Slide 22
Slide 22 text
22
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デザイナーは不要なのか?
厄介な問題とは
Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155‒169.
何が本当の問題なのか、
解決策を考えるまでわからない
There is no definitive formulation of a wicked problem.
「はい、これで完了!」という明確なゴールがない
Wicked problems have no stopping rule.
「正解・不正解」はなく、
「良い(マシ)」か「悪い」かがあるだけ
Solutions to wicked problems are not true-or-false, but good-or-bad.
やってみた結果どうなるか、
すぐには(あるいは永久に)検証できない
There is no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked problem.
「リセットボタン」がない(一発勝負である)
Every solution to a wicked problem is a "one-shot operation"; because there is no
opportunity to learn by trial-and-error, every attempt counts significantly.
選択肢が無限にあって、
「この中から選べばOK」というリストがない
Wicked problems do not have an enumerable (or an exhaustively describable) set of
potential solutions, nor is there a well-described set of permissible operations that
may be incorporated into the plan.
過去の成功事例が通用しない(毎回が「初見プレイ」)
Every wicked problem is essentially unique.
その問題は、
もっと大きな別の問題の「症状」かもしれない
Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another problem.
「何が原因か」の捉え方次第で、
解決策がガラリと変わる
The existence of a discrepancy representing a wicked problem can be explained in
numerous ways. The choice of explanation determines the nature of the problem's
resolution.
失敗しても「ごめん」では済まない
The planner has no right to be wrong.