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Compilers
in styling web UI
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HTML / CSS / JS
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No content
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1. 2.
Reusability,
Portability,
& Interoperability
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+
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1. 2.
Reusability,
Portability,
& Interoperability
Cost of
Abstraction
& Composition
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import styled from "styled-components";
export const Button = styled.button`
padding: 30px 0;
margin: 8px 16px;
width: 60px;
`;
background: transparent;
color: white;
${props G>
props.primary &&
css`
background: white;
color: palevioletred;
`};
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export const OnBrandButton = styled(Button)`
color: floralwhite;
background: midnightblue;
`;
import styled from "styled-components";
export const Button = styled.button`
padding: 30px 0;
margin: 8px 16px;
width: 60px;
`;
background: transparent;
color: white;
${props J>
props.primary &&
css`
background: white;
color: palevioletred;
`};
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export const OnBrandButton = styled(Button)`
color: floralwhite;
background: midnightblue;
`;
import styled from "styled-components";
export const Button = styled.button`
padding: 30px 0;
margin: 8px 16px;
width: 60px;
`;
background: transparent;
color: white;
${props J>
props.primary &&
css`
background: white;
color: palevioletred;
`};
import {OnBrandButton} from "./styles";
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export const OnBrandButton = styled(Button)`
color: floralwhite;
background: midnightblue;
`;
import styled from "styled-components";
export const Button = styled.button`
padding: 30px 0;
margin: 8px 16px;
width: 60px;
`;
background: transparent;
color: white;
${props J>
props.primary &&
css`
background: white;
color: palevioletred;
`};
import {OnBrandButton} from "./styles";
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export const OnBrandButton = styled(Button)`
color: floralwhite;
background: midnightblue;
`;
import styled from "styled-components";
export const Button = styled.button`
padding: 30px 0;
margin: 8px 16px;
width: 60px;
`;
background: transparent;
color: white;
${props J>
props.primary &&
css`
background: white;
color: palevioletred;
`};
import {OnBrandButton} from "./styles";
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import styled from "styled-components";
import {darken, lighten} from "polished";
const Button = styled.button`
color: midnightblue;
border: 2px solid midnightblue;
background: floralwhite;
&:hover {
color: ${props G> lighten(0.3, "midnightblue")};
border: 2px solid ${props G> lighten(0.3, "midnightblue")};
background: ${props G> darken(0.1, "floralwhite")};
}
`;
render(Hello World);
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import styled from "styled-components";
// import {darken, lighten} from "polished";
const Button = styled.button`
color: midnightblue;
border: 2px solid midnightblue;
background: floralwhite;
&:hover {
color: ${props E> "#4b4bd7"};
border: 2px solid ${props E> "#4b4bd7"};
background: ${props E> "#ffe9bd"};
}
`;
render(Hello World);
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import styled, {ThemeProvider} from "styled-components";
import {darken, lighten} from "polished";
const Button = styled.button`
color: ${props E> props.theme.fg};
border: 2px solid ${props E> props.theme.fg};
background: ${props E> props.theme.bg};
&:hover {
color: ${props E> lighten(0.3, props.theme.fg)};
border: 2px solid ${props E> lighten(0.3, props.theme.fg)};
background: ${props E> darken(0.1, props.theme.bg)};
}
`;
const theme = {
fg: "midnightblue",
bg: "floralwhite"
};
render(
Hello World
);
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via Brandon Dail @aweary
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via Addy Osmani - “Cost of JavaScript”
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170 kB JavaScript bundle (gzip)
via Addy Osmani - “Cost of JavaScript”
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170 kB JavaScript bundle (gzip) Moto G4 - Slow 3G
via Addy Osmani - “Cost of JavaScript”
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170 kB JavaScript bundle (gzip)
~3.4 s in Fetch
Moto G4 - Slow 3G
via Addy Osmani - “Cost of JavaScript”
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~2.0 s in Parse/Compile
170 kB JavaScript bundle (gzip)
~3.4 s in Fetch
Moto G4 - Slow 3G
via Addy Osmani - “Cost of JavaScript”
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~2.0 s in Parse/Compile
170 kB JavaScript bundle (gzip)
~3.4 s in Fetch
~1.5 s in Execution
Moto G4 - Slow 3G
via Addy Osmani - “Cost of JavaScript”
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Tradeoff between UX and DX
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UX (performance)
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DX
UX (performance)
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CSS
UX (performance)
DX
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Sass/Less
CSS
UX (performance)
DX
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CSS Modules
Sass/Less
CSS
UX (performance)
DX
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CSS-in-JS
CSS Modules
Sass/Less
CSS
UX (performance)
DX
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CSS-in-JS
CSS Modules
Sass/Less
CSS
UX (performance)
DX
Bundle cost
}
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CSS-in-JS
CSS Modules
Sass/Less
CSS
UX (performance)
DX
} Parse cost
Bundle cost
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CSS-in-JS
CSS Modules
Sass/Less
CSS
UX (performance)
DX
} Execution cost
Parse cost
Bundle cost
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Vendor prefixing
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LTR-to-RTL
Vendor prefixing
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LTR-to-RTL and more…
Vendor prefixing
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1. Forgo build tooling for dynamic styles
2.Ship build tooling to browsers
3.Forgo dynamic styles
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No content
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Primary Secondary Tertiary
Normal
blue
Normal
gray
Normal
red
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Primary Secondary Tertiary
Normal
blue
Normal
gray
Normal
red
Hover
25% darker
Hover
25% darker
Hover
25% darker
! !
