イーサリアムのデータ構造

by Masashi Salvador Mitsuzawa

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ΠʔαϦΞϜͷσʔλߏ଄ !NPPOUZTBM CMPDLDIBJOUPLZP

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1SPpMF!NPPOUZTBM 4PGUXBSF&OHJOFFS!(VOPTZ -PWF(P5ZQF4DSJQU4XJGU$SZTUBM,PUMJO )PCCZόοΫΧϯτϦʔܢྲྀ௼Γࢁ

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ϞνϕʔγϣϯΠʔαϦΞϜͷʮঢ়ଶʯͷ΋ͪํΛ۷ΓԼ͛ͯσʔλߏ଄Λཧղ͢Δ &UIFSFVNঢ়ଶػցͳͷ͔ͩΒঢ়ଶͷ·ΘΓΛ۷͍͚ͬͯ͹ཧղ͕ਂ·ΔͷͰ͸ Ͳͷঢ়ଶΛʮͲ͜ʹʯͲͷΑ͏ͳϑΥʔϚοτͰ͍࣋ͬͯΔ͔ ͲͷΑ͏ͳΞϧΰϦζϜ͕ར༻͞Ε͍ͯΔ͔ ͋ΘΑ͘͹.FSLMF1SPPGΛࣗ෼Ͱܭࢉ͍ͯ͘͠ͱཧղͰ͖ΔͷͰ͸ʁ CJUDPJOΛཧղ͢Δͱ͖ʹ৭ʑखܭࢉͨ͠Β͸͔ͲͬͨͷͰ ݪମݧʣ

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ঢ়ଶػցͱͯ͠ͷΠʔαϦΞϜ ͋Δ࣌఺Uͷঢ়ଶМ U ͔Βɺ࣍ͷঢ়ଶМ U ΁ɺτϥϯβΫγϣϯʹΑͬͯભҠ͢Δ Ethereum, taken as a whole, can be viewed as a transaction-based state machine [Ethereum Yellow Paper]

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ঢ়ଶػցͱͯ͠ͷΠʔαϦΞϜϒϩοΫੜ੒ʹΑΔঢ়ଶભҠͷੵΈॏͶ τϥϯβΫγϣϯ͸ରԠ͢ΔݸʑͷΞΧ΢ϯτͷঢ়ଶΛมԽͤ͞Δ ωοτϫʔΫ͸τϥϯβΫγϣϯΛूΊɺঝೝͯ͠ϒϩοΫΛੜ੒͢Δ Ethereum, taken as a whole, can be viewed as a transaction-based state machine [Ethereum Yellow Paper] ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ ʜʜʜ

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The world state (state), is a mapping between addresses (160-bit identifiers) and account states (a data structure serialised as RLP,..) [Ethereum Yellow Paper Chapter 4] XPSMETUBUF͸ΞυϨεͱঢ়ଶͷϚοϐϯάͰද͞ΕΔ ΞυϨε͕Ωʔ ঢ়ଶ͕஋ 3-1Τϯίʔυ͞Ε͍ͯΔ ࢒ߴ /PODF $PEFIBTI 4UBUF3PPU Y%%"&#G&#$$#'EBD% YCEDCCDEECD YFDEFDBEFGBDFG )"4) 4UPSBHF5SJF3PPU )"4) lz < )"4) ʜ )"4) lz > YGEʜʜCCGBEEB

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Though not stored on the blockchain, it is assumed that the implementation will maintain this mapping in a modified Merkle Patricia tree [Ethereum Yellow Paper Chapter 4] Ϛοϐϯά͸ϚʔΫϧύτϦγΞ໦ͱͯ͠อଘ͞ΕΔ LFZWBMVFͰঢ়ଶΛอଘ͢ΔͨΊͷσʔλߏ଄ ޮ཰తͳΩʔ୳ࡧ CJUDPJOͰ΋͓ͳ͡ΈͷϚʔΫϧπϦʔ .FSLMF5SFF.FSLMF1SPPG W W W W I W I W I W I W I I W I W I I W I W I ʜ / W W W I W I W I W I O I I O I W I I W I W I ʜ @OFX ϦʔϑϊʔυͷϋογϡΛ఻೻ͤࠜ͞ϊʔυͷϋογϡΛ࡞Δ ༿ͷ஋Λมߋ͢Δͱࠜϊʔυͷϋογϡ͕มΘΔ ໦શମΛ஌Βͳͯ͘΋༿ͷ஋ͷଘࡏΛ͔֬ΊΒΕΔ

