAL
    COMPUTERS
    AUTOMOBILE
    CREDIT
    CARDS
    CHARGE
    CARDS
    ARTIFICIAL
    INTELLIGENCE

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  180. View Slide

  181. ANALOG ERA

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  182. TELEGRAPH
    TELEPHONES
    ANALOG
    ERA
    EARLY
    COMPUTERS
    AUTOMOBILE
    CHARGE
    CARDS

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  183. AT&T WAS ACTUALLY -
    AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND
    TELEGRAPH COMPANY
    NETWORKED
    TELECOMMUNICATIONS
    FOR THOSE WHO MIGHT
    NOT REMEMBER

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  184. MORSE AND THE
    TELEGRAPH
    COULD QUICKLY
    PASS MESSAGES
    OVER LONG
    GEOGRAPHIC
    DISTANCES

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  185. MORSE AND THE
    TELEGRAPH
    THIS INVENTION
    INCREASED THE
    ACCURACY AND
    SPEED OF
    INFORMATION
    FLOW

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  186. TELEPHONE WAS
    A CONTINUATION
    OF THESE TRENDS
    ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL'S TELEPHONE
    PATENT DRAWING, MARCH 7, 1876

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  187. AUTOMOBILES
    FURTHER
    REDUCED THE
    DISTANCE
    BETWEEN
    INDIVIDUALS

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  188. THE EARLIEST COMPUTING
    HUMANS WERE
    THE ORIGINAL
    COMPUTERS

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  189. ANALOG COMPUTING MACHINE AT THE LEWIS FLIGHT
    PROPULSION LABORATORY CIRCA 1949 (VIA
    WIKIPEDIA)
    HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ANALOG_COMPUTER

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  190. View Slide

  191. DIGITAL ERA

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  192. TELEGRAPH
    TELEPHONES
    INTERNET
    LONG TAIL COMMERCE
    (MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
    ANALOG
    ERA
    DIGITAL
    ERA
    FIAT
    CURRENCY
    EARLY
    COMPUTERS
    GLOBALIZATION
    PERSONAL
    COMPUTERS
    AUTOMOBILE
    CREDIT
    CARDS
    CHARGE
    CARDS

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  193. ANALOG COMPUTING
    BECOMES DIGITAL
    COMPUTING …

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  194. ANALOG COMPUTING MACHINE AT THE LEWIS FLIGHT
    PROPULSION LABORATORY CIRCA 1949 (VIA
    WIKIPEDIA)
    HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ANALOG_COMPUTER

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  195. EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTING
    HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/
    HISTORY_OF_COMPUTING_HARDWARE#EARLY_DIGITAL_COMPUTER_CHARACTERISTICS

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  196. EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTING
    HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HARVARD_MARK_I

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  197. EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTING
    HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HARVARD_MARK_I

    View Slide

  198. PERSONAL COMPUTING

    View Slide

  199. MOORE’S
    LAW
    !
    WE OBTAIN MASSIVE GAINS
    IN PROCESSOR SPEED

    View Slide

  200. WE OBTAIN MASSIVE
    DECREASES IN DATA
    STORAGE COSTS
    Kryder’s
    Law
    !

    View Slide

  201. AND THEN WE GO NANO …

    View Slide

  202. COMPUTERS
    BECOME
    CONNECTED
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlJku_CSyNg
    THIS IS WHAT MUCH OF THE BLOCKCHAIN
    CONVERSATION SOUNDS LIKE TODAY

    View Slide

  203. AMONG THE TRANSITIONS,
    WE SEEK TO TAKE OUR
    PHYSICAL MARKETPLACES
    AND MOVE THEM INTO THE
    DIGITAL SPHERE …

    View Slide

  204. WE ARE ABLE TO LEVERAGE THE
    INTERNET TO EXPAND COMMERCE BY
    LOWERING THE TRANSACTION COSTS
    ASSOCIATED WITH FINDING BUYERS

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  205. “ TRADITIONAL RETAIL ECONOMICS DICTATE THAT
    STORES ONLY STOCK THE LIKELY HITS, BECAUSE SHELF
    SPACE IS EXPENSIVE. BUT ONLINE RETAILERS (FROM
    A M A Z O N T O I T U N E S ) C A N S T O C K V I R T U A L L Y
    EVERYTHING, AND THE NUMBER OF AVAILABLE NICHE
    PRODUCTS OUTNUMBER THE HITS BY SEVERAL ORDERS
    OF MAGNITUDE. THOSE MILLIONS OF NICHES ARE THE
    LONG TAIL, WHICH HAD BEEN LARGELY NEGLECTED
    UNTIL RECENTLY IN FAVOR OF THE SHORT HEAD OF
    HITS.”

    View Slide

  206. BUT TO DO SO WE HAD TO GRAFT
    OUR ANALOG INSTITUTIONS FOR
    AN ONLINE DIGITAL WORLD …

    View Slide

  207. View Slide

  208. COMPUTATIONAL
    ERA

    View Slide

  209. THE WORLD ECONOMIC
    FORUM CALLS THIS THE
    ‘FOURTH INDUSTRIAL
    REVOLUTION’

    View Slide

  210. View Slide

  211. WE WOULD CALL IT THE
    COMPUTATIONAL AGE …

    View Slide

  212. IN OTHER WORDS, THIS IS
    NO LONGER THE DIGITAL
    AGE BUT RATHER THE EARLY
    COMPUTATIONAL AGE

    View Slide

  213. TELEGRAPH
    TELEPHONES
    INTERNET
    LONG TAIL COMMERCE
    (MERCHANT LAW TAKE 2)
    CRYPTO
    INFRASTRUCTURE
    ANALOG
    ERA
    DIGITAL
    ERA
    COMPUTATIONAL
    ERA
    INTERNET
    OF THINGS
    FIAT
    CURRENCY
    EARLY
    COMPUTERS
    GLOBALIZATION
    PERSONAL
    COMPUTERS
    ARTIFICIAL
    INTELLIGENCE
    AUTOMOBILE
    CREDIT
    CARDS
    CHARGE
    CARDS

    View Slide

  214. INDEED HERE IS
    THE KATZ,
    BOMMARITO +
    ZELNER BLOG
    WHICH HAS BEEN
    RUN SINCE 2009
    (FEEL FREE TO SET
    THIS AS YOUR
    HOMEPAGE)
    HTTPS://COMPUTATIONALLEGALSTUDIES.COM/

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  215. SOME OF THE
    EMERGING ELEMENTS
    (INCLUDING COMBINATIONS THEREOF)

    View Slide

  216. CRYPTO
    INFRASTRUCTURE
    INTERNET
    OF THINGS
    ARTIFICIAL
    INTELLIGENCE
    +
    +
    ETC.
    +
    { }

