M.Ed. • RE S E AR CH & STATIS TICS POPULATION in Statis tics Concept • Types • Population & Sample • Parameters • Applications Presented by: _____M.B.S RE E DE VI_______________ Institution: NSS Training College, Ottapalam MED 04 – Research and Statistics 

Learning Objectives 02 By the end of the presentation, you should be able to… 01 03 Define Explain the meaning of population in statistics. Differentiate Distinguish population, sample, parameter and statistic. Population in Statistics • MED 04 02 04 Identify Recognize major types and classifications of population. Apply Identify populations in educational research examples. 

Meaning of Population 03 The starting point of a statistical investigation Population In simple words The complete set of individuals, objects, events or observations that share relevant characteristics and about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions. Population = the complete group of interest. Examples • All students in a school • All teachers in Kerala • All M.Ed. students in a university • All schools in a district Population in Statistics • MED 04 

Characteris tics of a Population 04 A good research population should be clearly specified Clearly defined Common characteristics Finite or infinite The boundaries of the population should be stated precisely. Members share characteristics relevant to the study. The population may be countable or theoretically unlimited. Population in Statistics • MED 04 Study-specific Observable / measurable Its definition depends on the purpose and scope of research. Relevant attributes can be identified and measured. 

Types of Population 05 Two fundamental statistical classifications 1 Finite Population A population with a limited and countable number of members. 2 Infinite Population A population that is unlimited or cannot practically be counted completely. • Students in a class • Possible outcomes of repeated trials • Teachers in a school • Continuous production measurements • Books in a library • Theoretical / unending processes Population in Statistics • MED 04 

Target Population, Acces s ible Population & Sample From the broad research universe to the actual participants TAR GE T POPUL ATION All secondary teachers in Kerala Think of it as a narrowing funnel: Population in Statistics • MED 04 → ACCE S S IB L E POPUL ATION Teachers the researcher can realistically reach SAMPL E → Selected teachers who actually participate Broadest group → reachable group → selected participants 06 

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Population vs Sample 09 A key distinction in statistical research Population Sample Entire group Part of the group Usually larger Usually smaller Contains all members Contains selected members May be costly to study fully More practical to study Described by parameters Described by statistics Example: All B.E d. students in Kerala → population | 100 selected students → sample Population in Statistics • MED 04 

Population Parameter 10 A numerical description of the entire population What is a parameter? A numerical value that describes a characteristic of the entire population. Example μ σ P Population Mean Population Standard Deviation Population Proportion Average value of the entire population. Measures population spread or variability. Ratio with a particular characteristic. If the average age of all teachers in a school is 35 years, then 35 is a population parameter (μ). Population → Parameter (μ, σ, P) Population in Statistics • MED 04 | Sample → Statistic (x̄, s, p) 

Population in Educational Res earch Identifying the population from the research question 1 2 3 Study habits of higher secondary students in Kerala → All higher secondary students in Kerala Job satisfaction among teachers in Malappuram district → All teachers in Malappuram district Digital learning practices of M.Ed. students → All M.Ed. students within the defined study setting Tip: Ask “Who or what do I want my findings to describe?” Population in Statistics • MED 04 11 

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Quick Recap 13 Five points to remember 1 Population is the complete group of interest. 2 It can be finite or infinite. 3 Target and accessible populations define the scope of a study. 4 A sample is a selected part of the population. 5 Population characteristics are expressed through parameters. Population = the foundation of statistical generalization. Population in Statistics • MED 04 

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Conclus ion A well-defined population is the foundation of a well-designed research study. DEFINE SE L E CT INFER Identify the complete group of interest. Choose a suitable sample when a census is not practical. Use sample evidence to understand the defined population. Thank You Questions / Discussion