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ΠʔαϦΞϜͷXPSMETUBUFͷભҠશମ૾ϒϩοΫϔομ !)FBEFS 4UBUF5SJF 5SBOTBDUJPO5SJF 3FDFJQUT5SJF 4USPSBHF5SJF

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ΠʔαϦΞϜͷXPSMETUBUFͷભҠશମ૾4UBUFͱ4UPSBHF 4UBUF5SJF "DDPVOU4UPSBHF PVUPG&7. ,FZ LFZ CJU WBMVF CJU ,FZ ,FZ 7BMVF 7BMVF 7BMVF ,FZ LFZ CJU WBMVF CJU ,FZ ,FZ 7BMVF 7BMVF 7BMVF ,FZ LFZ CJU WBMVF CJU ,FZ ,FZ 7BMVF 7BMVF 7BMVF )BTI ʜ

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ΠʔαϦΞϜͷσʔλߏ଄ͷཁॴ .FSLMF1BUSJDJB5SFF )1&ODPEJOH 3-1&ODPEJOH σʔλछผ͝ͱʹ໦͕͋Δ ֊૚ߏ଄͕͋Δ Y%%"&#G&#$$#'EBD% YCEDCCDEECD )"4) 4UPSBHF5SJF3PPU )"4) lz < )"4) ʜ )"4) lz > *NQMFNFOUFEJO"1BUSJDJB5SJF

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1BUSJDJB5SJF5SJF τϥΠ໦ʣ 3FUSJFWBM ૝ىʣ͕ޠݯ lEPHz lEPHFz lEPOF lDBUz lDBQz จࣈྻݕࡧʹద͍ͯ͠Δ จࣈྻ௕NɺσʔλαΠζ/ʹର͠ 0 N WTೋ෼୳ࡧ໦0 MPH/ จࣈྻू߹ τϥΠ໦Ͱͷදݱ ͭͷϊʔυ͸֤จࣈΛද͢ ϊʔυ͸֤จࣈͷ෼͚ͩࢠϊʔυ΁ͷϙΠϯλΛ࣋ͭ ࢠϊʔυ͕ͳ͍৔߹͸/6--΁ͷϙΠϯλΛ࣋ͭ ಛ௃ ϝϞϦ࢖༻ྔ͕ଟ͍Lจࣈ࢖༻͢Δͱͯ͠ ʙ Ωʔͷ௕͕͞ҰఆͳΒ͹0 E D P H F O F B U Q Lจࣈ࢖༻͢Δͱ͖NMPH@L/ ୯७ൺֱͰ͖ͳ͍

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5SJF͔Β1BUSJDJB5SJF΁ 5SJFͷϝϞϦফඅྔͷ໰୊ʹରॲ ࢠϊʔυ͕͔ͭ͠ͳ͍ϊʔυΛࢠͱϚʔδ 1SBDUJDBM"MHPSJUINUP3FUSJFWF*OGPSNBUJPO$PEFEJO"MQIBOVNFSJDΒ͍͠ σʔλͷૢ࡞ίετͳͲ͸τϥΠ໦ͱಉ͡Φʔμ E D P H F O F B U Q EP DB H F O F U Q EP DB HF OF U Q τϥΠ໦ ύτϦγΞ໦

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&UIFSFVNʹ͓͚ΔA.PEJpFEA.FSLMF1BUSJDJB5SJF छྨͷϊʔυ EP DB HF OF U Q ύτϦγΞ໦ EP DB HF OF U Q ʹ CSBODI FYUFOTJPO MFBG /6-- -FBG &YUFOTJPO #SBODI

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&UIFSFVNʹ͓͚ΔA.PEJpFEA.FSLMF1BUSJDJB5SJF छྨͷϊʔυ /6-- -FBG &YUFOTJPO #SBODI

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&UIFSFVNʹ͓͚ΔA.PEJpFEA.FSLMF1BUSJDJB5SJF छྨͷϊʔυ /6-- -FBG ຤୺ͷϊʔυ஋Λ࣋ͭ &YUFOTJPO #SBODI

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&UIFSFVNʹ͓͚ΔA.PEJpFEA.FSLMF1BUSJDJB5SJF छྨͷϊʔυ /6-- -FBG &YUFOTJPO ࢠΛ͔ͭ࣋ͨ͠ͳ͍ϊʔυͷ·ͱ·Γ #SBODI