    View Slide

  217. View Slide

  218. OF COURSE THERE IS
    A SENSE IN WHICH
    THE LAW / LEGAL
    INSTITUTIONS
    ARE ALREADY
    ‘COMPUTATIONAL’

    View Slide

  219. NAMELY, YOU CAN
    THINK OF EVERY
    INDIVIDUAL AND/OR
    PROCESS AS A FORM OF
    COMPUTATION …

    View Slide

  220. INDEED THERE ARE VIEWS AT
    THE BOUNDARY OF PHYSICS
    AND PHILOSOPHY WHICH
    EXPLORE THE NOTION OF
    ‘UNIVERSAL COMPUTATION’

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  221. View Slide

  222. “ …. The third interpretation, which of course is
    more controversial, arises if we imagine that the
    universe is itself a computer and that what it's
    doing is performing a computation. If this is the
    case, these numbers say how big that
    computation is — how many ops have been
    performed on how many bits within the horizon
    since the universe began. That, of course, is
    more controversial, and since publishing this
    paper I've received what is charitably described
    as "hate mail" from famous scientists.”
    https://www.edge.org/conversation/seth_lloyd-the-computational-universe
    Seth Lloyd, MIT Physics
    Interview on Edge.org

    View Slide

  223. View Slide

  224. OUTSIDE OF THE CONTEXT
    OF BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS …
    MOST INSTITUTIONS
    PERFORM WHAT MIGHT BE
    CALLED COMPUTATION

    View Slide

  225. ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE
    BEEN GUIDED BY OR
    CONSTRAINED BY RULES
    (NORMS AS WELL) …

    View Slide

  226. THE RISE OF
    COMPUTATIONAL AGE
    IS IN PART ABOUT
    RECONSIDERING THE
    ROLE OF HUMAN
    CENTRIC EXPERTISE …

    View Slide

  227. AND PERHAPS THE
    IMPLEMENTATION OF
    VARIOUS RULES …

    View Slide

  228. View Slide

  229. SO I VIEW THIS AS THE
    BROAD ARC HERE …

    View Slide

  230. COMPUTATIONAL
    Chaos +
    Complexity
    Process +
    Predictability
    Reinvention +
    Value Creation
    ANALOG
    DIGITAL

    View Slide

  231. SO HOW LAW WILL FIT IT ?

    View Slide

  232. THERE IS AT LEAST TWO
    DIMENSIONS TO THIS …

    View Slide

  233. HOW COMPUTATIONAL
    METHODS MIGHT ASSIST
    EXISTING SYSTEMS?
    HOW LAW MIGHT BE
    IMPLEMENTED IN NEW
    COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS?

    View Slide

  234. I WOULD DIFFERENTIATE
    COMPUTATIONAL METHODS
    FROM OTHER QUANT
    METHODS IF THEY
    ORIGINATE IN COMP SCI

    View Slide

  235. PROGRAMMING
    LANGUAGES
    MACHINE LEARNING
    NATURAL LANGUAGE
    PROCESSING
    NETWORK SCIENCE
    EXAMPLES

    View Slide

  236. View Slide

  237. SOME USE CASES
    [Analog, Digital, Computational]

    View Slide

  238. I WILL DISCUSS A
    FEW EXAMPLES OF
    USE CASES WHERE
    COMPUTATION IS
    OR COULD BE
    INCREASINGLY
    BROUGHT TO BEAR

    View Slide

  239. THESE ARE
    EXAMPLES COVER
    BOTH PRIVATE &
    PUBLIC LAW

    View Slide

  240. AND ARE EITHER
    DESCRIPTIVE
    EXERCISES OR
    FOCUSED ON
    IMPLEMENTATION

    View Slide

  241. View Slide

  242. (1)
    CONTRACTS /
    TRANSACTIONS

    View Slide

  243. View Slide

  244. WHAT IS A
    CONTRACT ?

    View Slide

  245. A WAY FOR LAWYERS TO
    MAKE MONEY ***
    NEGOTIATING OVER EPSILON

    View Slide

  246. HEY LISTEN — I KID … :) **

    View Slide

  247. A CONTRACT IS A PROMISE
    OR A SET OF PROMISES FOR
    THE BREACH OF WHICH THE
    LAW GIVES A REMEDY, OR THE
    PERFORMANCE OF WHICH
    THE LAW IN SOME WAY
    RECOGNIZES AS A DUTY.
    RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 1

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  248. 1L LAW SCHOOL
    CONTRACTS
    BIG THEMES /IDEAS
    OFFER
    ACCEPTANCE
    CONSIDERATION
    DURESS
    FRAUD
    CAPACITY
    PUBLIC POLICY
    UNCONSCIONABILITY

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  249. ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS
    INCOMPLETE
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)
    INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
    (SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
    INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)

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  250. INCOMPLETE
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)
    INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
    (SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
    INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)
    ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS

    View Slide

  251. PARTIES CAN REACH A
    WIDE RANGE OF
    ARRANGEMENTS OTHER
    THAN THOSE *NOT*
    PERMITTED BY LAW

    View Slide

  252. INCOMPLETE
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)
    INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
    (SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
    INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)
    ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS

    View Slide

  253. THERE IS A LONG STANDING
    INCOMPLETENESS PROBLEM
    ‘CONTRACTS CANNOT SPECIFY
    WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN EVERY
    POSSIBLE CONTINGENCY’
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_contracts

    View Slide

  254. THERE IS A LONG STANDING
    INCOMPLETENESS PROBLEM

    View Slide

  255. THIS IS IN A SENSE BOTH A
    BENEFIT AND A LIMIT

    View Slide

  256. INCOMPLETE
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)
    INFINITELY CUSTOMIZABLE
    (SUBJECT TO OTHER LEGAL LIMITS)
    INTERACTS WITH DEFAULT RULES
    (BOTH GOOD/BAD)
    ANALOG CONTRACT BENEFITS

    View Slide

  257. CONTRACTS EXIST
    RELATIVE TO THE
    BACKGROUND
    LEGAL RULES
    (DEFAULT RULES)

    View Slide

  258. View Slide

  259. ANALOG CONTRACT LIMITS
    SUBJECT TO INTERPRETATION
    (PROBLEM NEVER GOES AWAY TOTALLY)
    EXPENSIVE TO DRAFT
    (CLAUSE BANKS, TEMPLATES DO REDUCE COSTS)
    RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
    (TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)

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  260. TENDENCY TO
    CONVERGE ON
    TERMS WHICH HAVE
    BEEN INTERPRETED
    OR TO LEAVE TERMS
    ALONE THAT HAVE
    SEEMED TO WORK

    View Slide

  261. NOTE — IN THEORY,
    WE COULD AGREE
    TO AN INTERPRETER
    (INCLUDING A
    MACHINE OR
    ALGORITHM AS
    INTERPRETER)