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Primary Secondary Tertiary
Normal
blue
Normal
gray
Normal
red
Hover
25% darker
Hover
25% darker
Hover
25% darker
! !
Normal
Hover
80% lighter
Normal
Hover
80% lighter
Normal
Hover
80% lighter
! !
Enabled
✅
Disabled
❌
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean,
hover: boolean
};
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) >> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant]
});
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) >> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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✅
❌
✅
❌
#
#
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) >> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) >> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
const dynamicStyle = await (
await fetch("https://css-in-js.io/json")
).json();
const dynamicProp = dynamicStyle.prop;
const dynamicVal = dynamicStyle.val;
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) >> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
const dynamicStyle = await (
await fetch("https://css-in-js.io/json")
).json();
const dynamicProp = dynamicStyle.prop;
const dynamicVal = dynamicStyle.val;
const style = {
color: "red",
padding: "4px",
[dynamicProp]: dynamicVal
};
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) >> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
const dynamicStyle = await (
await fetch("https://css-in-js.io/json")
).json();
const dynamicProp = dynamicStyle.prop;
const dynamicVal = dynamicStyle.val;
const style = {
color: "red",
padding: "4px",
[dynamicProp]: dynamicVal
};
Conditional logic ≠ Dynamic styles
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!
Dynamic styles
!
Dynamic styles
!
Dynamic styles
Static styles
!
Dynamic styles
Static styles
+
Conditional logic
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No content
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Label {
color: red;
}
Label:hover {
color: white;
}
Label:prop(mode == "emphasis") {
font-weight: bold;
}
import {Label} from "./styles.css"
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1. Enable higher levels of abstraction
2. Optimizing your code
3. Finding bugs in your code
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fn int_to_string (x : u32) {
match x {
0 | 1 => "zero or one",
2 ... 4 => "two through four",
5 => "five!",
}
}
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fn int_to_string (x : u32) {
match x {
0 | 1 => "zero or one",
2 ... 4 => "two through four",
5 => "five!",
}
}
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fn int_to_string (x : u32) {
match x {
0 | 1 => "zero or one",
2 ... 4 => "two through four",
5 => "five!",
_ => "six or greater",
}
}
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type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) >> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) @> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) A> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background @variant {
"primary" <> blue
"secondary" <> gray
"tertiary" <> red
}
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) <> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled) {
("primary", false) @> blue
("primary", true) @> blue
("secondary", false) @> gray
("secondary", true) @> gray
("tertiary", false) @> red
("tertiary", true) @> red
}
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) @> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled) {
("primary", false) @> blue
("primary", true) @> blue BC lighten(90)
("secondary", false) @> gray
("secondary", true) @> gray BC lighten(90)
("tertiary", false) @> red
("tertiary", true) @> red BC darken(90)
}
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) @> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> blue DE darken(25)
("primary", true, _) B> blue DE lighten(90)
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> gray DE darken(25)
("secondary", true, _) B> gray DE lighten(90)
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> red DE darken(25)
("tertiary", true, _) B> red DE lighten(90)
}
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) B> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> blue DE darken(25)
("primary", true, _) B> blue DE lighten(90)
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> gray DE darken(25)
("secondary", true, _) B> gray DE lighten(90)
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> red DE darken(25)
("tertiary", true, _) B> red DE lighten(90)
}
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) B> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> #4887ba
("primary", true, _) B> #c2deff
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> #9b9b9b
("secondary", true, _) B> #dfdfdf
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> #be455a
("tertiary", true, _) B> #ffd3d8
}
]
type state = {
variant: "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary",
disabled: boolean
};
const Button = (props: state) B> ({
background: {
primary: props.disabled ? lighten("blue", 90) : "blue",
secondary: props.disabled ? lighten("gray", 90) : "gray",
tertiary: props.disabled ? lighten("red", 90) : "red"
}[props.variant],
"&:hover": {
background:
!props.disabled &&
{
primary: darken("blue", 25),
secondary: darken("gray", 25),
tertiary: darken("red", 25)
}[props.variant]
}
});
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> blue DE darken(25)
("primary", true, _) B> blue DE lighten(90)
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> gray DE darken(25)
("secondary", true, _) B> gray DE lighten(90)
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> red DE darken(25)
("tertiary", true, _) B> red DE lighten(90)
}
]
Element Style Sheets
Experimental!