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&UIFSFVNʹ͓͚ΔA.PEJpFEA.FSLMF1BUSJDJB5SJF छྨͷϊʔυ /6-- -FBG &YUFOTJPO #SBODI ࢬ෼͔Ε

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4USPSBHFʹอଘ͞Ε͍ͯΔঢ়ଶΛΛ֞ؒݟΔ MFWFM%#͔ΒҾͬ͜ൈ͍ͯ΋͍͍͕݁ߏେมͦ͏ʢͩͬͨʣ ΋ͪΖΜXFCͷHFU4UPSBHF"U YYY Λ࢖ͬͯ΋͍͍ͷ͕ͩʜʢνϣοτνΨ΢ʣ (FUIͷEVNQίϚϯυΛ࢖͏ EBUBEJSΛࢦఆͯ͠ୟ͘

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LFZʹର͢ΔWBMVFͷγϦΞϥΠζํࣜ3-1&ODPEJOH The purpose of RLP is to encode arbitrarily nested arrays of binary data, and RLP is the main encoding method used to serialize objects in Ethereum. [Ethereum Wiki] ܕΛѻΘͳ͍γϯϓϧͳγϦΞϥΠζख๏ Ϧετߏ଄ΛऔΓѻ͑Δ LFZWBMVFͷϚοϓ͸αϙʔτ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ ఆٛ ΤϯίʔυͰ͖Δ΋ͷΞΠςϜ จࣈྻ͸ΞΠςϜ ΞΠςϜͷϦετ͸ΞΠςϜ όΠτྻΛѻ͏ lEPHz < > < > lXPMGz lz < > lz < lDBUz> < > lDBUz < > < <>

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3-1ͷσίʔυ͔Β3-1ΤϯίʔσΟϯάΛݟΔจࣈ ѻ͏ͷ͸όΠτྻ YY⒎ σίʔμ͸౸ணͨ͠όΠτྻͷ࠷ॳͷཁૉΛݟͯͰσίʔυର৅͕Կ͔ͳͲΛ஌Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ Y YG จࣈʹରԠ CJU Y Y⒎ ࢒ΓͷCJU YYGͷൣғʹೖ͍ͬͯΔ৔߹ɺͦͷ··ͷόΠτͱͯ͠ղऍ͢Δ

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σίʔυ๏จࣈྻ Y YD Y⒎ ࢒ΓͷCJU ಡΈࠐΜͩઌ಄ͷόΠτ͕ͷ࢒ΓͷCJUͷ͏ͪઌ಄CJUͩͬͨ৔߹͸ɺจࣈྻ͕Τϯίʔυ͞Ε͍ͯΔ จࣈྻΛද͢ YC YC จࣈҎԼͷจࣈྻ จࣈҎ্ YCG Y͔ΒYCޙଓΛYYόΠτ෼ɺจࣈͱͯ͠σίʔυ ઌ಄ͷόΠτ͕ ྫ G ઌ಄YYόΠτ෼ͷจࣈྻY YG Y Y UP4USJOHGPVS

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σίʔυ๏௕͍จࣈྻ Y YD Y⒎ ಡΈࠐΜͩ࠷ॳͷόΠτ͕ͷ࢒ΓͷCJUͷ͏ͪઌ಄CJUͩͬͨ৔߹͸ɺจࣈྻ͕Τϯίʔυ͞Ε͍ͯΔ จࣈྻΛද͢ YC YC จࣈҎԼͷจࣈྻ จࣈҎ্ YCG ࠷ॳͷόΠτ͕ YC͔ΒYCGޙଓ͕จࣈྻ௕ͷ YYC ͷ௕͞ͷόΠτදݱจࣈྻͱͯ͠σίʔυ ྫͱͯ͠ڥ໨ΛݟΔ

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σίʔυ๏Ϧετ YD Y⒎ ϦετΛද͢ QBZMPBE༰ྔόΠτҎԼͷϦετ 0UIFSXJTF YD͔ΒYGޙଓΛ༰ྔʢYYDʣόΠτͷϦετͱͯ͠σίʔυ YG YG ࠷ॳͷόΠτ͕ ಡΈࠐΜͩ࠷ॳͷόΠτ͕࢒ΓͷCJUͩͬͨ৔߹͸ɺϦετ͕Τϯίʔυ͞Ε͍ͯΔ