    View Slide

  262. ANALOG CONTRACT LIMITS
    SUBJECT TO INTERPRETATION
    (PROBLEM NEVER GOES AWAY TOTALLY)
    EXPENSIVE TO DRAFT
    (CLAUSE BANKS, TEMPLATES DO REDUCE COSTS)
    RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
    (TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)

    View Slide

  263. CLAUSE BANKS,
    TEMPLATES AND
    OTHER
    STREAMLINING
    METHODS CAN BE
    USED TO REDUCE
    COSTS

    View Slide

  264. ANALOG CONTRACT LIMITS
    SUBJECT TO INTERPRETATION
    (PROBLEM NEVER GOES AWAY TOTALLY)
    EXPENSIVE TO DRAFT
    (CLAUSE BANKS, TEMPLATES DO REDUCE COSTS)
    RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
    (TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)

    View Slide

  265. RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
    (TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)
    WE WILL COME
    BACK TO THIS IN A
    MOMENT

    View Slide

  266. View Slide

  267. THE
    CONTRACT
    LIFECYCLE

    View Slide

  268. STARTING
    EARLY IN THE
    CONTRACT
    LIFECYCLE

    View Slide

  269. WE HAVE DIGITIZED
    CONTRACTS IN THE
    SENSE THAT THEY ARE
    BORN VIA COMPUTERS

    View Slide

  270. BUT IN A COMMERCIAL
    CONTEXT CONTRACTS
    ARE NOT ALWAYS
    TAKE IT OR LEAVE IT

    View Slide

  271. INSTEAD THEY ARE THE
    BY PRODUCT OF
    NEGOTIATION
    BETWEEN PARTIES
    (AND THEIR LAWYERS)

    View Slide

  272. ON THE PATH TO AGREEMENT
    THEY CAN TRADE DRAFTS
    BACK AND FORTH …

    View Slide

  273. AND WHAT IS THE
    PURPOSE OF THE
    NEGOTIATION?

    View Slide

  274. LETS CALL IT
    ‘RISK TRANSFER
    TENNIS’
    15-LOVE

    View Slide

  275. TRADITIONALLY
    HUMAN REASONERS
    (LAWYERS) ARE THE
    COMPUTERS OF
    LEGAL RISKS

    View Slide

  276. BUT MANY
    ORGANIZATION
    PROVIDE (ANALOG)
    ASSISTANCE TO
    GUARDRAIL THIS
    PROCESS

    View Slide

  277. SO WHAT IS IT THAT IS
    PROVIDED TO GUIDE
    THESE HUMANS IN
    THEIR COMPUTATION?

    View Slide

  278. CONTRACT PLAYBOOKS

    View Slide

  279. WHAT IS A
    CONTRACT
    PLAYBOOK ?

    View Slide

  280. MIXTURE OF
    RULES AND DATA
    REGARDING HOW TO
    NEGOTIATE AN
    AGREEMENT

    View Slide

  281. BUT WHAT IF WE WANT
    TO IMPLEMENT A
    COMPUTATIONAL
    VERSION OF THIS IDEA

    View Slide

  282. WE WOULD NEED
    DATA EXHAUST

    View Slide

  283. AND WHERE IS THE DATA
    EXHAUST FROM THIS
    NEGOTIATION PROCESS ?

    View Slide

  284. MS WORD AND EMAIL ARE
    OFTEN THE CONTRACT
    NEGOTIATION PLATFORMS

    View Slide

  285. SO THE FRONTIER HERE IS

    View Slide

  286. Need to
    connect
    ‘moves’ to
    language
    CONTRACT ALPHAGO ?

    View Slide

  287. Self Negotiation
    Legal Turing Test ?
    (Remember we can and
    should still have humans
    audit the results)

    View Slide

  288. GOING TO TAKE YOU IN
    THE DIRECTION OF
    NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
    +
    REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
    +
    RULES ENGINE

    View Slide

  289. View Slide

  290. CONTRACTS

    View Slide

  291. WHAT ARE SOME
    EXAMPLES OF DATA
    IN CONTRACTS ?

    View Slide

  292. TOKENS
    CLAUSES
    DEFINITIONS

    View Slide

  293. PARTIES
    COUNTERPARTIES
    3RD PARTIES
    GEOPOLITICAL ENTITIES
    OTHER NAMED ENTITIES

    View Slide

  294. LATENT OR EXPLICIT
    ENTAILMENT
    (GRAPH DATA)
    BOTH WITHIN A DOCUMENT
    AND ACROSS DOCUMENTS

    View Slide

  295. View Slide

  296. BUT CONTRACTS ARE
    OBVIOUSLY MORE
    THAN JUST DATA …

    View Slide

  297. CONTRACTS SPECIFY
    A HIGHER ORDER
    RANGE OF
    RELATIONSHIPS
    BETWEEN ENTITIES

    View Slide

  298. CONTRACTS
    FEATURE
    DATA,
    RULES,
    REFERENCES,
    COMPUTATIONS,
    OBLIGATIONS,
    ETC.

    View Slide

  299. CONTRACTS WANT TO
    BE COMPUTABLE …

    View Slide

  300. BECAUSE CONTRACTS
    ARE ALREADY
    (PARTIALLY)
    COMPUTABLE …

    View Slide

  301. View Slide

  302. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm

    View Slide

  303. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm

    View Slide

  304. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm

    View Slide

  305. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
    this clause calls for a computation

    View Slide

  306. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
    this clause is also an obligation

    View Slide

  307. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599947/000156761917002200/s001920x1_ex10-1.htm
    but …
    it requires both internal
    and external data

    View Slide

  308. View Slide

  309. https://www.bls.gov/cpi/
    Notice the combo of
    rules and data here

    View Slide

  310. https://www.bls.gov/cpi/
    The explicit rules are the computations called for in the
    text
    The implicit rules are the ones that the human reasoner
    used to ‘entail’ or link the passages of text (internal to
    document) as well as recognize that the CPI was a ‘named
    entity’ external to the document

    View Slide

  311. View Slide

  312. CONTRACTS WANT TO
    BE COMPUTABLE …

    View Slide

  313. CONTRACTS WANT TO
    BE ABLE TO PUSH AND
    PULL DATA ….
    stored
    legal
    work
    product

    View Slide

  314. View Slide

  315. WHAT IS LIBOR ?

    View Slide

  316. THERE WAS A
    LIBOR
    MANIPULATION
    SCANDAL
    THE RATE IS
    GOING TO
    SUNSET

    View Slide

  317. $200 - 400 TRILLION OF
    NOTIONAL VALUE IS TIED
    TO THE LIBOR RATE

    View Slide

  318. 46

    View Slide

  319. IF CONTRACTS
    WERE
    STRUCTURED DATA
    OBJECTS THEN
    THINGS LIKE THIS
    WOULD NOT BE SO
    DIFFICULT …

    View Slide

  320. r-bank%Offered%Rate%is%the%
    st%rates%es9mated%by%each%
    nks%in%London%that%it%would%
    it%to%borrow%from%other%
    y%abbreviated%to%LIBOR,%or%
    %ICE%LIBOR%(for%
    Exchange%Libor).”%
    t%is%LIBOR?%