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CSS
ESS
+
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> blue DE darken(25)
("primary", true, _) B> blue DE lighten(90)
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> gray DE darken(25)
("secondary", true, _) B> gray DE lighten(90)
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> red DE darken(25)
("tertiary", true, _) B> red DE lighten(90)
}
]
import {Button} from "./styles.ess";
const App = () B> (
Hello World
Hi
);
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> blue DE darken(25)
("primary", true, _) B> blue DE lighten(90)
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> gray DE darken(25)
("secondary", true, _) B> gray DE lighten(90)
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> red DE darken(25)
("tertiary", true, _) B> red DE lighten(90)
}
]
.a { background: blue }
.b:hover { background: #4887ba }
.c, .c:hover { background: #c2deff }
.d { background: gray }
.e { background: #9b9b9b }
.f, .f:hover { background: #dfdfdf }
.g { background: red }
.h:hover { background: #be455a }
.i, .i:hover { background: #ffd3d8 }
import {Button} from "./styles.ess";
const App = () B> (
Hello World
Hi
);
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> blue DE darken(25)
("primary", true, _) B> blue DE lighten(90)
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> gray DE darken(25)
("secondary", true, _) B> gray DE lighten(90)
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> red DE darken(25)
("tertiary", true, _) B> red DE lighten(90)
}
]
export const Button = props B> {
const {variant, disabled, ...rest} = props;
return
;
};
function buttonClassName({variant, disabled}) {
switch (variant) {
case "primary":
if (disabled) return "c";
return "a b";
case "secondary":
if (disabled) return "f";
return "d e";
case "tertiary":
if (disabled) return "i";
return "g h";
}
}
.a { background: blue }
.b:hover { background: #4887ba }
.c, .c:hover { background: #c2deff }
.d { background: gray }
.e { background: #9b9b9b }
.f, .f:hover { background: #dfdfdf }
.g { background: red }
.h:hover { background: #be455a }
.i, .i:hover { background: #ffd3d8 }
import {Button} from "./styles.ess";
const App = () B> (
Hello World
Hi
);
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Button [
@variant = "primary" | "secondary" | "tertiary"
@disabled = boolean
background (@variant, @disabled, @:hover) {
("primary", false, false) B> blue
("primary", false, true) B> blue DE darken(25)
("primary", true, _) B> blue DE lighten(90)
("secondary", false, false) B> gray
("secondary", false, true) B> gray DE darken(25)
("secondary", true, _) B> gray DE lighten(90)
("tertiary", false, false) B> red
("tertiary", false, true) B> red DE darken(25)
("tertiary", true, _) B> red DE lighten(90)
}
]
.button--variant-primary { background: blue }
.button--variant-primary:hover { background: #4887ba }
.button--variant-primary.button--disabled,
.button--variant-primary.button--disabled:hover {
background: #c2deff
}
.button--variant-secondary { background: gray }
.button--variant-secondary:hover { background: #9b9b9b }
.button--variant-secondary.button--disabled,
.button--variant-secondary.button--disabled:hover {
background: #dfdfdf
}
.button--variant-tertiary { background: red }
.button--variant-tertiary:hover { background: #be455a }
.button--variant-tertiary.button--disabled,
.button--variant-tertiary.button--disabled:hover {
background: #ffd3d8
}
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Plain CSS (BEM)
Element Style Sheets
React Preact React Native
?
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background: silver
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
background: teal
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
background: silver
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
background: teal
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
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background: silver
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
background: teal
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
background: silver
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
background: teal
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
.a { }
.g { }
.c { }
.b { }
.d { }
.e { }
.f { }
background: silver
background: teal
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
Atomic CSS
"a b c f"
"a b c g"
"d e f"
"d e g"
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background: silver
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
background: teal
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
background: silver
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
background: teal
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
.a { }
.g { }
.c { }
.b { }
.d { }
.e { }
.f { }
background: silver
background: teal
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
Atomic CSS
.a {
}
.c { }
.b {
}
.d { }
background: silver
background: teal
padding: 14px
min-height: 500px
text-align: center
border-radius: 3px
color: #fff
Atomic++ CSS
"a c"
"a d"
"b c"
"b d"
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CSS-in-JS
CSS Modules
Sass/Less
CSS
UX (performance)
DX
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Compile to CSS and JS
DX
UX (performance)
CSS-in-JS
CSS Modules
Sass/Less
CSS
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Thank you!
@rtsao