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σίʔυ๏̑௕͍Ϧετ YD Y⒎ ϦετΛද͢ QBZMPBE༰ྔόΠτҎԼͷϦετ 0UIFSXJTF YD͔ΒYGޙଓ͸ YG YG ࠷ॳͷόΠτ͕ ಡΈࠐΜͩ࠷ॳͷόΠτ͕࢒ΓͷCJUͩͬͨ৔߹͸ɺϦετ͕Τϯίʔυ͞Ε͍ͯΔ Ϧετͷ༰ྔͷόΠτදݱͷ௕͞Ϧετ಺༰ͱͯ͠σίʔυ ྫYGYY Y ʜ YGYGYGYϦετ༰ྔ͸όΠτͰදͤΔ YϦετ༰ྔ͸όΠτ

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σίʔυ৭ʑ3-1 Լه͸ಉ͡ʹͳͬͯ͠·͏͕όΠτྻΛ/VNCFSͱͯ͠ղऍ͢Δ͔4USJOHͱͯ͠ղऍ͢Δ͔͸ղऍଆʹҕͶΒΕΔͬΆ͍ ΤϯίʔυͰ͖Δ࠷΋௕͍จࣈྻ͸ʁɹYCGYCόΠτ͕จࣈྻ௕ͷදݱʹ࢖͑Δ YCG ઌ಄ ⒎⒎⒎⒎⒎⒎⒎⒎ จࣈྻ௕ จࣈྻ จࣈ?จࣈ ?ϖλ

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3-1Τϯίʔυ͞Εͨঢ়ଶΛ೷͖ݟΔ LFZWBMVFσʔλϕʔεͷࡏΓॲ -FWFM%# HFUIͷ৔߹EBUBEJSͰࢦఆͨ͠σΟϨΫτϦʹ֨ೲ͞Ε͍ͯΔ (6*ϥΠϒϥϦ୭͔஌Γ·ͤΜ͔ʜ (6*ϥΠϒϥϦ͕͋Ε͹΋ͬͱָʹ৭ʑʮ೷͚Δʯ͸ͣ AOQNTUBSUͱ͸A ֤छϥΠϒϥϦ MFWFM%# +BWB4DSJQUMFWFMVQMFWFMEPXO 1ZUIPOQZMWFM 3-1 FUIFSFVNKTSFQ FUIFSFVNQZSMQ ඍົ͔΋ʁʣ ɹύτϦγΞ໦ +BWB4DSJQUFUIFSFVNKTNFSLMFQBUSJDJBUSFF

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αϯϓϧͱઃఆ MFWFM%#͔Βঢ়ଶΛಡΈ͜ΜͰશEVNQͯ͠ΈΔ

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αϯϓϧͱઃఆ ݟͨ͜ͱͷ͋ΔϑΥʔϚοτYGʜ YG Y Y Yʜ ϦετͷϖΠϩʔυͷόΠτ௕ͷόΠτදݱ͸όΠτ YόΠτ Ylz Yʜlz YBʜ

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αϯϓϧEFDPEF ͍͔ͭ͘σίʔυͯ͠ΈΔ OPODF CBMBODFTUPSBHF3PPU DPEF)BTIͷॱʹ֨ೲ͞Ε͍ͯΔ bDEGDFECEDDDFCDBCCGBEEB`  ͸ۭจࣈྻʹର͢Δϋογϡ஋ͬΆ͍ ͔Ϳ͍ͬͯΔͷͰʣ

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·ͱΊ 3-1ΤϯίʔσΟϯάͱ.FSLMF1BUSJDJB5SJF͕෼͔Δσʔλͷ΋ͪํ͕େ·͔ʹ෼͔Δ 4UPSBHF5SJF·ͰݟΕͨͷͰɺؤுΕ͹4UBUF3PPUܭࢉͰ͖Δ τϥϯβΫγϣϯͷϋογϡ஋औಘͯ͠MFWFMECಡΈࠐΜͰΞΧ΢ϯτͷঢ়ଶ֬ೝͯ͠ʜͱಈ͔͢ͱཧղ͕ਐΉ 3-1Τϯίʔυ͸ίʔυಡΜͩ΄͏͕ͳʹ΍ͬͯΔ͔ཧղ͠΍͍͢ 3-1ʹؔͯ͠͸׳ΕΔͱ໨EFDPEFEͰ͖ͦ͏ &7.ͷ͓ؾ࣋ͪʁʣ