    View Slide

  321. “EY estimates that EACH bank will need
    to spend $300m+ over the next three
    years …"

    View Slide

  322. https://www.artificiallawyer.com/2022/02/10/how-elevate-
    worked-with-clifford-chance-on-its-libor-project/

    View Slide

  323. UP NEXT IT IS
    TIME FOR SOFR

    View Slide

  324. View Slide

  325. AS WE HAVE ARRIVED TO
    THE ‘DIGITAL ERA’ AND PUT
    THINGS ONLINE WE OFTEN
    DID LITTLE TO RETHINK THE
    UNDERLYING EXERCISE …

    View Slide

  326. FOR EXAMPLE,
    EVEN TODAY
    CONTRACTS ARE
    ANALOG OBJECTS
    STORED IN A
    DIGITAL MEDIUM

    View Slide

  327. CHAOS +
    COMPLEXITY

    View Slide

  328. CHAOS +
    COMPLEXITY
    PROCESS +
    PREDICTABILITY

    View Slide

  329. Contract Management Dashboard
    Open Contracts for Review
    150 11.7%
    compared to 170 this time last year
    Contracts by Type
    NDA’s
    Master
    Service
    Agreements
    Contracts Reviewed (YTD)
    1798 9.3.%
    compared to 1983 this time last year
    Inputed Risk Mitigated
    $6.4M 30.0%
    compared to $5M this time last year
    Average Cycle Time (YTD)
    19 days 26.7%
    compared to 15 days last year
    Total Value of All Contracts
    $600.2M 29.6%
    compared to $500M this time last year
    Software
    Licenses
    Sales
    Agreements
    602
    426
    246
    312
    Global Filters
    from 01/01/2017
    Status
    to 12/31/2017
    Practice
    Matter Type
    0
    7
    13
    20
    26
    JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
    Average Contract Cycle Time
    Agreement Name Agreement Type Days Since Receipt
    Division
    Contracts by Complexity
    Low Medium High
    48%
    37%
    15%
    Contracts Awaiting Review
    NDA
    Software License
    NDA
    Sales Agreement
    MSA
    John Smith HR Packet
    MS
    Jane Jones HR Packet
    Widget Agreement
    Acme Services
    HR
    IT
    HR
    Sales Team
    IT
    3
    29
    8
    37
    56

    View Slide

  330. BUT WHAT ABOUT A
    MORE VALUABLE
    VERSION OF THE
    DRAFTING EXERCISE ?

    View Slide

  331. INSURANCE
    CONTRACT
    CONTINGENCY
    STORED ON
    BLOCKCHAIN
    RAW SENSOR
    DATA
    (PRIVATE OR PUBLIC)
    PREPROCESSED
    AND SERVED UP
    AI BOT
    REGULARLY
    CHECK FOR
    CONTINGENCY
    SATISFACTION
    IF CONTINGENCY
    IS SATISFIED INITIATE
    PAYMENT OR START
    AUDIT PROTOCOL OR
    PROCEED TO FINAL
    HUMAN APPROVAL

    View Slide

  332. View Slide

  333. THE LATE STAGE OF THE
    CONTRACT LIFECYCLE

    View Slide

  334. View Slide

  335. IN AN INSTITUTIONAL
    ENVIRONMENT NEED TO
    BE TRANSLATED INTO
    POLICIES
    PROCEDURES

    View Slide

  336. AS NOTED EARLIER
    ANALOG CONTRACTS
    FEATURE
    {RULES, OBLIGATIONS}

    View Slide

  337. RIGHTS / OBLIGATIONS MGMT.
    (TRANSLATIONAL MAPPING EXERCISE)

    View Slide

  338. HOW ARE THESE
    RIGHTS /
    OBLIGATIONS
    MANAGED POST
    EXECUTION ?

    View Slide

  339. WHICH ARE OVERSEEN
    BY FORMAL SYSTEMS
    CONTROLS
    REPORTING

    View Slide

  340. OFTEN LEVERAGING
    AUDITING
    COMPLIANCE

    View Slide

  341. EXAMPLE:
    WE AGREE TO DELETE
    YOUR DATA WITHIN
    24 MONTHS OF THE
    TERMINATION OF
    THIS AGREEMENT
    POLICIES
    PROCEDURES
    CONTROLS
    REPORTING
    AUDITING
    COMPLIANCE

    View Slide

  342. View Slide

  343. (2)
    DISPUTE
    RESOLUTION

    View Slide

  344. RICHARD SUSSKIND
    HIGHLIGHTS THIS
    QUESTION OF THE
    COURT AS PLACE OR
    COURT AS A SERVICE

    View Slide

  345. AT LEAST AS IT PERTAINS
    TO COMMERCIAL COURTS —
    THEY ARE A SERVICE

    View Slide

  346. DISPUTE RESOLUTION
    AS A SERVICE
    #DRAAS

    View Slide

  347. S O M E CO U N T R I E S
    U N D E R STA N D T H I S
    A S PA RT O F T H E I R
    I N D U ST R I A L
    ST R AT E GY …

    View Slide

  348. https://www.ft.com/content/e2e3c1e2-1e5c-4341-9901-d45aad16ab7b
    “There is another platform which sits hidden within nearly every
    piece of infrastructure in the UK economy — and many beyond
    our borders. It is called English law.
    English law is an asset of enormous value. It
    underpins the UK’s place at the heart of a number of
    global markets, among them those for derivatives,
    commodities, energy and trade finance. English law is
    selected because it is trusted to deal with complex outcomes in
    a fair manner; this trust is taken for granted.”

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  349. “Due to the globalisation and digitisation of business
    models, an increasing proportion of transactions and
    contracts are now internationally mobile—i.e. their
    governing law and the jurisdiction to which they are
    subject are chosen by those transacting based on their
    attractiveness to those parties.
    Historically, English law has been a popular
    choice of governing law for many types of
    internationally mobile transactions. In 2019, it
    governed around £250bn of global mergers and
    acquisitions, and 40% of global corporate
    arbitrations.
    The most successful platforms of the 21st century have
    been digital platforms, and their value is directly
    related to the size of their user base. However,
    English law suffers from a market failure
    known as the free-rider problem where no
    entity acts as the ‘platform operator’ to grow
    the user base of English law and maximise
    the benefits. Such a ‘platform operator’ should
    invest in growing the user base and consider how to
    monetise the value of the platform. This can be
    delivered through a combination of technological,
    judicial, professional and industry expertise, alongside
    government involvement.”

