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A brief overview of
Copyright
Christina Hendricks
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What
Who When
Why Not
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What
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What is copyright?
Allows the holder exclusive rights to:
• Copy, translate, adapt, perform/communicate works
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What can be copyrighted?
No: facts or ideas Yes: Expressions
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What are trademarks, patents?
Also part of IP law, but different from copyright
Trademarks
Prevent uses of words,
symbols, designs by those
other than the holder, to
avoid confusion over the
source of goods or services.
Patents
Protect new inventions for
limited time (e.g., 20 years):
prevent others from making,
using, or selling the
patented item.
See, e.g., Gov’t of Canada on intellectual assets
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Who
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Who holds copyright?
Not always the original creator! They may need to
give up (some of) their rights to publishers or
producers.
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Why
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Why copyright?
Encourage creation & spread of original knowledge &
works, through quid pro quo (something for something)
Creator: financial
incentive to
create & share;
protection of
attribution &
integrity of works
Audience: benefit
of access to works,
often with a fee
and requirement to
attribute & avoid
altering
See Copyright tells the story of his life, and CC Certificate resources unit 2
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Why and who
If the creator doesn’t hold copyright rights but has given
them to publishers/producers, does this complicate
incentive?
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“While many books for example have . . . authors’
names on them, in some cases the authors have
signed away their lifelong right to benefit from the
sale of their work. As a consumer that wants to
support good art, I have no idea what has
transpired behind the scenes, and whether or not
my purchase will matter to the creator very much.
It’s not a very transparent system.”
– Jenni Hayman, discussion board for CC Certificate Course for
Educators, July 2018
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When
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When does copyright start?
Automatic: as soon as a work is fixed in a tangible
medium (including digital)—no registration required.
See the Berne Convention and Innovation, Science, & Economic Dev. Canada
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When does copyright end?
Varies by country . . .
Berne Convention: Life of creator plus 50 years
• Same in Canada
Some countries: Life plus 70 or more
50
70
99
100
75
95
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When Not
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When not: public domain
• Copyright has expired
• Work not copyrightable
○ E.g., in the U.S., works by the U.S.
government
• Work dedicated to public domain
○ E.g., CC0 public domain declaration
• Work not properly registered (rarely
required anymore)
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When not: exceptions &
limitations
Uses of works that are allowed under copyright law
without permission, e.g.,
• Criticism, parody, satire, education
• Fair use or fair dealing (can include
the above)
○ E.g., UBC Copyright office on fair
dealing in Canada
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What about
CC licenses?
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Creative Commons licenses
Not an exception to copyright; these work within
copyright law
• By applying a CC license, the copyright holder
grants others permissions to use the work under
terms designated by the license.
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Thanks!
Except where otherwise noted (see next slide), these
slides are licensed CC BY 4.0, by Christina Hendricks
https://chendricks.org
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Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and shared these
awesome resources:
• Presentation template licensed CC BY by SlidesCarnival
• Most icons purchased with a subscription to The Noun
Project, and thus are not part of the CC BY license applied to
these slides generally.
○ Icons on the top right of slides 1, 2, 4-6, 10-12, 14-15, 17-18, and
22 are from the Slides Carnival template these slides are
based on, and are licensed CC BY to Slides Carnival.