Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Examining Migration Dynamics: Networks and Beyond. University of Oxford, 24-26 September 2013 Pulling up the ladder? Migrants’ choices about helping others migrate or not Jørgen Carling Jennifer Wu The views expressed here are those of the authors. They are not necessarily those of the THEMIS project or NORFACE. 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) What is help? • Actions • Objective • Aspirations • Request • Potential beneficiary • Potential provider 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) What is help? Decision to request help or not Decision to offer help or not 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Decision to request help or not Decision to offer help or not Potential beneficiary Potential provider External environment(s) 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Decision to request help or not Decision to offer help or not Potential beneficiary Potential provider External environment(s) 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Design • 3 origins • 4 destinations • 12 corridors • Expanding • Stagnating 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Survey data • N = 2860 in destination countries • Pooling by origin • Controlling for desti- nation 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Brazilians Moroccans Ukrainians Netherlands … … … Norway … … … Portugal … … … UK … … … Other variables … … … Observations 1040 887 933 Regression models, determinants of help 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances Obtained information from a person at the destination Came to destination to be with partner (spouse) Motivated by culture or education Motivated by opportunities for work 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances Strong tie to destination- country native Spends free time primarily with co-nationals Resource commitment to country of origin 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances Outcome of specific requests for migration help • Potential beneficiary 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances Outcome of specific requests for migration help Obtained information from a person at the destination 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances Outcome of specific requests for migration help Obtained information from a person at the destination Brazilians 2.748* 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances Outcome of specific requests for migration help Obtained information from a person at the destination Moroccans 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked • Destination country • Migration experience • Current circumstances Outcome of specific requests for migration help Obtained information from a person at the destination Ukrainians 2.748* 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Having been asked for help with documents Having provided help with docu- ments, if asked Intention to help with documents, if asked Outcome of specific requests for migration help • Potential beneficiary 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Outcome of specific requests for migration help • Potential beneficiary 0 1 2 3 4 5 Close family member Sibling Other relative Friend or colleague Other non-relative Odds ratios for providing migration help Ref 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Outcome of specific requests for migration help • Potential beneficiary 0 1 2 3 4 5 Close family member Sibling Other relative Friend or colleague Other non-relative Brazilians Odds ratios for providing migration help Ref NS 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Outcome of specific requests for migration help • Potential beneficiary 0 1 2 3 4 5 Close family member Sibling Other relative Friend or colleague Other non-relative Moroccans Odds ratios for providing migration help Ref NS NS 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Outcome of specific requests for migration help • Potential beneficiary 0 1 2 3 4 5 Close family member Sibling Other relative Friend or colleague Other non-relative Ukrainians Odds ratios for providing migration help Ref NS NS 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Conclusion • Having been helped ⇒ inclined to help others (but not if Moroccan) 

Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) Financial support from NORFACE research programme on Migration in Europe is acknowledged. Thank You! [email protected] [email protected]