    View Slide

  350. https://www.difccourts.ae/
    “The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC)
    is designed to be a financial free zone offering a
    unique, independent legal and regulatory framework
    in order to create an environment for growth,
    progress and economic development in the UAE
    and the wider region.”

    View Slide

  351. S I N G A P O R E A S A G LO B A L H U B
    F O R A R B I T R AT I O N
    http://www.arbitration.qmul.ac.uk/research/2018/
    “The 2018 Queen Mary University
    of London and White & Case
    International Arbitration Survey
    ranked Singapore as the third most
    preferred international arbitration
    seat in Asia seat (and 3rd Globally)”

    View Slide

  352. View Slide

  353. BUT FOLLOWING THE
    BROADER THEME …

    View Slide

  354. ANALOG
    DIGITAL
    COMPUTATIONAL
    DISPUTE RESOLUTION
    DESIGNED AND
    IMPLEMENTED AS A
    SOFTWARE PLATFORM
    (WE CAN STILL HAVE HUMAN IN LOOP)
    PAPER RECORDS/DOCS
    IN PERSON PROCESSES
    LIGHTLY STORED CASE METADATA
    DIGITAL DOCS / FILINGS
    VIRTUAL PROCESSES
    ENRICHED OR FULL SCOPE DATA

    View Slide

  355. View Slide

  356. THERE IS A MODERN
    VERSION OF
    LEX MERCATORIA

    View Slide

  357. HOW DO DISTANT STRANGERS PAY
    EACH OTHER VIA THE INTERNET?
    PETER THIEL AND ELON MUSK
    PAYPAL IN 2000

    View Slide

  358. ONLINE COMMERCE REQUIRES
    LOW FRICTION METHOD
    FOR RESOLVING
    DISPUTES
    SECURE
    PAYMENT

    View Slide

  359. View Slide

  360. View Slide

  361. EBAY

    View Slide


  362. (BECAUSE IT COMBINES
    IDEAS FROM THE DIGITAL
    AND COMPUTATIONAL ERA)
    MODRIA COULD BE
    CALLED AN EARLY
    COMPUTATIONAL
    ERA COMPANY

    View Slide

  363. MODRIA WAS
    RECENTLY SOLD TO
    TYLER TECH
    https://www.tylertech.com/solutions-products/modria

    View Slide


  364. TYLER TECH IS THE
    LARGEST PLAYER IN
    COURT INFORMATION
    TECHNOLOGY SPHERE
    https://www.tylertech.com/solutions-products/modria

    View Slide

  365. CAN’T WE HAVE
    MORE SCALABLE
    VERSION OF THE
    JUSTICE SYSTEM?

    View Slide

  366. CAN WE USE
    VASTLY
    ALTERNATIVE
    DELIVERY MODELS?

    View Slide

  367. FIRST WE WILL
    GET CHATBOTS …

    View Slide

  368. View Slide

  369. ?
    Meet Ellie a Virtual Therapist developed at USC
    THE FIRST TRUE ROBOT
    LAWYER/JUDGE

    View Slide

  370. View Slide

  371. THE ACADEMIC
    COMMUNITY NEEDS TO
    PLAY A *CONSTRUCTIVE*
    ROLE IN HELPING
    IMPLEMENT SUCH SYSTEMS

    View Slide

  372. BECAUSE CRITIQUES ARE EASY
    TO LODGE BUT THEN YOU
    SIMPLY LEAVE THE STATUS
    QUO WHERE MOST ARE PRICED
    OUT OF JUSTICE SYSTEM

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  373. View Slide

  374. (3)
    EXPLORING
    JUDICIAL
    DECISIONS /
    STATUTORY
    DEVELOPMENT

    View Slide

  375. THESE ARE
    DESCRIPTIVE
    OFFERINGS

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  376. FROM A DATA
    PERSPECTIVE, LAW
    SYSTEMS FEATURE
    SEQUENTIALLY
    PRODUCED
    DOCUMENTS
    FEATURING

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  377. TEXT/LANGUAGE
    CITATIONS
    DOC STRUCTURE
    ETC.

    View Slide

  378. THUS, THERE ARE A VARIETY
    OF MODELING OR
    REPRESENTATIONAL CHOICES

    View Slide

  379. View Slide

  380. ( L E G A L ) D O C U M E N T S CA N
    A L S O B E M O D E L E D U S I N G
    N E T WO R K S C I E N C E
    ( A N D / O R N L P )

    View Slide

  381. A L E G A L D O C U M E N T
    E X A M P L E

    View Slide

  382. A L E G A L D O C U M E N T
    E X A M P L E

    View Slide

  383. ST I L L E A R LY STAG E S B U T S U C H
    A P P R OAC H E S H AV E B E E N
    A P P L I E D TO L E G A L DATA
    ( RT ≠ E N D O R S E M E N T )

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  384. J U D I C I A L C I TAT I O N A N A LY S I S
    David G. Post and Michael B. Eisen. "How long is the
    coastline of the law? Thoughts on the fractal nature of
    legal systems." The Journal of Legal Studies 29 (2000):
    545-584.

    View Slide

  385. J U D I C I A L C I TAT I O N A N A LY S I S
    Thomas A. Smith "The web of law."
    San Diego L. Rev. 44 (2007): 309.
    Smith (2007)
    U.S. Supreme Court
    Smith (2007)
    U.S. Law Reviews

    View Slide

  386. J U D I C I A L C I TAT I O N A N A LY S I S
    “In this article we offer a study of how a new
    methodological technique—network analysis—
    can help scholars measure how legally central a
    case is at the Supreme Court.
    James H. Fowler, Timothy R. Johnson, James F. Spriggs II,
    Sangick Jeon, Paul J. Wahlbeck, Network Analysis and the
    Law: Measuring the Legal Importance of Supreme Court
    Precedents, Political Analysis, 15 (3): 324–346 (July 2007)

    View Slide

  387. J U D I C I A L
    C I TAT I O N
    A N A LY S I S
    S I X D E G R E E S O F
    M A R B U R Y V M A D I S O N
    Bommarito II, M. J., Katz, D. M., Zelner, J. L.,
    & Fowler, J. H. (2010). Distance measures
    for dynamic citation networks. Physica A:
    Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,
    389(19), 4201-4208.

    View Slide

  388. By J. B. Ruhl,1 Daniel Martin Katz,2,3
    Michael J. Bommarito II2,3
    Complexity science has spread from its
    origins in the physical sciences into
    biological and social sciences (1). In-
    creasingly, the social sciences frame
    policy problems from the financial
    system to the food system as complex
    adaptive systems (CAS) and urge policy-
    makers to design legal solutions with
    CAS properties in mind. What is often
    poorly recognized in these initiatives
    is that legal systems are also complex
    adaptive systems (2). Just as it seems
    unwise to pursue regulatory measures
    while ignoring known CAS properties
    of the systems targeted for regulation,
    so too might failure to appreciate
    CAS qualities of legal systems yield
    policies founded upon unrealistic as-
    sumptions. Despite a long empirical
    studies tradition in law, there has
    been little use of complexity science.
    With few robust empirical studies of
    legal systems as CAS, researchers are
    left to gesture at seemingly evident
    assertions, with limited scientific sup-
    port. We outline a research agenda to
    help fill this knowledge gap and ad-
    vance practical applications.
    Legal systems exhibit what com-
    plexity scientists identify as hallmark
    elements of CAS (1). The diverse in-
    stitutions (e.g., legislatures, agencies,
    and courts); norms (e.g., due process,
    equality, and fairness); actors (e.g.,
    legislators, bureaucrats, and judges);
    and instruments (e.g., regulations,
    injunctions, and taxes) are intercon-
    nected through stochastic processes
    (e.g., trials, negotiations, and rule-
    makings) with feedback mechanisms
    (e.g., appeals to higher courts and ju-
    dicial review of legislation). These are all em-
    bedded in hierarchical and nonhierarchical
    network architectures (e.g., cross-references
    (e.g., emergence of common-law doctrines
    or codified statutory law). Agents typically
    exercise bounded rationality, have only par-
    tial information, and are able to exercise
    only varying degrees of control on overall
    system behavior (2).
    Efforts to integrate CAS approaches to
    regulated systems may flounder if complex
    adaptive characteristics of the legal system it-
    self are not taken into account. For example,
    although natural-resources policy theorists
    have advocated for a new field of adaptive
    management based on an understanding
    and judicial systems (4). CAS approaches
    can allow modeling of interconnections in
    this system of systems that can be difficult to
    capture in simple models (1). Minor changes
    in network structure may lead to cascade ef-
    fects throughout the systems. By leveraging
    traditional methods, it is difficult to isolate
    instability and systemic risk in other social
    systems from instability and systemic risk in
    the legal system. Regulatory system failure
    was a factor in the 2008 financial crisis (5)
    and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (6).
    THEORY, ANALYSIS, APPLICATION
    Application of informatics and big-data–
    styled research to law offers many potential
    benefits for conventional empirical legal
    studies. The CAS framework is neither an
    extension of nor a replacement for that ap-
    proach but a different way of envisioning
    systems in which agent strategies and sys-
    SCIENCE AND LAW
    Harnessing legal complexity
    Bring tools of complexity science to bear on improving law
    U.S. Supreme Court term
    Percentage of cases contained within giant component
    Giant component (%)
    60
    1805 1810
    1810
    1815 1820
    1820
    1825 1830
    1830
    1835
    50
    40
    30
    20
    10
    0
    United States Supreme Court citation network (1805–1835)
    Cases are represented as nodes, citations between cases as edges. Emergence of a giant [connected] component after
    1815, a hallmark phenomenon in complex systems, represents a transition from jurisprudential reliance on foreign
    to domestic law following the War of 1812 (4). We include all cases that had been cited at least once over the Court’s
    history (1791–2015). For figure code and data, see https://github.com/mjbommar/legal-complexity-science.
    on March 30, 2017
    http://science.sciencemag.org/
    Downloaded from
    J.B. Ruhl, Daniel Martin Katz &
    Michael Bommarito, Harnessing
    Legal Complexity, 355 Science
    1377 (2017)

    View Slide

  389. Katz, et al (2011)
    American Legal Academy
    Katz & Stafford (2010)
    American Federal Judges
    Smith (2007)
    U.S. Supreme Court
    Lupu, et al (2012)
    EU Ct of Human Rights
    Post & Eisen (2000)
    NY Ct of Appeals

    View Slide

  390. T H E R E H AV E B E E N A
    N U M B E R O F E F F O RT S TO
    A P P LY N E T WO R K S C I E N C E
    A P P R OAC H E S TO CO U RT S
    A R O U N D T H E WO R L D . . .

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  391. Lupu, Y., & Voeten, E. (2012). Precedent
    in international courts: A network
    analysis of case citations by the
    European court of human rights.
    British Journal of Political Science,
    42(2), 413-439.

    View Slide

  392. Winkels, R., & de Ruyter, J. Survival of the fittest:
    network analysis of dutch supreme court cases. In
    International Workshop on AI Approaches to the
    Complexity of Legal Systems (pp. 106-115).
    Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. (2011)

    View Slide

  393. Lettieri, N., Faro, S., Malandrino, D., Faggiano, A., & Vestoso,
    M. (2015). Network, Visualization, Analytics. A Tool
    Allowing Legal Scholars to Experimentally Investigate EU
    Case Law. In AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal
    Systems (pp. 543-555). Springer, Cham.

    View Slide

  394. Martin Gelter and Mathias Siems. "Networks, Dialogue or One-
    Way Traffic: An Empirical Analysis of Cross-Citations between
    Ten of Europe's Highest Courts." Utrecht L. Rev. 8 (2012): 88.

    View Slide

  395. Fjelstul, Joshua C. "The evolution of European Union law: A
    new data set on the Acquis Communautaire." European
    Union Politics (2019): 1465116519842947.

    View Slide

  396. Coupette, C. (2019). Juristische Netzwerkforschung:
    Modellierung, Quantifizierung und Visualisierung
    relationaler Daten im Recht. Mohr Siebeck.

    View Slide

  397. A L S O T H E R E I S T H E
    A P P L I CAT I O N O F
    N E T WO R K S C I E N C E TO
    STAT U TO R Y M AT E R I A L S

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  398. H E R E A R E J U ST A F E W O F
    T H E E F F O RT S TO DAT E

    View Slide

  399. Boulet, Romain, Pierre Mazzega, and Daniele
    Bourcier. "A network approach to the French system
    of legal codes—part I: analysis of a dense network."
    Artificial Intelligence and Law 19.4 (2011): 333-355.
    Boulet, Romain, Pierre Mazzega, and Danièle
    Bourcier. "Network approach to the French
    system of legal codes part II: the role of the
    weights in a network." Artificial Intelligence
    and Law 26.1 (2018): 23-47.

    View Slide

  400. View Slide

  401. Koniaris, Marios, Ioannis Anagnostopoulos, and Yannis
    Vassiliou. "Network Analysis in the Legal Domain: A
    complex model for European Union legal sources."
    Journal of Complex Networks 6.2 (2017): 243-268.

    View Slide

  402. M. Bommarito. & D. Katz. A
    Mathematical Approach to the
    Study of the United States Code.
    Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and
    its Applications, 389(19),
    4195-4200 (2010).
    D. Katz & M. Bommarito. Measuring the
    complexity of the law: the United
    States Code. Artificial intelligence and
    law, 22(4), 337-374. (2014)

    View Slide

  403. H E R E W E
    I N V E ST I G AT E D A
    S I N G L E
    S N A P S H OT O F
    T H E 2 0 1 0 CO D E
    I N A N E F F O RT TO
    E X P LO R E I T S
    CO M P L E X I TY

    View Slide

  404. CO R P O R AT I O N S , A N D A N Y CO M M U N I TY C H E ST, F U N D, O R F O U N DAT I O N , O R G A N I Z E D A N D O P E R AT E D E XC LU S I V E LY
    F O R R E L I G I O U S , C H A R I TA B L E , S C I E N T I F I C , T E ST I N G F O R P U B L I C S A F E TY, L I T E R A RY, O R E D U CAT I O N A L P U R P O S E S , O R
    TO F O S T E R N AT I O N A L O R I N T E R N AT I O N A L A M AT E U R S P O R T S C O M P E T I T I O N ( B U T O N LY I F N O PA R T O F I T S
    AC T I V I T I E S I N VO LV E T H E P R OV I S I O N O F AT H L E T I C FAC I L I T I E S O R E Q U I P M E N T ) , O R F O R T H E P R E V E N T I O N O F
    C R U E LTY TO C H I L D R E N O R A N I M A L S , N O PA RT O F T H E N E T E A R N I N G S O F W H I C H I N U R E S TO T H E B E N E F I T O F A N Y
    P R I VAT E S H A R E H O L D E R O R I N D I V I D UA L , N O S U B STA N T I A L PA RT O F T H E AC T I V I T I E S O F W H I C H I S CA R RY I N G O N
    P R O PAG A N DA , O R OT H E R W I S E AT T E M P T I N G , TO I N F LU E N C E L E G I S L AT I O N ( E XC E P T A S OT H E R W I S E P R OV I D E D I N
    S U B S E C T I O N ( H ) ) , A N D W H I C H D O E S N OT PA RT I C I PAT E I N , O R I N T E RV E N E I N ( I N C LU D I N G T H E P U B L I S H I N G O R
    D I ST R I B U T I N G O F STAT E M E N T S ) , A N Y P O L I T I CA L CA M PA I G N O N B E H A L F O F ( O R I N O P P O S I T I O N TO ) A N Y CA N D I DAT E
    F O R P U B L I C O F F I C E .
    E X E M P T I O N F R O M TA X O N
    CO R P O R AT I O N S , C E RTA I N T R U ST S ,
    E TC .
    ( 3 )
    L I ST O F E X E M P T O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
    ( C )
    §   5 0 1
    T I T L E 2 6 I N T E R N A L R E V E N U E CO D E
    PA RT I . G E N E R A L R U L E
    S U B T I T L E A I N CO M E TA X E S
    C H A P T E R 1 . N O R M A L TA X E S A N D S U RTA X E S
    S U B C H A P T E R F. E X E M P T O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
    T E X T UA L CO N T E N T I N
    A H I E R A R C H I CA L T R E E

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  405. C I TAT I O N N E T WO R K
    E X A M P L E :
    TA X E VA S I O N
    T I T L E 2 6 -
    TA X
    C I T E S
    T I T L E 1 8 -
    C R I M E S &
    C R I M I N A L P R O C E D U R E

    View Slide

  406. View Slide

  407. +

    View Slide

  408. M. Bommarito. & D. Katz. A Mathematical Approach to the Study of
    the United States Code. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its
    Applications, 389(19), 4195-4200 (2010).
    +

    View Slide

  409. View Slide

  410. N O W A D D
    T I M E
    DY N A M I C S
    A N D YO U G E T
    A N OT H E R
    P E R S P E C T I V E

    View Slide

  411. DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, CORINNA
    COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF & DIRK
    HARTUNG, COMPLEX SOCIETIES AND THE
    GROWTH OF THE LAW, 10 SCIENTIFIC
    REPORTS 18737 (2020)
    CORINNA COUPETTE, JANIS BECKEDORF,
    DIRK HARTUNG, MICHAEL BOMMARITO, &
    DANIEL MARTIN KATZ, MEASURING LAW
    OVER TIME: A NETWORK ANALYTICAL
    FRAMEWORK WITH AN APPLICATION TO
    STATUTES AND REGULATIONS IN THE
    UNITED STATES AND GERMANY, FRONT.
    PHYS. (2021)

    View Slide

  412. SIGNIFICANT GROWTH IN LAWS AND REGULATIONS

    View Slide

  413. J U D I C I A L
    C I TAT I O N
    N E T WO R K S

    View Slide

  414. Citation Networks
    are Acyclic Digraphs

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  415. Nodes = Cases Decided by the Supreme Court
    Directed Edges = Citations between Cases
    The Supreme Court Citation Network
    Oregon v. Elstad
    470 U.S. 298 (1985)
    Miranda v. U.S.
    384 U.S. 436 (1966)
    TIME
    Dickerson v. U.S.
    530 U.S. 428 (2000)

    View Slide

  416. Views of the SCOTUS Citation Network
    Radial
    Layout
    SCOTUS
    Citation
    Network
    Horizontal
    Layout
    SCOTUS
    Citation
    Network

    View Slide

  417. There has
    Cases Decided by
    the Supreme Court
    Citations in the
    Current Year
    Citations from
    prior years
    watch video at https://vimeo.com/9427420

    View Slide

  418. https://vimeo.com/9427420
    watch video at
    https://vimeo.com/9427420

    View Slide

  419. View Slide

  420. (4)
    IMPLEMENTATION
    OF LAW (AS CODE)

    View Slide

  421. View Slide

  422. THIS IDEA OF
    LAW AS CODE …

    View Slide

  423. THIS IS TRICKY AND
    DETAILED SUBJECT …

    View Slide

  424. THERE IS A
    THEORETICAL
    IDEA OF
    LAW AS CODE

    View Slide

  425. THERE IS A THEORETICAL
    IDEA OF
    LAW AS CODE

    View Slide

  426. THERE IS ALSO THE MORE
    MODEST IDEA OF
    LEVERAGING PRINCIPLES
    FROM PROGRAMMING

    View Slide

  427. BUT EVEN MORE
    COMPELLING IS
    CODE AS LAW
    https://www.slideshare.net/mjbommar/university-
    of-houston-law-and-computation-workshop
    #COMPUTATIONALLAW
    #IMPLEMENTATION
    #ENGINEERING
    (IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIVATE LAW OR PUBLIC LAW)
    MIKE BOMMARITO TALK FROM 2011

    View Slide

  428. View Slide

  429. ALTHOUGH THERE
    HAVE BEEN EFFORTS …

    View Slide

  430. AUTOMATIC
    EMBEDDING OF
    STATUTES HAS
    PROVEN
    CHALLENGING …

    View Slide

  431. BUT SOMEHOW
    SOMEWAY
    ORGANIZATIONS
    HAVE TO INGEST
    LEGAL RULES …

    View Slide

  432. HERE IS THE LEGACY
    APPROACH …
    (SAME WORKFLOW VIA PAPER)

    View Slide

  433. GOVT.
    STATUTE OR
    REGULATION

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  434. GOVT.
    STATUTE OR
    REGULATION
    REVIEWED BY A
    LAWYER WHO
    MIGHT
    PRODUCE A
    MEMO ?

    View Slide

  435. GOVT.
    STATUTE OR
    REGULATION
    REVIEWED BY A
    LAWYER WHO
    MIGHT
    PRODUCE A
    MEMO ?
    MEMO
    TRANSLATED BY
    COMPLIANCE
    OFFICERS TO A
    POLICY /
    PROCEDURE

    View Slide

  436. GOVT.
    STATUTE OR
    REGULATION
    REVIEWED BY A
    LAWYER WHO
    MIGHT
    PRODUCE A
    MEMO ?
    MEMO
    TRANSLATED BY
    COMPLIANCE
    OFFICERS TO A
    POLICY /
    PROCEDURE
    OVERSIGHT /
    REPORTING
    MIGHT FOLLOW
    (TYPICALLY VIA
    SPREADSHEET)
    LAW AS POLICY MANUAL

    View Slide

  437. WHEN THE EXECUTION
    LAYER FOR BUSINESSES WAS
    PEOPLE + NATURAL
    LANGUAGE …

    View Slide

  438. THEN THE UNDER OR
    MISSPECIFICATION OF
    LAW WAS NOT NEARLY
    AS PROBLEMATIC …

    View Slide

  439. View Slide

  440. HERE IS THE LIGHTLY
    DIGITAL APPROACH …

    View Slide

  441. GOVT.
    STATUTE OR
    REGULATION
    REVIEWED
    BY A LAWYER
    WHO MIGHT
    PRODUCE A
    MEMO ?
    MEMO
    TRANSLATED BY
    COMPLIANCE
    OFFICER TO A
    POLICY /
    PROCEDURE
    CONSUMED BY A
    BUSINESS ANALYST
    WHO CREATES
    TECHNICAL
    REQUIREMENTS
    IMPLEMENTED BY
    ENGINEER IN
    SOME SYSTEM
    (AND MONITORED
    VIA REPORTING)
    WE ATTEMPT TO IMPLEMENT LAW
    INTO SOME SYSTEM OF RECORD

    View Slide

  442. PLENTY OF OPPORTUNITY TO
    GET ‘LOST IN TRANSLATION’

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  443. REMEMBER THIS IS FOR A
    *SINGLE* LAW/REGULATION AT
    GIVEN MOMENT OF TIME

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  444. HOWEVER, TIME DOES
    *NOT* STAND STILL

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  445. IN THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT
    LAWS/REGULATIONS CHANGE,
    THEY GROW MORE INTERDEPENDENT
    Daniel Martin Katz, Corinna Coupette, Janis Beckedorf & Dirk Hartung, Complex Societies and the Growth of the Law, 10 Scientific Reports 18737
    (2020) < Nature Research >
    Corinna Coupette, Janis Beckedorf, Dirk Hartung, Michael Bommarito, & Daniel Martin Katz, Measuring Law Over Time: A Network Analytical
    Framework with an Application to Statutes and Regulations in the United States and Germany, 9 Front. Phys. 658463 (2021) < Frontiers in Physics >

    View Slide

  446. WITH EACH *CHANGE* IN
    LAW/REGULATION AND THE
    CYCLE MAY START ANEW …

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  447. BTW HOW DO YOU
    KNOW THERE HAS
    BEEN A CHANGE TO A
    LAW OR REGULATION ?

    View Slide

  448. PARTICULARLY IF YOU
    ARE GLOBAL COMPANY
    OPERATING IN
    JURISDICTIONS
    AROUND THE WORLD

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  449. REQUIRES
    POLICY
    SURVEILLANCE

    View Slide

  450. POLICY
    SURVEILLANCE
    COULD BE EITHER
    ANALOG
    DIGITAL
    COMPUTATIONAL

    View Slide

  451. View Slide

  452. THERE IS INCREASING
    INTEREST IN BOTH THE
    ACADEMIC AND
    COMMERCIAL SPHERE
    IN THESE VERY
    PRACTICAL PROBLEMS

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  453. View Slide

  454. SOME EXAMPLES
    IMPLEMENTATION OF
    CCPA / GDPR BY DESIGN

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  455. MULTI STAKEHOLDER
    PLATFORM WHICH
    ALLOWS ORGANIZATIONS
    TO ENGAGE IN
    REGULATION LIFECYCLE
    MANAGEMENT

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  456. ketch.com

    View Slide

  457. View Slide

  458. HOW WOULD THEY KNOW
    WHICH DATA OBJECTS
    ARE PROBLEMATIC ?

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  459. WHERE DO I GET
    THESE RULE SETS ?

    View Slide

  460. 3RD PARTY MARKETPLACE FOR
    RULE SETS WHICH CAN FUSE
    WITH CLASSIC DATA MODELS
    EXAMPLES
    CONCUR
    MAILCHIMP RULE SET
    RULE SET
    +
    DATA MODEL
    DATA MODEL
    +

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  461. ABILITY TO SELL
    RULESETS HELPS
    *AMORTIZE* THE
    INVESTMENT IN
    RULESET
    DEVELOPMENT

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  462. View Slide

  463. CLOSING STATEMENT

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  464. I THINK WE ARE
    WORKING TO TRY
    TO CONTRIBUTE TO
    THE IMPROVEMENT
    OF THE LAW …

    View Slide

  465. I VIEW THIS PATH
    TOWARD
    COMPUTATIONAL
    LAW AS A GRAND
    ENGINEERING
    EXERCISE

    View Slide

  466. WHERE WE WORK
    TO MAKE MORE
    LAW MORE FIT FOR
    PURPOSE …

    View Slide

  467. TO HELP SOLVE THE
    COMPLEX
    GOVERNANCE
    CHALLENGES OF THE
    21ST CENTURY …

    View Slide

  468. Our Journey and Our Thoughts Circa 2022
    daniel martin katz
    Computational Legal Studies
    blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
    edu | illinois tech - chicago kent law
    lab | TheLawLab.com
    page | DanielMartinKatz.com
    michael j bommarito
    blog | ComputationalLegalStudies.com
    corp | licens.io
    page | linkedin.com/in/bommarito
    lab | TheLawLab.com
    twitter | @computational twitter | @mjbommar

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